稻茬小麦机械化播种与人工撒播对比试验研究
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摘要
为适应稻麦周年机械化,推广小麦机械化播种,集成与配套不同播种条件下小麦农机与农艺配套技术。通过大田试验,设置适期、迟播和晚播3个播期,每个播期内比较小麦一体化机条播和人工撒播2个播种方式对稻茬小麦扬麦16产量形成和氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明:同一播期内机条播处理小麦出苗率、每穗粒数、实际产量均显著高于人工撒播处理,且机条播处理小麦基部节间较撒播处理有缩短趋势,氮肥利用效率提高明显;随着播期的推迟机条播处理小麦出苗率、每穗粒数、株高和产量均显著降低,与人工撒播相比,不同播期机条播处理小麦,氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学利用利用率分别提高7.1%～8.2%和5.0%～5.9%。
This research aimed at adapting to the mechanization of rice and wheat,promoting the wheat mechanical sowing approach and combining the wheat agricultural machinery and agronomy technology under different sowing conditions. Three wheat sowing times were set in the field experiments, namely suitable time, delayed time and late time for sowing the Yangmai 16 on the rice stubble field. The effects of two wheat sowing methods, including mechanization sowing and manual broadcasting, were compared in terms of the yield formation and nitrogen use efficiency in each sowing time. The results showed that in the same sowing time, the emergence rate, grain number per panicle and the actual yield of the wheat sowed by machinery were significantly higher than those of the wheat sowed by broadcasting. Also, compared with the broadcasting, the wheat sown by machinery had a shortened trend about basal internode and obviously improved the nitrogen use efficiency. With the delay of sowing time, the emergence rate, number of grains per panicle, plant height and yield were significantly reduced. In different sowing time, the machinery sowing method, compared with the broadcasting, improved the nitrogen partial productivity at 7.1% to 8.2% and the nitrogen fertilizer agronomic utilization rate at 5.0% to 5.9%, respectively. Therefore, when wheat is sown on the rice stubble field, it is recommended to apply the mechanical row sowing method which can not only improve the wheat field emergence rate, but also contribute to obtain higher grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency.
This research aimed at adapting to the mechanization of rice and wheat,promoting the wheat mechanical sowing approach and combining the wheat agricultural machinery and agronomy technology under different sowing conditions. Three wheat sowing times were set in the field experiments, namely suitable time, delayed time and late time for sowing the Yangmai 16 on the rice stubble field. The effects of two wheat sowing methods, including mechanization sowing and manual broadcasting, were compared in terms of the yield formation and nitrogen use efficiency in each sowing time. The results showed that in the same sowing time, the emergence rate, grain number per panicle and the actual yield of the wheat sowed by machinery were significantly higher than those of the wheat sowed by broadcasting. Also, compared with the broadcasting, the wheat sown by machinery had a shortened trend about basal internode and obviously improved the nitrogen use efficiency. With the delay of sowing time, the emergence rate, number of grains per panicle, plant height and yield were significantly reduced. In different sowing time, the machinery sowing method, compared with the broadcasting, improved the nitrogen partial productivity at 7.1% to 8.2% and the nitrogen fertilizer agronomic utilization rate at 5.0% to 5.9%, respectively. Therefore, when wheat is sown on the rice stubble field, it is recommended to apply the mechanical row sowing method which can not only improve the wheat field emergence rate, but also contribute to obtain higher grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency.
引文
[1] 蒋小忠,王龙俊,束林华.江苏省稻茬麦播种环节农机农艺融合发展现状及对策探讨[J].中国农技推广,2017,33(7):5-7.
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[7] 顾克军,张斯梅,顾东祥,等.基于水稻秸秆全量还田的不同旋耕作业方式的效果比较研究[J].农业开发与装备,2018(7):107,112.
[8] 程玉龙,张礼钢,翟步顺,等.稻茬田小麦种植不同耕作方式的比较与分析[J].中国农机化学报,2014,35(4):69-72,76.Cheng Yulong,Zhang Ligang,Zhai Bushun,et al.Comparison and analysis of different tillage methods for planting wheat in rice stubble fields [J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2014,35(4):69-72,76.
[9] 陈满,汪小旵,孙国祥,等.冬小麦精准播种施肥控制系统研究[J].中国农机化学报,2016,37(9):24-27,42.Chen Man,Wang Xiaochan,Sun Guoxiang,et.al.Study on control system of precise seeding and fertilizing for winter wheat [J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2016,37(9):24-27,42.
[10] 张明伟,马泉,丁锦峰,等.稻茬晚播小麦高产群体特征分析[J].麦类作物学报,2018,38(4):445-454.Zhang Mingwei,Ma Quan,Ding Jinfeng,et.al.Characteristic of late sowing high-yielding wheat population in rice-wheat rotation [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2018,38(4):445-454.
[11] 张新臣,潘潇,王海龙.小麦免耕播种与深耕翻旋耕播种对比试验研究[J].中国农机化学报,2016,37(9):28-31.Zhang Xinchen,Pan Xiao,Wang Hailong.Research on contrast test of wheat no tillage seeding and deep plowing rotary tillage seeding [J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2016,37(9):28-31.
[12] 张斯梅,顾克军,许博,等.稻秸还田与播种方式影响小麦出苗及产量的大田试验研究[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(33):29-33.Zhang Simei,Gu Kejun,Xu Bo,et al.Rice straw returning and seeding patterns:effects on wheat seedling emergence and grain yield in field experiment [J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2016,32(33):29-33.
