城市地表净辐射通量的季相变化及与地表覆盖格局的关系研究
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摘要
本研究利用厦门市4个季节的Landsat-5 TM遥感影像和气象资料,反演地表净辐射通量,进而分析其季相变化特征;使用景观格局指数表征和描述地表覆盖的空间组成与配置,采用相关分析、偏相关分析、逐步回归和方差分解相结合的方法,从多季节角度研究地表覆盖格局对地表净辐射通量的影响。结果表明:(1)厦门市地表净辐射通量平均值夏季最高,春季次之,秋季和冬季较低,地表净辐射通量在水体和林地区域较高,建设用地和裸地等其他地表覆盖类型区域较低;(2)地表覆盖的空间配置对地表净辐射通量没有显著影响;(3)地表覆盖的空间组成对地表净辐射通量产生重要影响,全年内林地和裸地所占面积比例对地表净辐射通量的影响最显著,林地所占面积比例是影响和解释地表净辐射通量跨季节差异的最重要和持续有效的因素。该研究加深了关于地表覆盖格局对地表净辐射通量的影响的科学认知,有助于探索城市热岛的形成和演变机制,也可为城市规划和可持续发展提供理论依据和实践指导。
Rapid urbanization has led to land cover pattern changes which alter the surface net radiation and eventually influence surface energy balance. This process has been accompanied by a series of ecological and environmental problems, one of which is the urban heat island effect. Therefore, research on the seasonal variations of urban surface net radiation and its relationship to land cover pattern can provide important insights for exploring the formation and evolution mechanism of urban heat island. Taking Xiamen city as a study area,this research retrieved surface net radiation using Landsat-5 TM remote sensing images and meteorological data of the four seasons. Then the seasonal variation characteristics of surface net radiation were further analyzed.Landscape metrics were used to characterize and describe the spatial composition and allocation of land cover pattern. The correlation analysis, partial correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis and variance partitioning were applied to explore the relationship between surface net radiation and land cover pattern from multi-seasonal perspective. The results suggest that:(1) the highest mean value of surface net radiation was found in summer, followed by spring, fall and winter. Surface net radiation is higher for the land cover types of water and forestland, while lower for built-up land and bare land.(2) The spatial allocation of land cover pattern has no significant influence on surface net radiation.(3) The spatial composition of land cover pattern shows significant influence on surface net radiation. The proportions of bare land and the proportion of forest land are effective and important factors which affect the changes of surface net radiation all the year round. And the proportion of forest land is the most important and continuously effective factor which affects and explains the cross-seasonal differences of surface net radiation. This research expands our scientific understanding of the effects of land cover pattern on surface net radiation. And it is helpful in exploring the formation and evolution mechanism of urban heat island. In addition, it may provide theoretical hints and realistic guidance for urban planning and sustainable development.
Rapid urbanization has led to land cover pattern changes which alter the surface net radiation and eventually influence surface energy balance. This process has been accompanied by a series of ecological and environmental problems, one of which is the urban heat island effect. Therefore, research on the seasonal variations of urban surface net radiation and its relationship to land cover pattern can provide important insights for exploring the formation and evolution mechanism of urban heat island. Taking Xiamen city as a study area,this research retrieved surface net radiation using Landsat-5 TM remote sensing images and meteorological data of the four seasons. Then the seasonal variation characteristics of surface net radiation were further analyzed.Landscape metrics were used to characterize and describe the spatial composition and allocation of land cover pattern. The correlation analysis, partial correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis and variance partitioning were applied to explore the relationship between surface net radiation and land cover pattern from multi-seasonal perspective. The results suggest that:(1) the highest mean value of surface net radiation was found in summer, followed by spring, fall and winter. Surface net radiation is higher for the land cover types of water and forestland, while lower for built-up land and bare land.(2) The spatial allocation of land cover pattern has no significant influence on surface net radiation.(3) The spatial composition of land cover pattern shows significant influence on surface net radiation. The proportions of bare land and the proportion of forest land are effective and important factors which affect the changes of surface net radiation all the year round. And the proportion of forest land is the most important and continuously effective factor which affects and explains the cross-seasonal differences of surface net radiation. This research expands our scientific understanding of the effects of land cover pattern on surface net radiation. And it is helpful in exploring the formation and evolution mechanism of urban heat island. In addition, it may provide theoretical hints and realistic guidance for urban planning and sustainable development.
引文
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[17]Zhao X F,Huang J C,Ye H,et al.Spatiotemporal changes of the urban heat island of a coastal city in the context of urbanization[J].International Journal of Sustainable Development&World Ecology,2010,17(4):311-316.
[18]Zhao X F,Liu J H,Liu L L,et al.Relationship between surface net radiation and landcover pattern in an urban area[C].Proceeding IGARSS IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,2016:6742-6745.
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[20]Barsi J A,Barker J L,Schott J R.An atmospheric correction parameter calculator for a single thermal band earthsensing instrument[C].Geoscience&Remote Sensing Symposium.igarss.proceedings.ieee International,2003:3014-3016.
