从域外领土到飞地社区:人文地理学中的飞地研究进展
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摘要
飞地是一个经典的地理学概念,也是一个重要的空间分析视角。目前国内关于飞地的研究日益增多,但对其内涵的梳理仍显不足,多种定义并存,并出现概念泛化的现象。在此背景下,本文对已有的飞地概念及其内涵进行了梳理,指出从域外领土、经济飞地到飞地社区的内涵演变历程,并根据飞地的宗主地—东道地关系,将其划分为行政飞地、经济飞地、飞地社区和飞地国家4种类型。本文研究指出,飞地概念的核心是其宗主地—东道地—飞地的三方构图,依托这一视角可以对当前的异域领土、经济飞地、乃至城市内部的族裔聚居区进行多尺度的空间分析,从飞地的不同功能出发,可以对其展开多维度的地理学透视,为进一步的实证研究和相关政策实施提供参考。
As a key concept in geography, enclave is a product of spatial isolation and differentiation of politics, economy, and culture. While discussions on enclaves have been prevailing among western geographers and tend to be deepened and diversified, there is no consensus on the concept and classification of enclaves in China. Also, most of the existing literature is empirical research, only little consideration has been given to how enclaves evolve under diverse conditions on different scales. Combining with the traditional literature review and Citespace tools, this paper tries to put forward the development context and research hotspots of enclave research from the angle of concept evolution. The authors proclaim that the connotation of enclave in human geography has proceeded form overseas territory to economic enclave and enclave community,which can identify two branches. First, enclave has developed from a term in political and diplomatic fields to an approach in social, economic and cultural fields. Second, the understanding of enclave has transferred from state-centric to multi-scalar perspectives. According to their relations with home/host lands, enclaves can be divided into four categories: political enclaves, economic enclaves, enclave communities, and enclave states. The authors reckon the concept of enclave can not only generalize all kinds of geospatial heterogeneity phenomena but also become an analytical tool for interpreting geographical isolation and space-power connection. Finally, this paper gives an outlook of enclave study in the current socio-economic context and hopes that it can be useful to the later theoretical and empirical research.
As a key concept in geography, enclave is a product of spatial isolation and differentiation of politics, economy, and culture. While discussions on enclaves have been prevailing among western geographers and tend to be deepened and diversified, there is no consensus on the concept and classification of enclaves in China. Also, most of the existing literature is empirical research, only little consideration has been given to how enclaves evolve under diverse conditions on different scales. Combining with the traditional literature review and Citespace tools, this paper tries to put forward the development context and research hotspots of enclave research from the angle of concept evolution. The authors proclaim that the connotation of enclave in human geography has proceeded form overseas territory to economic enclave and enclave community,which can identify two branches. First, enclave has developed from a term in political and diplomatic fields to an approach in social, economic and cultural fields. Second, the understanding of enclave has transferred from state-centric to multi-scalar perspectives. According to their relations with home/host lands, enclaves can be divided into four categories: political enclaves, economic enclaves, enclave communities, and enclave states. The authors reckon the concept of enclave can not only generalize all kinds of geospatial heterogeneity phenomena but also become an analytical tool for interpreting geographical isolation and space-power connection. Finally, this paper gives an outlook of enclave study in the current socio-economic context and hopes that it can be useful to the later theoretical and empirical research.
引文
[1]Lundén T.Exclaves-Geographical and historical perspectives[M]//Jańczak J,Osiewicz P.European Exclaves in the Process of De-bordering and Re-bordering.Berlin,Germany:Logos Verlag Berlin,2012:11-20.
[2]Robinson G W S.West Berlin:The geography of an exclave[J].Geographical Review,1953,43(4):540-557.
[3]Farran C D.International enclaves and the question of state servitudes[J].International&Comparative Law Quarterly,1955,4(2):294-307.
[4]Sanders J M,Nee V.Limits of ethnic solidarity in the enclave economy[J].American Sociological Review,1987,52(6):745-773.
[5]Waldinger R.The ethnic enclave debate revisited[J].International Journal of Urban&Regional Research,1993,17(3):444-452.