[13] 张明伟,马泉,丁锦峰,等.密度与肥料运筹对迟播小麦产量和茎秆抗倒能力的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2018,38(5):584-592.Zhang Mingwei,Ma Quan,Ding Jinfeng,et al.Effect of density and nitrogen application on clump lodging resistance and yield of late sowing wheat [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2018,38(5):584-592.
[14] 张凯,吴晓强,宗可栋.茎秆挠度对评价小麦抗倒伏能力的实验研究[J].中国农机化,2012(1):68-70,74.Zhang Kai,Wu Xiaoqiang,Zong Kedong.Experimental study on evaluating wheat lodging-resistance through stems deflection [J].Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2012(1):68-70,74.
[15] 张斯梅,杨四军,顾克军,等.少免耕与秸秆机械全量原位还田对稻茬小麦出苗及产量的影响[J].农学学报,2015,5(5):81-84.Zhang Simei,Yang Sijun,Gu Kejun,et al.Effects of less tillage and no-tillage patterns and total rice straw mechanized returning in situ on seed germination and grain yield of wheat [J].Chinese Countryside Well-off Technology,2015,5(5):81-84.
[2] 王超,闫子双.浅析北京地区冬小麦种植农机与农艺融合技术问题[J].中国农机化学报,2013(5):12-15.Wang Chao,Yan Zishuang.Initial analysis on the technical problems of combination of agricultural machinery and agronomy in the winter wheat production in Beijing [J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2013(5):12-15.
[3] 沈有柏.江苏稻秸秆机械化还田和小麦机播现状分析及对策研究[J].江苏农机化,2015(2):38-39.
[4] 吴咏梅.基于秸秆还田的小麦生产全程机械化集成技术试验示范分析[J].江苏农机化,2018(3):27-28.
[5] 周延辉,朱新开,郭文善,等.稻茬小麦中高产水平下产量及其构成因素分析[J].麦类作物学报,2018,38(3):293-297.Zhou Yanhui,Zhu Xinkai,Guo Wenshan,et al.Analysis of yield and yield components of wheat after rice on medium-high-yielding level [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2018,38(3):293-297.
[6] 徐晖,崔怀洋,张伟,等.播期对小麦冬前幼苗生长和积温的调控效应[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(3):99-105.Xu Hui,Cui Huaiyang,Zhang Wei,et al.Effects of sowing date on seedling growth characteristics and accumulated temperature before winter [J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2015,31(3):99-105.
[7] 顾克军,张斯梅,顾东祥,等.基于水稻秸秆全量还田的不同旋耕作业方式的效果比较研究[J].农业开发与装备,2018(7):107,112.
[8] 程玉龙,张礼钢,翟步顺,等.稻茬田小麦种植不同耕作方式的比较与分析[J].中国农机化学报,2014,35(4):69-72,76.Cheng Yulong,Zhang Ligang,Zhai Bushun,et al.Comparison and analysis of different tillage methods for planting wheat in rice stubble fields [J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2014,35(4):69-72,76.
[9] 陈满,汪小旵,孙国祥,等.冬小麦精准播种施肥控制系统研究[J].中国农机化学报,2016,37(9):24-27,42.Chen Man,Wang Xiaochan,Sun Guoxiang,et.al.Study on control system of precise seeding and fertilizing for winter wheat [J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2016,37(9):24-27,42.
[10] 张明伟,马泉,丁锦峰,等.稻茬晚播小麦高产群体特征分析[J].麦类作物学报,2018,38(4):445-454.Zhang Mingwei,Ma Quan,Ding Jinfeng,et.al.Characteristic of late sowing high-yielding wheat population in rice-wheat rotation [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2018,38(4):445-454.
[11] 张新臣,潘潇,王海龙.小麦免耕播种与深耕翻旋耕播种对比试验研究[J].中国农机化学报,2016,37(9):28-31.Zhang Xinchen,Pan Xiao,Wang Hailong.Research on contrast test of wheat no tillage seeding and deep plowing rotary tillage seeding [J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2016,37(9):28-31.
[12] 张斯梅,顾克军,许博,等.稻秸还田与播种方式影响小麦出苗及产量的大田试验研究[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(33):29-33.Zhang Simei,Gu Kejun,Xu Bo,et al.Rice straw returning and seeding patterns:effects on wheat seedling emergence and grain yield in field experiment [J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2016,32(33):29-33.
[13] 张明伟,马泉,丁锦峰,等.密度与肥料运筹对迟播小麦产量和茎秆抗倒能力的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2018,38(5):584-592.Zhang Mingwei,Ma Quan,Ding Jinfeng,et al.Effect of density and nitrogen application on clump lodging resistance and yield of late sowing wheat [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2018,38(5):584-592.
[14] 张凯,吴晓强,宗可栋.茎秆挠度对评价小麦抗倒伏能力的实验研究[J].中国农机化,2012(1):68-70,74.Zhang Kai,Wu Xiaoqiang,Zong Kedong.Experimental study on evaluating wheat lodging-resistance through stems deflection [J].Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2012(1):68-70,74.
[15] 张斯梅,杨四军,顾克军,等.少免耕与秸秆机械全量原位还田对稻茬小麦出苗及产量的影响[J].农学学报,2015,5(5):81-84.Zhang Simei,Yang Sijun,Gu Kejun,et al.Effects of less tillage and no-tillage patterns and total rice straw mechanized returning in situ on seed germination and grain yield of wheat [J].Chinese Countryside Well-off Technology,2015,5(5):81-84.