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[22]Yuan F,Bauer M E.Comparison of impervious surface area and normalized difference vegetation index as indicators of surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2007,106(3):375-386.
[23]Synder W C,Wan Z,Zhang Y,et al.Classification-based emissivity for land surface temperature measurement from space[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2010,19(14):2753-2774.
[24]Chander G,Markham B.Revised Landsat-5 TM radiometric calibration procedures and postcalibration dynamic ranges[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience&Remote Sensing,2003,41(11):2674-2677.
[25]Liang S L.Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo I:Algorithms[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2000,76:13-238.
[26]Yamaguchi Y,Kato S.Analysis of urban heat-island effect using ASTER and ETM+Data:Separation of anthropogenic heat discharge and natural heat radiation from sensible heat flux[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,99:44-54.
[27]邬建国.景观生态学-格局,过程,尺度与等级[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007.[Wu J G.Landscape ecology pattern,process,scale and hierarchy[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2007.]
[28]马勇刚,塔西甫拉提·特依拜,黄粤,等.城市景观格局变化对城市热岛效应的影响--以乌鲁木齐市为例[J].干旱区研究,2006,23(1):172-176.[Ma Y G,Tashpolat T,Huang Y,et al.Effects of landscape pattern change on urban heat-island effect in Arid Areas:A case study in Urumqi[J].Arid Zone Research,2006,23(1):172-176.]
[29]Kato S,Liu C C,Sun C Y,et al.Comparison of surface heat balance in three cities in Taiwan using Terra ASTER and Formosat-2 RSI data[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation&Geoinformation,2012,18(18):263-273.
[30]刘艳红,郭晋平.基于植被指数的太原市绿地景观格局及其热环境效应[J].地理科学进展,2009,28(5):798-804.[Liu Y H,Guo J P.The research of NDVI-based urban green space landscape pattern and thermal environment[J].Progress in Geography,2009,28(5):798-804.]
[31]徐建华.现代地理学中的数学方法[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002.[Xu J H.Mathematical methods in contemporary geography[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2002.]
[32]Sobol I M.Sensitivity estimates for nonlinear mathematical models[J].Mathematical Modelling and Computational Experiment,1993,1(1):112-118.
[33]Li X M,Zhou W Q,Ouyang Z Y.Relationship between land surface temperature and spatial pattern of greenspace:What are the effects of spatial resolution?[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2013,114(8):1-8.
[34]Zhou W Q,Huang G L,Cadenasso M L.Does spatial configuration matter?Understanding the effects of land cover pattern on land surface temperature in urban landscapes[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2011,102(1):54-63.
[2]Seto K C,Sánchez-Rodríguez R,Fragkias M.The new geography of contemporary urbanization and the environment[J].Annual Review of Environment&Resources,2010,35(1):167-194.
[3]Deng C B,Wu C S.Examining the impacts of urban biophysical compositions on surface urban heat island:Aspectral unmixing and thermal mixing approach[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2013,131:262-274.
[4]崔耀平,刘纪远,胡云锋,等.城市不同下垫面辐射平衡的模拟分析[J].科学通报,2012,57(6):465-473.[Cui Y P,Liu J Y,Hu Y F,et al.Modeling the radiation balance of different urban underlying surfaces[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2012,57(6):465-473.]
[5]Li W F,Cao Q W,Lang K,et al.Linking potential heat source and sink to urban heat island:Heterogeneous effects of landscape pattern on land surface temperature[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,586:457-466.
[6]王煜东,赵小艳,徐向华,等.南京地区地表热通量的遥感反演分析[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(4):636-646.[Wang YD,Zhao X Y,Xu X H,et al.Analysis and inversion on surface heat flux with remote sensing in Nanjing area[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2016,25(4):636-646.]
[7]赵英时.遥感应用分析原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.[Zhao Y S.Analysis principle and method of remote sensing applications[M].Beijing:Science Press,2003.]
[8]高扬子,何洪林,张黎,等.近50年中国地表净辐射的时空变化特征分析[J].地球信息科学学报,2013,15(1):1-10.[Gao Z Y,He H L,Zhang L,et al.Spatio-temporal variation characteristics of surface net radiation in China over the past 50 years[J].Journal of Geo-information Science,2013,15(1):1-10.]
[9]Dabberdt W F,Lenschow D H,Horst T W,et al.Atmosphere-surface exchange measurements[J].Science,1993,260:1472-1481.
[10]马耀明,王介民.黑河实验区地表净辐射区域分布及季节变化[J].大气科学,1997,21(6):743-749.[Ma Y M,Wang J M.The distribution and seasonal variation of regional net radiation in HEIFE area[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,1997,21(6):743-749.]
[11]彭江良,吴息,江志红,等.南京冬季城、郊下垫面能量平衡特征分析[J].气象科学,2008,28(1):21-29.[Peng J L,Wu X,Jiang Z H,et al.Characteristics analysis of energy budget over urban and suburban underlying surfaces in Nanjing[J].Journal of the Meteorological Sciences,2008,28(1):21-29.]
