2000—2015年长江干流水沙变化及成因分析
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摘要
河流水沙关系对于揭示河流泥沙来源和时空变化规律具有重要作用。为了掌握长江流域水沙关系,基于长江干流7个主要水文站的实测水沙资料,采用径流量-输沙量双累积曲线方法,分析长江干流2000—2015年的水沙变化及其成因。结果表明:2000—2015年长江干流各站点的径流量和输沙量都呈减小趋势,径流量减少不明显,减少率均<8%,输沙量减少幅度大,减少率均> 47%;除屏山站外,其余6站径流量与输沙量相关性较差;径流量-输沙量双累积曲线表明长江上游2012年后输沙量减少幅度大;长江中下游2005年后输沙量已经得到一定的控制;长江干流各水文站输沙量减少的主要原因是水库拦沙和水土保持措施控蚀减沙。
[Background]The study on the change of runoff and sediment in the Yangtze River and its causes can provide theoretical basis for mastering the evolution law of runoff and sediment of the Yangtze River. [Methods]Based on the measured data of runoff and sediment of Yangtze River's seven major hydrologic stations( Pingshan,Zhuotuo,Cuntan,Yichang,Shashi,Hankou and Datong) and using statistical methods and the double accumulated method,this paper analyzed the changes characteristic and causes of runoff and sediment in Yangtze River during 2000 to 2015. [Results] The result showed that the volume of runoff and sediment load of Yangtze River 's seven major hydrologic stations decreased. Meanwhile,the volume of runoff did not change significantly,but the sediment runoff changed in a large range. The proportion of the runoff volume of the station in the upper Yangzer River sites in Datong station was small,while the proportion of sediment transport was larger. It indicated that the sediment of the Yangtze River was mainly from the upstream region. There was a significant positive correlation between annual runoff and sediment transport in the sever station site of the Yangzer River.But the correlation coefficient of runoff and sediment transport in Pingshan station was relatively high( R2= 0. 67),and the correlation coefficients of other stations were low. The double mass curve of Pingshan,Zhuotuo and Cuntan had an obvious turning point in 2010 and 2012,which showed that the sediment load was decreased significantly in the upper Yangtze River the from 2012. The double mass curves of Yichang,Hankou and Datong station had an obvious turning point in 2002 and 2005. The slope was reduced after the turning point which showed that the sediment load was decreased significantly in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River from 2002. Moreover,The turning point of Shashi station was in 2002 and 2007 and the amount of sediment has been a certain degree of control after 2007 in Shashi hydrologic station. The annual runoff in the Yangtze River basin from 2000 to 2015 year has not changed significantly,and the trend of runoff and annual rainfall was consistent. The Sediment discharge was on a downward trend,the change trend of the annual precipitation and sediment from 2003 to 2009 was poor consistency,which showed that the precipitation had little impact on the sediment concentration between2000 and 2015 in the Yangtze River. The reservoir sediment,the soil and water conservation engineering and other human activities are the main reasons that cause Yangtze River 's relations of water and sediment changing obviously since 2000. [Conclusions] This research could provide the theoretical basis for the protection of the Yangtze River.
[Background]The study on the change of runoff and sediment in the Yangtze River and its causes can provide theoretical basis for mastering the evolution law of runoff and sediment of the Yangtze River. [Methods]Based on the measured data of runoff and sediment of Yangtze River's seven major hydrologic stations( Pingshan,Zhuotuo,Cuntan,Yichang,Shashi,Hankou and Datong) and using statistical methods and the double accumulated method,this paper analyzed the changes characteristic and causes of runoff and sediment in Yangtze River during 2000 to 2015. [Results] The result showed that the volume of runoff and sediment load of Yangtze River 's seven major hydrologic stations decreased. Meanwhile,the volume of runoff did not change significantly,but the sediment runoff changed in a large range. The proportion of the runoff volume of the station in the upper Yangzer River sites in Datong station was small,while the proportion of sediment transport was larger. It indicated that the sediment of the Yangtze River was mainly from the upstream region. There was a significant positive correlation between annual runoff and sediment transport in the sever station site of the Yangzer River.But the correlation coefficient of runoff and sediment transport in Pingshan station was relatively high( R2= 0. 67),and the correlation coefficients of other stations were low. The double mass curve of Pingshan,Zhuotuo and Cuntan had an obvious turning point in 2010 and 2012,which showed that the sediment load was decreased significantly in the upper Yangtze River the from 2012. The double mass curves of Yichang,Hankou and Datong station had an obvious turning point in 2002 and 2005. The slope was reduced after the turning point which showed that the sediment load was decreased significantly in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River from 2002. Moreover,The turning point of Shashi station was in 2002 and 2007 and the amount of sediment has been a certain degree of control after 2007 in Shashi hydrologic station. The annual runoff in the Yangtze River basin from 2000 to 2015 year has not changed significantly,and the trend of runoff and annual rainfall was consistent. The Sediment discharge was on a downward trend,the change trend of the annual precipitation and sediment from 2003 to 2009 was poor consistency,which showed that the precipitation had little impact on the sediment concentration between2000 and 2015 in the Yangtze River. The reservoir sediment,the soil and water conservation engineering and other human activities are the main reasons that cause Yangtze River 's relations of water and sediment changing obviously since 2000. [Conclusions] This research could provide the theoretical basis for the protection of the Yangtze River.
