《金色笔记》中的异化空间与自我困境
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摘要
《金色笔记》是诺贝尔文学奖得主多丽丝·莱辛空间特征显著的代表作品。本文从工作空间、政治空间和私人空间三个层面解读了小说呈现的二十世纪中期的日常生活空间及其对个体自我的破坏性影响:工作空间为符码操控造成个体自我严重分裂,政治空间极为荒诞使个体处处身不由己,而代表私人空间的自由女性公寓只有在主人公的梦和崩溃中才显示出"治愈潜能"。本文认为《金色笔记》中的日常生活空间是全面、高度异化的空间,它导致个体自我深陷困境,莱辛也由此深刻批判了西方现代社会并尝试着探讨构建超越异化空间、实现自我完整的个人空间的途径。
The Golden Notebook is a masterpiece saturated with Doris Lessing's strong awareness of space. It depicts the space of alienation of modern everyday life, namely, the work space, political domain and the private place represented by the flat, in relation with the troubled individual self. The work space is dominated by symbol consumption and the individuals suffer from severe self-division; the political domain is characterized by omnipresent absurdity and the individuals are plagued with a sense of passivity "in spite of oneself". The flat evolves into a space with "healing potential" only through dreams and crack-ups, whereby Anna breaks through the false dichotomies and achieves the reunification of the self. The space of modern everyday life in The Golden Notebook is a thoroughly and profoundly alienated space, wherein the individual's self is trapped in trouble. By presenting the space of alienation and the troubled self, Lessing critically reflects on the modern Western world with an attempt to arouse people's awareness of transcending alienation and achieving the wholeness of self.
The Golden Notebook is a masterpiece saturated with Doris Lessing's strong awareness of space. It depicts the space of alienation of modern everyday life, namely, the work space, political domain and the private place represented by the flat, in relation with the troubled individual self. The work space is dominated by symbol consumption and the individuals suffer from severe self-division; the political domain is characterized by omnipresent absurdity and the individuals are plagued with a sense of passivity "in spite of oneself". The flat evolves into a space with "healing potential" only through dreams and crack-ups, whereby Anna breaks through the false dichotomies and achieves the reunification of the self. The space of modern everyday life in The Golden Notebook is a thoroughly and profoundly alienated space, wherein the individual's self is trapped in trouble. By presenting the space of alienation and the troubled self, Lessing critically reflects on the modern Western world with an attempt to arouse people's awareness of transcending alienation and achieving the wholeness of self.
引文
Brewster,Dorothy.“The Golden Notebook.”Modern Critical Views:Doris Lessing.Ed.Harold Bloom.New York:Chelsea House Publishers,1986.27-44.
Dasenbrock,Reed Way.“Lawrence Durrell and the Modes of Modernism.”Twentieth Century Literature 33.4(1987):515-27.
Jiang, Renfeng.“House and Self in The Grass Is Singing.”Foreign Literature Studies 3(2017):71–77.[姜仁凤:《〈野草在歌唱〉中的房子与自我》,《外国文学研究》2017年第3期,第71–77页。]
Karl, Frederick R. A Reader’s Guide to the Contemporary English Novel. New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux,1972.
Kort, Wesley A. Place and Space in Modern Fiction. Gainesville:UP of Florida, 2004.
Lefebvre, Henri. Critique of Everyday Life. Vol.1. Trans. John Moore. London and New York:Verso, 1991.
---. The Production of Space. Trans. Donald Nicholson Smith. Oxford&Cambridge:Blackwell, 1991.
Lessing, Doris. The Golden Notebook. New York:Bantam Books, Inc., 1973.
---. Introduction. The Golden Notebook. New York:Bantam Books, Inc., 1973.
---. A Small Personal Voice:Essays, Reviews, Interviews. Ed. Paul Schlueter. New York:Alfred A. Knopf, 1974.
Lu, Jing.“From Nihilism to Sufism:An Interpretation of the Places in The Golden Notebook.” Journal of School of Chinese Language and Culture Nanjing Normal University 4(2012):141–46.[卢婧:《从虚无主义到苏菲主义:关于〈金色笔记〉中几处空间场景的内涵释读》,《南京师范大学文学院学报》2012年第4期,第141–46页。]
Marcus, G. Lipstick Traces. Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard UP, 1989.
Pickering, Jean. Understanding Doris Lessing. South Carolina:U of South Carolina P, 1990.
Rose,Ellen Cronan.“Doris Lessing’s Città Felice.”Critical Essays on Doris Lessing.Ed.Claire Sprague and Virginia Tiger. Massachusetts:G. K. Hall&Co., 1986. 141–53.
