植被二向性反射统一模型
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摘要
植被二向性反射模型是植被定量遥感的基础.植被反射率可以且必须表达成一次散射贡献项ρ~1与多次散射贡献项ρ~m之和,两者在2π空间中的行为特征不同,只有这样才能正确阐明太阳直射与天空漫射对ρ~1与ρ~m的不同贡献.在对现有模型分析的基础上,本文取长补短给出了适用于不同入射光条件和植被类型的ρ~1与ρ~m解析表达.首先,基于几何光学原理,把立足点由树冠移至植被元素,ρ~1的非各向同性特征可以归因为太阳-目标-传感器三者间的几何关系、多尺度群聚叠加和太阳直射与天空散射对目标辐照度之比三个方面.视不同植被类型为多尺度群聚叠加的结果,以泊松分布为基础,本文重新给定了四分量面积比例的求取方法,使之适用于各种植被类型,进而获得ρ~1的近似解析表达式.假定G=0.5,借助"再碰撞概率"理论,考虑了冠层内部、冠层与土壤间的多次散射过程,本文也获得了不同天空散射光条件下ρ~m的近似解析式,并揭示了ρ~m的形成原理.利用玉米冠层BRDF数据及加拿大黑杉林BRDF数据对模型的可靠性进行了初步验证,结果表明统一模型可行.
引文
徐希孺.2005.遥感物理.北京:北京大学出版社.45-121
闫彬彦,徐希孺,范闻捷.2012.行播作物二向性反射(BRDF)的一体化模型.中国科学:地球科学,42:411-423
张仁华,田静,李召良,苏红波,陈少辉.2010.定量遥感产品真实性检验的基础与方法.中国科学:地球科学,40:211-222
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朱小华,冯晓明,赵英时.2012.基于LAI空间知识的多尺度多阶段目标决策反演.中国科学:地球科学,42:246-255
Chandrasekhar S.1960.Radiative Transfer.New York:Dover Publications Inc.53
Chen J M,Leblanc S G.1997.A four-scale bidirectional reflectance model based on canopy architecture.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,35:1316-1337
Fan W L,Chen J M,Ju W,Zhu G.2014.GOST:A geometric-optical model for sloping terrains.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,52:5469-5482
Huang D,Knyazikhin Y,Dickinson R E,Rautiainen M,Stenberg P,Disney M,Lewis P,Cescatti A,Tian Y,Verhoef W,Martonchik JV,Myneni R B.2007.Canopy spectral invariants for remote sensing and model applications.Remote Sens Environ,106:106-122
Huang H G,Qin W H,Liu Q H.2013.RAPID:A radiosity applicable to porous individual objects for directional reflectance over complex vegetated scenes.Remote Sens Environ,132:221-237
Jupp D L B,Strahler A H.1991.A hotspot model for leaf canopies.Remote Sens Environ,38:193-210
Knyazikhin Y,Martonchik J V,Myneni R B,Diner D J,Running SW.1998.Synergistic algorithm for estimating vegetation canopy leaf area index and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation from MODIS and MISR data.J Geophys Res,103:32257-32275
Knyazikhin Y,Schull M A,Xu L,Myneni R B,Samanta A.2011.Canopy spectral invariants.Part 1:A new concept in remote sensing of vegetation.J Quant Spectrosc Ra,112:727-735
Kuusk A.1991.The hot spot effect in plant canopy reflectance.In:Myneni R B,Ross J,eds.Photon-Vegetation Interactions:Application in Optical Remote Sensing and Plant Physiology.New York:Springer-Verlag.139-159
Li X,Strahler A H.1985.Geometric-Optical modeling of a conifer forest canopy.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,GE-23:705-721
Liang S.2005.Quantitative Remote Sensing of Land Surfaces.New York:John Wiley and Sons.76-134
M?ttus M.2007.Photon recollision probability in discrete crown canopies.Remote Sens Environ,110:176-185
Müller-Linow M,Pinto-Espinosa F,Scharr H,Rascher U.2015.The leaf angle distribution of natural plant populations:Assessing the canopy with a novel software tool.Plant Methods,11,doi:10.1186/s13007-015-0052-z
Nilson T.1971.A theoretical analysis of the frequency of gaps in plant stands.Agric Meteorol,8:25-38
North P R J.1996.Three-dimensional forest light interaction model using a Monte Carlo method.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,34:946-956
Panferov O,Knyazikhin Y,Myneni R B,Szarzynski J,Engwald S,Schnitzler K G,Gravenhorst G.2001.The role of canopy structure in the spectral variation of transmission and absorption of solar radiation in vegetation canopies.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,39:241-253
Qin W,Gerstl S A W.2000.3-D scene modeling of semidesert vegetation cover and its radiation regime.Remote Sens Environ,74:145-162
Qin W,Jupp D L B.1993.An analytical and computationally efficient reflectance model for leaf canopies.Agric For Meteorol,66:31-64
Smolander S,Stenberg P.2005.Simple parameterizations of the radiation budget of uniform broadleaved and coniferous canopies.Remote Sens Environ,94:355-363
