黄河中游极端降雨对输沙量影响的时序分析
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摘要
黄河中游是黄河泥沙的主要来源区,极端降雨是区域侵蚀产沙及河流输沙的主要动力。基于黄河中游河潼区间1958—2016年26站逐日降雨数据及河口镇和潼关水文站的输沙量数据,采用回归分析、双累积曲线等方法,研究了极端降雨指标的变化趋势及对输沙量的影响。结果表明:①极端降雨指标总体呈降低趋势,但多数指标的下降趋势未达到显著性水平。②输沙量在1979年和1999年发生突变。1979年之前对输沙量影响最大的是最大1 d降雨量,影响最小的是汛期降雨量;1980—1999年对河流输沙量影响最大的是主汛期降雨量,影响最小的是暴雨量;2000—2016年对河流输沙量贡献率最大的是大雨量,最小的是暴雨量。③极端降雨对输沙量的影响在1958—1979年最大,1980—1999年次之,2000年之后输沙量受人类活动的影响大于极端降雨的影响。
The Middle Yellow River is the main source of sediment of the Yellow River, which has been suffering from the most serious soil erosion in China. Extreme rainfall events are the main driving force of soil erosion, sediment yield and sediment transport in the region. Based on the daily rainfall measurements during 1958-2016 of the meteorological stations of the area from Hekou to Tongguan and sediment load in Hekou and Tongguan hydrologic stations, correlation analysis and double mass curves were adopted to analyze the changing trend of the extreme rainfall indices and its impacts on sediment load in the study area. The results indicate that: a) although extreme rainfall experienced a downward trend, the decrease for most of the extreme rainfall indices is not statistically significant. b) Sediment discharge abruptly changes in 1979 and 1999 in terms of the double mass curve of accumulated extreme rainfall indices and cumulative sediment load. RX1day(maximum 1-day rainfall amount) is the most important factor and FSPTOT(flood season rainfall) is the least important factor for sediment discharge from 1958 to 1979. During 1980-1999, the most important factor for sediment discharge is MFSPTOT(the main flood season rainfall), while the least important one is RSP(rainstorm rainfall). HP(heavy rainfall) has the greatest contribution(41.48%) on sediment load and the smallest contribution(31.48%) comes from RSP from 2000 to 2016. c) The impact of extreme rainfall on sediment load is the largest in the base period(1958-1979) and followed by 1980-1999. After 2000, the change of sediment load in the rivers is more affected by human activities than that by extreme rainfall.
The Middle Yellow River is the main source of sediment of the Yellow River, which has been suffering from the most serious soil erosion in China. Extreme rainfall events are the main driving force of soil erosion, sediment yield and sediment transport in the region. Based on the daily rainfall measurements during 1958-2016 of the meteorological stations of the area from Hekou to Tongguan and sediment load in Hekou and Tongguan hydrologic stations, correlation analysis and double mass curves were adopted to analyze the changing trend of the extreme rainfall indices and its impacts on sediment load in the study area. The results indicate that: a) although extreme rainfall experienced a downward trend, the decrease for most of the extreme rainfall indices is not statistically significant. b) Sediment discharge abruptly changes in 1979 and 1999 in terms of the double mass curve of accumulated extreme rainfall indices and cumulative sediment load. RX1day(maximum 1-day rainfall amount) is the most important factor and FSPTOT(flood season rainfall) is the least important factor for sediment discharge from 1958 to 1979. During 1980-1999, the most important factor for sediment discharge is MFSPTOT(the main flood season rainfall), while the least important one is RSP(rainstorm rainfall). HP(heavy rainfall) has the greatest contribution(41.48%) on sediment load and the smallest contribution(31.48%) comes from RSP from 2000 to 2016. c) The impact of extreme rainfall on sediment load is the largest in the base period(1958-1979) and followed by 1980-1999. After 2000, the change of sediment load in the rivers is more affected by human activities than that by extreme rainfall.
引文
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[20] GAO T, WANG H. Trends in Rainfall Extremes over the Yellow River Basin in North China: Changing Properties and Causes[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2017, 31: 2412-2428.
[21] 穆兴民,巴桑赤烈,ZHANG Lu,等.黄河河口镇至龙门区间来水来沙变化及其对水利水保措施的响应[J].泥沙研究,2007(2):36-41.
[22] 姚文艺,冉大川,陈江南.黄河流域近期水沙变化及其趋势预测[J].水科学进展,2013,24(5):607-616.