[6]Marcuse P.The Enclave,the citadel,and the ghetto:What has changed in the post-fordist U.S.City[J].Urban Affairs Review,1997,33(2):228-264.
[7]Robinson G W S.Exclaves[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1959,49(3):283-295.
[8]Parks V.The gendered connection between ethnic residential and labor-market segregation in Los Angeles[J].Urban Geography,2004,25(7):589-630.
[9]Aalto P.A European geopolitical subject in the making?EU,Russia and the Kaliningrad question[J].Geopolitics,2002,7(3):142-174.
[10]Mayhew S.Oxford Dictionary of Geography[M].Shanghai,China:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001:151.
[11]Gregory D,Johnston R,Pratt G,et al.The Dictionary of Human Geography(5th)[M].Oxford,UK:Wiley-Blackwell,2000:191.
[12]史念海.论战国时期的“插花地”[M]//史念海.河山集七集.西安:陕西师范大学出版社,1999:504-519.[Shi Nianhai.Lun Zhanguo Shiqi de Chahuadi(The Chahuadi of the Warring States Period)[M]//Shi Nianhai.He Shan Ji(the Rivers and Mountains)NO.7.Xi'an:Shaanxi Normal University Educational Publishing Group,1999:504-519.]
[13]杨斌.历史时期插花地的基本概念讨论[J].西南大学学报:社会科学版,2013,39(5):150-154.[Yang Bin.Lishi Shiqi Chahuadi de Jiben Gainian Taolun(Discussion on the basic concept of Chahuadiin historical period)[J].Journal of Southwest University:Social Sciences Edition,2013,39(5):150-154.]
[14]马永立.地理学词典[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,1983:75-76.[Ma Yongli.Dilixue Cidian(The Dictionary of Geography)[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House,1983:75-76.]
[15]刘云刚,叶清露,许晓霞.空间,权力与领域:领域的政治地理研究综述与展望[J].人文地理,2015,30(3):1-6.[Liu Yungang,Ye Qinglu,Xu Xiaoxia.Space,power and territory:A review on territory in political geography[J].Human Geography,2015,30(3):1-6.]
[16]Vinokurov E.A Theory of Enclaves[M].Lanham,MD:Mpra Paper,2007:29-35.
[17]Berger S.The study of enclaves-some introductory remarks[J].Geopolitics,2010,15(2):312-328.
[18]Diener A C,Hagen J.Borderlines and Borderlands:Political Oddities at the Edge of the Nation-state[M].Lanham,MD:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,2010:121-136.
[19]Mountz A.Political geography I:Reconfiguring geographies of sovereignty[J].Progress in Human Geography,2013,37(6):829-841.
[20]Catudal H M.Steinstücken:The politics of a Berlin exclave[J].World Affairs,1971,134(1):51-62.
[21]Minghi J V.Point Roberts,Washington:The problem of an American exclave[J].Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers,1962,24(1):29-34.
[22]Curti G P.The isle of man:Geographical factors in the evolution of a political enclave[J].Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers,1961,23:18-27.
[23]Shewly H J.Abandoned spaces and bare life in the enclaves of the India-Bangladesh border[J].Political Geography,2013,32(1):23-31.
[24]Baumann H.Enclaves,borders,and everyday movements:Palestinian marginal mobility in East Jerusalem[J].Cities,2016,59:173-182.
[25]Conning J H,Robinson J A.Enclaves and development:An empirical assessment[J].Studies in Comparative International Development,2009,44(4):359-385.
[26]Timothy D J.Political boundaries and tourism:Borders as tourist attractions[J].Tourism Management,1995,16(7):525-532.
[27]Gelbman A,Timothy D J.Border complexity,tourism and international exclaves:A case study[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2011,38(1):110-131.
[28]Phelps N A,Atienza M,Arias M.Encore for the enclave:The changing nature of the industry enclave with illustrations from the mining industry in Chile[J].Economic Geography,2015,91(2):119-146.
[29]Graham S,Marvin S.Splintering Urbanism:Networked Infrastructures,Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition[M].London,UK/New York,USA:Routledge,2002:309-328.