Stenberg P.2007.Simple analytical formula for calculating average photon recollision probability in vegetation canopies.Remote Sens Environ,109:221-224
Verhoef W.1984.Light scattering by leaf layers with application to canopy reflectance modeling:The SAIL model.Remote Sens Environ,16:125-141
闫彬彦,徐希孺,范闻捷.2012.行播作物二向性反射(BRDF)的一体化模型.中国科学:地球科学,42:411-423
张仁华,田静,李召良,苏红波,陈少辉.2010.定量遥感产品真实性检验的基础与方法.中国科学:地球科学,40:211-222
周秀骥,陶善昌,姚克亚.1991.高等大气物理(上、下).北京:中国气象出版社
朱小华,冯晓明,赵英时.2012.基于LAI空间知识的多尺度多阶段目标决策反演.中国科学:地球科学,42:246-255
Chandrasekhar S.1960.Radiative Transfer.New York:Dover Publications Inc.53
Chen J M,Leblanc S G.1997.A four-scale bidirectional reflectance model based on canopy architecture.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,35:1316-1337
Fan W L,Chen J M,Ju W,Zhu G.2014.GOST:A geometric-optical model for sloping terrains.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,52:5469-5482
Huang D,Knyazikhin Y,Dickinson R E,Rautiainen M,Stenberg P,Disney M,Lewis P,Cescatti A,Tian Y,Verhoef W,Martonchik JV,Myneni R B.2007.Canopy spectral invariants for remote sensing and model applications.Remote Sens Environ,106:106-122
Huang H G,Qin W H,Liu Q H.2013.RAPID:A radiosity applicable to porous individual objects for directional reflectance over complex vegetated scenes.Remote Sens Environ,132:221-237
Jupp D L B,Strahler A H.1991.A hotspot model for leaf canopies.Remote Sens Environ,38:193-210
Knyazikhin Y,Martonchik J V,Myneni R B,Diner D J,Running SW.1998.Synergistic algorithm for estimating vegetation canopy leaf area index and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation from MODIS and MISR data.J Geophys Res,103:32257-32275
Knyazikhin Y,Schull M A,Xu L,Myneni R B,Samanta A.2011.Canopy spectral invariants.Part 1:A new concept in remote sensing of vegetation.J Quant Spectrosc Ra,112:727-735
Kuusk A.1991.The hot spot effect in plant canopy reflectance.In:Myneni R B,Ross J,eds.Photon-Vegetation Interactions:Application in Optical Remote Sensing and Plant Physiology.New York:Springer-Verlag.139-159
Li X,Strahler A H.1985.Geometric-Optical modeling of a conifer forest canopy.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,GE-23:705-721
Liang S.2005.Quantitative Remote Sensing of Land Surfaces.New York:John Wiley and Sons.76-134
M?ttus M.2007.Photon recollision probability in discrete crown canopies.Remote Sens Environ,110:176-185
Müller-Linow M,Pinto-Espinosa F,Scharr H,Rascher U.2015.The leaf angle distribution of natural plant populations:Assessing the canopy with a novel software tool.Plant Methods,11,doi:10.1186/s13007-015-0052-z
Nilson T.1971.A theoretical analysis of the frequency of gaps in plant stands.Agric Meteorol,8:25-38
North P R J.1996.Three-dimensional forest light interaction model using a Monte Carlo method.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,34:946-956
Panferov O,Knyazikhin Y,Myneni R B,Szarzynski J,Engwald S,Schnitzler K G,Gravenhorst G.2001.The role of canopy structure in the spectral variation of transmission and absorption of solar radiation in vegetation canopies.IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens,39:241-253
Qin W,Gerstl S A W.2000.3-D scene modeling of semidesert vegetation cover and its radiation regime.Remote Sens Environ,74:145-162
Qin W,Jupp D L B.1993.An analytical and computationally efficient reflectance model for leaf canopies.Agric For Meteorol,66:31-64
Smolander S,Stenberg P.2005.Simple parameterizations of the radiation budget of uniform broadleaved and coniferous canopies.Remote Sens Environ,94:355-363
Stenberg P.2007.Simple analytical formula for calculating average photon recollision probability in vegetation canopies.Remote Sens Environ,109:221-224
Verhoef W.1984.Light scattering by leaf layers with application to canopy reflectance modeling:The SAIL model.Remote Sens Environ,16:125-141