引文
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[12]武旭同,李娜,王腊春.近60年来长江干流水沙特征分析[J].泥沙研究,2016,41(5):44.WU Xutong,LI Na,WANG Lachun. Characteristics ofrunoff and sediment discharge in Yangtze River in recent60 years[J]. Journal of Sediment Research,2016,41(5):44.
[13]钱宁.泥沙运动力学[M].科学出版社,1983:336.QIAN Ning. Sediment motion mechanics[M]. SciencePress,1983:336.
[14]柴元方,李义天,李思璇,等.长江流域近期水沙变化趋势及成因分析[J].灌溉排水学报,2017,36(3):100.CHAI Yuanfang,LI Tianyi,LI Siyuan,et al. Analysisof recent variation trend and cause of runoff and sedi-ment load variation in the Yangtze River basin[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2017,36(3):100.
[15]王延贵,史红玲,刘茜.水库拦沙对长江水沙态势变化的影响[J].水科学进展,2014,25(4):470.WANG Yangui,SHI Hongling,LIU Xi. Influence ofsediment trapping in reservoirs on runoff and sedimentdischarge variations in Yangtze River[J]. Advances inWater Science,2014,25(4):470.
[2]钟荣华.补远江流域水沙变化及预测研究[D].昆明:云南大学,2012:1.ZHONG Ronghua. Researches on changes and forecastingof runoff and suspended sediment load in the BuyuanjiangRiver basin[D]. Kunming:Yunnan University,2012:1.
[3]管华.秦岭-黄淮平原交界带河流水沙关系分析[J].山地学报,1999,17(2):110.GUAN Hua. Analysis on rivers'discharge-sediment corre-lations in the joint zone between Qingling Mountains andHuanghuai Plain[J]. Journal of Mountain Science,1999,17(2):110.
[4]张信宝,文安邦.长江上游干流和支流河流泥沙近期变化及其原因[J].水利学报,2002,33(4):56.ZHANG Xinbao,WEN Anbang. Variations of sedimentin upper stream of Yangtze River and its tributary[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2002,33(4):56.
[5]许炯心.长江上游干支流近期水沙变化及其与水库修建的关系[J].山地学报,2009,27(4):385.XU Jiongxin. Recent variation in water and sediment inrelation with reservoir construction in the upperChangjiang River basin[J]. Journal of Mountain Sci-ence,2009,27(4):385.
[6]府仁寿,虞志英,金鏐,等.长江水沙变化发展趋势[J].水利学报,2003,34(11):21.FU Renshou,YU Zhiying,JIN Liu,et al. Variationtrend of runoff and sediment load in Yangtze River[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2003,34(11):21.
[7]王一斌,李九发,赵军凯,等.长江上中下游河道水沙特征和水沙关系[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2014(1):90.WANG Yibin,LI Jiufa,ZHAO Junkai,et al. Character-istics of sediment load and runoff in the upper,middleand lower reaches of the Yangtae River and their relation-ship[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Natu-ral Science),2014(1):90.
[8]水利部长江水利委员会.长江泥沙公报[M].长沙:长沙出版社,2000-2015:5,50.Changjiang Water Resources Commission of the Ministryof Water Resources. The Yangtze River sediment bulletin[M]. Changsha:Changsha Press,2000-2015:5,50.
[9]水利部长江水利委员会.长江水资源公报[M].长沙:长沙出版社,2000—2015:1.Changjiang water resources commission of the ministry ofwater resources. The Yangtze River water resources bulle-tin[M]. Changsha:Changsha Press,2000-2015:1.
[10]穆兴民,张秀勤,高鹏,等.双累积曲线方法理论及在水文气象领域应用中应注意的问题[J].水文,2010,30(4):48.MU Xingmin, ZHANG Xiuqin, GAO Peng, et. al.Theory of double mass curves and its applications in hy-drology and meteorology[J]. Journal of China Hydrolo-gy,2010,30(4):48.
[11]李九发,陈小华,万新宁,等.长江河口枯季河床沉积物与河床沙波现场观测研究[J].地理研究,2003,22(4):515.LI Jiufa,CHEN Xiaohua,WAN Xinyu,et al. Field ob-servation on bed sediment and sandwaves in dry seasonin changjiang Estuary[J]. Geographical Research,2003,22(4):515.
[12]武旭同,李娜,王腊春.近60年来长江干流水沙特征分析[J].泥沙研究,2016,41(5):44.WU Xutong,LI Na,WANG Lachun. Characteristics ofrunoff and sediment discharge in Yangtze River in recent60 years[J]. Journal of Sediment Research,2016,41(5):44.
[13]钱宁.泥沙运动力学[M].科学出版社,1983:336.QIAN Ning. Sediment motion mechanics[M]. SciencePress,1983:336.
[14]柴元方,李义天,李思璇,等.长江流域近期水沙变化趋势及成因分析[J].灌溉排水学报,2017,36(3):100.CHAI Yuanfang,LI Tianyi,LI Siyuan,et al. Analysisof recent variation trend and cause of runoff and sedi-ment load variation in the Yangtze River basin[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2017,36(3):100.
[15]王延贵,史红玲,刘茜.水库拦沙对长江水沙态势变化的影响[J].水科学进展,2014,25(4):470.WANG Yangui,SHI Hongling,LIU Xi. Influence ofsediment trapping in reservoirs on runoff and sedimentdischarge variations in Yangtze River[J]. Advances inWater Science,2014,25(4):470.