[12]刘越,Shintaro Goto,庄大方,等.城市地表热通量遥感反演及与下垫面关系分析[J].地理学报,2012,67(1):101-112.[Liu Y,Shintaro G,Zhuang D F,et al.Urban surface heat flux inversion based on infrared remote sensing and the relationship with land cover[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(1):101-112.]
[13]李宏宇,符淙斌,郭维栋,等.干旱区不同下垫面能量分配机理及对微气候反馈的研究[J].物理学报,2015,64(5):430-443.[Li H Y,Fu C B,Guo W D,et al.Study of energy partitioning and its feedback on the microclimate over different surfaces in an arid zone[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2015,64(5):430-443.]
[14]潘鑫,刘元波.1983-2012年长江流域地表净辐射变化特征[J].长江流域资源与环境,2016,25(3):486-496.[Pan X,Liu Y B.Spatio-temporal variation of surface net radiation over the Yangtze river basin during 1983-2012[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2016,25(3):486-496.]
[15]厦门市统计局.2017年厦门经济特区年鉴[J].北京:中国统计出版社,2017.[Xiamen Bureau of Statistics,2017Year book of Xiamen special economic zone[J].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2017.]
[16]黄静,崔胜辉,李方一,等.厦门市土地利用变化下的生态敏感性[J].生态学报,2011,31(24):7441-7449.[Huang J,Cui S H,Qiu Q Y,et al.Ecological sensitivity of Xiamen City to land use changes[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(24):7441-7449.]
[17]Zhao X F,Huang J C,Ye H,et al.Spatiotemporal changes of the urban heat island of a coastal city in the context of urbanization[J].International Journal of Sustainable Development&World Ecology,2010,17(4):311-316.
[18]Zhao X F,Liu J H,Liu L L,et al.Relationship between surface net radiation and landcover pattern in an urban area[C].Proceeding IGARSS IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,2016:6742-6745.
[19]Chatterjee R S,Singh N,Thapa S,et al.Retrieval of land surface temperature(LST)from landsat TM6 and TIRSdata by single channel radiative transfer algorithm using satellite and ground-based inputs[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation&Geoinformation,2017,58:264-277.
[20]Barsi J A,Barker J L,Schott J R.An atmospheric correction parameter calculator for a single thermal band earthsensing instrument[C].Geoscience&Remote Sensing Symposium.igarss.proceedings.ieee International,2003:3014-3016.
[21]Barsi J A,Schott J R,Palluconi F D,et al.Validation of a web-based atmospheric correction tool for single thermal band instruments[C].Optics&Photonics 2005.International Society for Optics and Photonics,2005.
[22]Yuan F,Bauer M E.Comparison of impervious surface area and normalized difference vegetation index as indicators of surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2007,106(3):375-386.
[23]Synder W C,Wan Z,Zhang Y,et al.Classification-based emissivity for land surface temperature measurement from space[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2010,19(14):2753-2774.
[24]Chander G,Markham B.Revised Landsat-5 TM radiometric calibration procedures and postcalibration dynamic ranges[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience&Remote Sensing,2003,41(11):2674-2677.
[25]Liang S L.Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo I:Algorithms[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2000,76:13-238.
[26]Yamaguchi Y,Kato S.Analysis of urban heat-island effect using ASTER and ETM+Data:Separation of anthropogenic heat discharge and natural heat radiation from sensible heat flux[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,99:44-54.
[27]邬建国.景观生态学-格局,过程,尺度与等级[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007.[Wu J G.Landscape ecology pattern,process,scale and hierarchy[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2007.]
[28]马勇刚,塔西甫拉提·特依拜,黄粤,等.城市景观格局变化对城市热岛效应的影响--以乌鲁木齐市为例[J].干旱区研究,2006,23(1):172-176.[Ma Y G,Tashpolat T,Huang Y,et al.Effects of landscape pattern change on urban heat-island effect in Arid Areas:A case study in Urumqi[J].Arid Zone Research,2006,23(1):172-176.]
[29]Kato S,Liu C C,Sun C Y,et al.Comparison of surface heat balance in three cities in Taiwan using Terra ASTER and Formosat-2 RSI data[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation&Geoinformation,2012,18(18):263-273.
[30]刘艳红,郭晋平.基于植被指数的太原市绿地景观格局及其热环境效应[J].地理科学进展,2009,28(5):798-804.[Liu Y H,Guo J P.The research of NDVI-based urban green space landscape pattern and thermal environment[J].Progress in Geography,2009,28(5):798-804.]
[31]徐建华.现代地理学中的数学方法[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002.[Xu J H.Mathematical methods in contemporary geography[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2002.]
[32]Sobol I M.Sensitivity estimates for nonlinear mathematical models[J].Mathematical Modelling and Computational Experiment,1993,1(1):112-118.
[33]Li X M,Zhou W Q,Ouyang Z Y.Relationship between land surface temperature and spatial pattern of greenspace:What are the effects of spatial resolution?[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2013,114(8):1-8.
[34]Zhou W Q,Huang G L,Cadenasso M L.Does spatial configuration matter?Understanding the effects of land cover pattern on land surface temperature in urban landscapes[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2011,102(1):54-63.