[30]Hayter R.Single industry resource towns[M]//Sheppard E,Barnes T J.A Companion to Economic Geography.Oxford,UK:Blackwell Publishing,2008:209-308.
[31]Arias M,Atienza M,Cademartori J.Large mining enterprises and regional development in Chile:Between the enclave and cluster[J].Journal of Economic Geography,2014,14(1):73-95.
[32]Gallagher K P,Zarsky L.The Enclave Economy:Foreign Investment and Sustainable Development in Mexico's Silicon Valley[M].Cambridge,MA:The MIT Press,2007:13-42.
[33]Yeoh C,How W P N,Leong A L.Enclaves for enterprise:An empirical study of Singapore's industrial parks in Indonesia,Vietnam and China[J].Entrepreneurship&Regional Development,2005,17(6):479-499.
[34]孟广文.由经济区演化模式及对天津滨海新区的启示[J].地理学报,2009,64(12):1499-1512.[Meng Guangwen.Evolutionary model of world free economic zones and its significance to Tianjin Binhai New Area[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(12):1499-1512.]
[35]Warr P G.Export processing zones:The economics of enclave manufacturing[J].World Bank Research Observer,1989,4(1):65-88.
[36]Markusen A.Sticky places in slippery space:A typology of industrial districts[J].Economic Geography,1996,72(3):293-313.
[37]Portes A,Jensen L.What's an ethnic enclave?The case for conceptual clarity[J].American Sociological Review,1987,52(6):768-771.
[38]Zhou Y.Beyond ethnic enclaves:Location strategies of Chinese producer service firms in Los Angeles[J].Economic Geography,1998,74(3):228-251.
[39]Poulsen M,Johnson R,Forrest J.Plural cities and ethnic enclaves:Introducing a measurement procedure for comparative study[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2002,26(2):229-243.
[40]Johnston R,Forrest J,Poulsen M.Are there ethnic enclaves/ghettos in English cities?[J].Urban Studies,2002,39(4):591-618.
[41]Brown L A,Chung S Y.Spatial segregation,segregation indices and the geographical perspective[J].Population,Space and Place,2006,12(2):125-143.
[42]Hampton M P.Enclaves and ethnic ties:The local impacts of Singaporean cross-border tourism in Malaysia and Indonesia[J].Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography,2010,31(2):239-253.
[43]Molina J L,Valenzuela-Garía H,Lubbers M J,et al.Looking inside the ethnic enclave:Inequality,social capital and transnationalism[M]//Ryan L,Erel U,Angelo A.Migrant Capital:Networks,Identities and Strategies.London,UK:Palgrave Macmillan,2015:154-171.
[44]Wu F.Rediscovering the'gate'under market transition:From workunit compounds to commodity housing enclaves[J].Housing Studies,2005,20(2):235-254.
[45]Pow C P.Living it up:Super-rich enclave and transnational elite urbanism in Singapore[J].Geoforum,2011,42(3):382-393.
[46]Cséfalvay Z,Webster C.Gates or no gates?A cross-European enquiry into the driving forces behind gated communities[J].Regional Studies,2012,46(3):293-308.
[47]Wissink B,Schwanen T,van Kempen R.Beyond residential segregation:Introduction[J].Cities,2016,59:126-130.
[48]He Shenjing.Evolving enclave urbanism in China and its socio-spatial implications:The case of Guangzhou[J].Social&Cultural Geography,2013,14(3):243-275.
[49]周春山,胡锦灿,童新梅,等.广州市社会空间结构演变跟踪研究[J].地理学报,2016,71(6):1010-1024.[Zhou Chunshan,Hu Jincan,Tong Xinmei,et al.The socio-spatial structure of Guangzhou and its evolution[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(6):1010-1024.]
[50]Douglass M,Wissink B,Kempen V R.Enclave urbanism in China:Consequences and interpretations[J].Urban Geography,2012,33(2):167-182.
[2]Robinson G W S.West Berlin:The geography of an exclave[J].Geographical Review,1953,43(4):540-557.
[3]Farran C D.International enclaves and the question of state servitudes[J].International&Comparative Law Quarterly,1955,4(2):294-307.