[23] 王万忠,焦菊英,魏艳红,等.近半个世纪以来黄土高原侵蚀产沙的时空分异特征[J].泥沙研究,2015(2):9-16.
[24] 胡春宏,王延贵,张燕菁,等.中国江河水沙变化趋势与主要影响因素[J].水科学进展,2010,21(4):524-532.
[25] 赵阳,余新晓.黄土丘陵沟壑区典型流域气候和土地利用变化对径流泥沙产量的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2013,35(3):39-45.
[2] 张鹏.近50年极端降雨变化对黄河流域河龙区间水沙变化的影响研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014:1-93.
[3] COMINO J R, SENCIALES J M, RAMOS M C, et al. Understanding Soil Erosion Processes in Mediterranean Sloping Vineyards (Montes de Málaga, Spain) [J]. Geoderma, 2017, 296: 47-59.
[4] BUENDIA C, BUSSI G, TUSET J, et al. Effects of Afforestation on Runoff and Sediment Load in an Upland Mediterranean Catchment [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015, 540: 144-157.
[5] 钟科元,郑粉莉,吴红艳,等.松花江流域极端降雨变化对流域输沙量的影响[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(8):245-252,321.
[6] KEO Soksamnang,何洪鸣,赵宏飞,等.黄土高原50余年来降雨侵蚀力变化及其对土壤侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持研究,2018,25(2):1-7.
[7] 高鹏,穆兴民,王飞,等.黄河中游河口镇—花园口区间水沙变化及其对人类活动的响应[J].泥沙研究,2013(5):75-80.
[8] 何毅.黄河河口镇至潼关区间降雨变化及其水沙效应[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016: 1-106.
[9] 何毅,穆兴民,赵广举,等.基于黄河河潼区间输沙量过程的特征性降雨研究[J].泥沙研究,2015(2):53-59.
[10] 赵广举,穆兴民,田鹏,等.近60年黄河中游水沙变化趋势及其影响因素分析[J].资源科学,2012,34(6):1070-1078.
[11] 张佳,王厚杰,张勇,等.黄河中游主要支流输沙量变化对黄河入海泥沙通量的影响[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2012,(3):21-30.
[12] 范念念,李慧奇,田苏茂,等.黄河河潼区间泥沙与洪水复杂响应分析[J].水土保持通报,2009(3):216-219.
[13] 曾红伟,李丽娟.澜沧江及周边流域TRMM 3B43数据精度检验[J].地理学报,2011,66(7):994-1004.
[14] 汪丽娜,穆兴民,张晓萍,等.陕北黄土丘陵区流域面平均雨量推算方法[J].中国水土保持科学,2008,6(2):39-42.
[15] 管晓祥,张建云,鞠琴,等.多种方法在水文关键要素一致性检验中的比较[J].华北水利水电大学学报(自然科学版),2018,39(2):51-56.
[16] 穆兴民,张秀勤,高鹏,等.双累积曲线方法理论及在水文气象领域应用中应注意的问题[J].水文,2010,30(4):47-51.
[17] SEARCY J K, HARDISON C H. Double-Mass Curves[G]//Manual of Hydrology: Part 1, General Surface Water Techniques. Washington, D C: USGS, 1960: 31-59.
[18] 秦丽欢,周敬祥,李叙勇,等.密云水库上游径流变化趋势及影响因素[J].生态学报,2018,38(6):1941-1951.
[19] 刘成,王兆印,隋觉义.我国主要入海河流水沙变化分析[J].水利学报,2007,37(12):1444-1452.
[20] GAO T, WANG H. Trends in Rainfall Extremes over the Yellow River Basin in North China: Changing Properties and Causes[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2017, 31: 2412-2428.
[21] 穆兴民,巴桑赤烈,ZHANG Lu,等.黄河河口镇至龙门区间来水来沙变化及其对水利水保措施的响应[J].泥沙研究,2007(2):36-41.
[22] 姚文艺,冉大川,陈江南.黄河流域近期水沙变化及其趋势预测[J].水科学进展,2013,24(5):607-616.
[23] 王万忠,焦菊英,魏艳红,等.近半个世纪以来黄土高原侵蚀产沙的时空分异特征[J].泥沙研究,2015(2):9-16.
[24] 胡春宏,王延贵,张燕菁,等.中国江河水沙变化趋势与主要影响因素[J].水科学进展,2010,21(4):524-532.
[25] 赵阳,余新晓.黄土丘陵沟壑区典型流域气候和土地利用变化对径流泥沙产量的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2013,35(3):39-45.