[4]Sanders J M,Nee V.Limits of ethnic solidarity in the enclave economy[J].American Sociological Review,1987,52(6):745-773.
[5]Waldinger R.The ethnic enclave debate revisited[J].International Journal of Urban&Regional Research,1993,17(3):444-452.
[6]Marcuse P.The Enclave,the citadel,and the ghetto:What has changed in the post-fordist U.S.City[J].Urban Affairs Review,1997,33(2):228-264.
[7]Robinson G W S.Exclaves[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1959,49(3):283-295.
[8]Parks V.The gendered connection between ethnic residential and labor-market segregation in Los Angeles[J].Urban Geography,2004,25(7):589-630.
[9]Aalto P.A European geopolitical subject in the making?EU,Russia and the Kaliningrad question[J].Geopolitics,2002,7(3):142-174.
[10]Mayhew S.Oxford Dictionary of Geography[M].Shanghai,China:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001:151.
[11]Gregory D,Johnston R,Pratt G,et al.The Dictionary of Human Geography(5th)[M].Oxford,UK:Wiley-Blackwell,2000:191.
[12]史念海.论战国时期的“插花地”[M]//史念海.河山集七集.西安:陕西师范大学出版社,1999:504-519.[Shi Nianhai.Lun Zhanguo Shiqi de Chahuadi(The Chahuadi of the Warring States Period)[M]//Shi Nianhai.He Shan Ji(the Rivers and Mountains)NO.7.Xi'an:Shaanxi Normal University Educational Publishing Group,1999:504-519.]
[13]杨斌.历史时期插花地的基本概念讨论[J].西南大学学报:社会科学版,2013,39(5):150-154.[Yang Bin.Lishi Shiqi Chahuadi de Jiben Gainian Taolun(Discussion on the basic concept of Chahuadiin historical period)[J].Journal of Southwest University:Social Sciences Edition,2013,39(5):150-154.]
[14]马永立.地理学词典[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,1983:75-76.[Ma Yongli.Dilixue Cidian(The Dictionary of Geography)[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House,1983:75-76.]
[15]刘云刚,叶清露,许晓霞.空间,权力与领域:领域的政治地理研究综述与展望[J].人文地理,2015,30(3):1-6.[Liu Yungang,Ye Qinglu,Xu Xiaoxia.Space,power and territory:A review on territory in political geography[J].Human Geography,2015,30(3):1-6.]
[16]Vinokurov E.A Theory of Enclaves[M].Lanham,MD:Mpra Paper,2007:29-35.
[17]Berger S.The study of enclaves-some introductory remarks[J].Geopolitics,2010,15(2):312-328.
[18]Diener A C,Hagen J.Borderlines and Borderlands:Political Oddities at the Edge of the Nation-state[M].Lanham,MD:Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,2010:121-136.
[19]Mountz A.Political geography I:Reconfiguring geographies of sovereignty[J].Progress in Human Geography,2013,37(6):829-841.
[20]Catudal H M.Steinstücken:The politics of a Berlin exclave[J].World Affairs,1971,134(1):51-62.
[21]Minghi J V.Point Roberts,Washington:The problem of an American exclave[J].Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers,1962,24(1):29-34.
[22]Curti G P.The isle of man:Geographical factors in the evolution of a political enclave[J].Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers,1961,23:18-27.
[23]Shewly H J.Abandoned spaces and bare life in the enclaves of the India-Bangladesh border[J].Political Geography,2013,32(1):23-31.
[24]Baumann H.Enclaves,borders,and everyday movements:Palestinian marginal mobility in East Jerusalem[J].Cities,2016,59:173-182.
[25]Conning J H,Robinson J A.Enclaves and development:An empirical assessment[J].Studies in Comparative International Development,2009,44(4):359-385.
[26]Timothy D J.Political boundaries and tourism:Borders as tourist attractions[J].Tourism Management,1995,16(7):525-532.
[27]Gelbman A,Timothy D J.Border complexity,tourism and international exclaves:A case study[J].Annals of Tourism Research,2011,38(1):110-131.
[28]Phelps N A,Atienza M,Arias M.Encore for the enclave:The changing nature of the industry enclave with illustrations from the mining industry in Chile[J].Economic Geography,2015,91(2):119-146.
[29]Graham S,Marvin S.Splintering Urbanism:Networked Infrastructures,Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition[M].London,UK/New York,USA:Routledge,2002:309-328.
[30]Hayter R.Single industry resource towns[M]//Sheppard E,Barnes T J.A Companion to Economic Geography.Oxford,UK:Blackwell Publishing,2008:209-308.
[31]Arias M,Atienza M,Cademartori J.Large mining enterprises and regional development in Chile:Between the enclave and cluster[J].Journal of Economic Geography,2014,14(1):73-95.
[32]Gallagher K P,Zarsky L.The Enclave Economy:Foreign Investment and Sustainable Development in Mexico's Silicon Valley[M].Cambridge,MA:The MIT Press,2007:13-42.
[33]Yeoh C,How W P N,Leong A L.Enclaves for enterprise:An empirical study of Singapore's industrial parks in Indonesia,Vietnam and China[J].Entrepreneurship&Regional Development,2005,17(6):479-499.
[34]孟广文.由经济区演化模式及对天津滨海新区的启示[J].地理学报,2009,64(12):1499-1512.[Meng Guangwen.Evolutionary model of world free economic zones and its significance to Tianjin Binhai New Area[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(12):1499-1512.]
[35]Warr P G.Export processing zones:The economics of enclave manufacturing[J].World Bank Research Observer,1989,4(1):65-88.
[36]Markusen A.Sticky places in slippery space:A typology of industrial districts[J].Economic Geography,1996,72(3):293-313.
[37]Portes A,Jensen L.What's an ethnic enclave?The case for conceptual clarity[J].American Sociological Review,1987,52(6):768-771.
[38]Zhou Y.Beyond ethnic enclaves:Location strategies of Chinese producer service firms in Los Angeles[J].Economic Geography,1998,74(3):228-251.
[39]Poulsen M,Johnson R,Forrest J.Plural cities and ethnic enclaves:Introducing a measurement procedure for comparative study[J].International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2002,26(2):229-243.
[40]Johnston R,Forrest J,Poulsen M.Are there ethnic enclaves/ghettos in English cities?[J].Urban Studies,2002,39(4):591-618.
[41]Brown L A,Chung S Y.Spatial segregation,segregation indices and the geographical perspective[J].Population,Space and Place,2006,12(2):125-143.
[42]Hampton M P.Enclaves and ethnic ties:The local impacts of Singaporean cross-border tourism in Malaysia and Indonesia[J].Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography,2010,31(2):239-253.
[43]Molina J L,Valenzuela-Garía H,Lubbers M J,et al.Looking inside the ethnic enclave:Inequality,social capital and transnationalism[M]//Ryan L,Erel U,Angelo A.Migrant Capital:Networks,Identities and Strategies.London,UK:Palgrave Macmillan,2015:154-171.
[44]Wu F.Rediscovering the'gate'under market transition:From workunit compounds to commodity housing enclaves[J].Housing Studies,2005,20(2):235-254.
[45]Pow C P.Living it up:Super-rich enclave and transnational elite urbanism in Singapore[J].Geoforum,2011,42(3):382-393.
[46]Cséfalvay Z,Webster C.Gates or no gates?A cross-European enquiry into the driving forces behind gated communities[J].Regional Studies,2012,46(3):293-308.
[47]Wissink B,Schwanen T,van Kempen R.Beyond residential segregation:Introduction[J].Cities,2016,59:126-130.
[48]He Shenjing.Evolving enclave urbanism in China and its socio-spatial implications:The case of Guangzhou[J].Social&Cultural Geography,2013,14(3):243-275.
[49]周春山,胡锦灿,童新梅,等.广州市社会空间结构演变跟踪研究[J].地理学报,2016,71(6):1010-1024.[Zhou Chunshan,Hu Jincan,Tong Xinmei,et al.The socio-spatial structure of Guangzhou and its evolution[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(6):1010-1024.]
[50]Douglass M,Wissink B,Kempen V R.Enclave urbanism in China:Consequences and interpretations[J].Urban Geography,2012,33(2):167-182.