Rubenstein, Roberta. The Novelistic Vision of Doris Lessing:Breaking the Forms of Consciousness. Chicago:U of Illinois P, 1979.
Schlueter, Paul.“Self-Analytic Women:The Golden Notebook.” Modern Critical Views:Doris Lessing. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York:Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 45–76.
Shields, Rob. Lefebvre, Love and Struggle:Spatial Dialectics. London and New York:Routledge, 1999.
Sprague, Claire, and Virginia Tiger. Introduction. Critical Essays on Doris Lessing. Ed. Claire Sprague and Virginia Tiger. Boston, Massachusetts:G. K. Hall&Co., 1986. 1–26.
Taylor, Charles. The Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge:Cambridge UP, 1989.
Wander, Philip. Introduction to the Transaction Edition. Everyday Life in the Modern World. Henri Lefebvre. Trans.Sacha Rabinovitch. New Brunswick and London:Transaction Books, 1984.
Wang, Lili.“The House Image and Transcultural Significance of Doris Lessing’s Works.” Contemporary Foreign Literature 1(2010):21–27.[王丽丽:《后“房子里的安琪儿”时代:从房子意象看莱辛作品的跨文化意义》《当代外国文学》2010年第1期,第21–27页。]
Wang, Min’an. Key Words in Cultural Studies. Nanjing:Jiangsu People’s Press, 2007.[汪民安:《文化研究关键词》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年。]
Xiao, Qinghua.“The Sex Space in London:An Interpretation of Doris Lessing’s The Golden Notebook.” Contemporary Literary Criticism 1(2008):144–46.[肖庆华:《伦敦的性别空间—解读诺奖得主多丽丝·莱辛的〈金色笔记〉》,《当代文坛》2008年第1期,第144 –46页。]
Zhang, Yibing. Introduction.Consumer Society. By Jean Baudrillard. Trans. Liu Chengfu et al. Nanjing:Nanjing UP, 2014. 1–24.[张一兵:《消费意识形态:符码操控中的真实之死—鲍德里亚的〈消费社会〉解读》,让·鲍德里亚《消费社会》,刘成富等译,南京:南京大学出版社,2014年,第1–24页。]
Zhao, Jinghui.“The ‘Space’ Issues in Doris Lessing Studies.”Journal of Xi’an International Studies University 3(2010):62–66.[赵晶辉:《英美及中国多丽丝·莱辛研究中的“空间”问题》,《西安外国语大学学报》2010年第3期,第62 –66页。]
(1)本文译文由笔者根据英文原文译出,对陈才宇和刘新民译《金色笔记》(南京:译林出版社,2008年)有所参考。
(2)此语来自张一兵为《消费社会》一书所作的代译序《消费意识形态:符码操控中的真实之死—鲍德里亚的〈消费社会〉解读》。
(3)列斐伏尔认为:“日常生活包括政治生活”(Critique of Everyday Life 92)。莱辛本人一生以各种方式积极参与政治活动,她“一生都在支持各种党派、事业、各个国家以及各种运动”,尽管她认为它们“令人厌恶”(A Small Personal Voice 65)。作为作家,她也有很强的政治意识,认为“作家应该在他的小说中表现他所处时代的政治矛盾”(A Small Personal Voice 70),这些在《金色笔记》中有鲜明的体现,政治空间构成她所描写的日常生活空间的重要部分。
(4)莱辛曾在访谈中直言房子是她作品中“一个恒久的主题”(qtd. in Rose 141);具体到《金色笔记》,鲁本斯坦认为整部作品都“受安娜的房间和公寓的制约”(Rubenstein 97),克莱尔·斯普雷格(Claire Sprague)、弗吉尼亚·泰戈尔(Virginia Tiger)也认为房间是《金色笔记》中“最重要的空间”(9)。
(5)如卡尔认为《金色笔记》中的房间有封闭性质,是“避难所”,也是“坠入地狱之所”,是“无力的象征,缺乏选择、意志和决心”(Karl 295—99)。
(6)如开普兰(Carey Kaplan)认为房子、房间象征“力量”,女性在其间成长/实现自我(qtd. in Rose 141)。
Dasenbrock,Reed Way.“Lawrence Durrell and the Modes of Modernism.”Twentieth Century Literature 33.4(1987):515-27.
Jiang, Renfeng.“House and Self in The Grass Is Singing.”Foreign Literature Studies 3(2017):71–77.[姜仁凤:《〈野草在歌唱〉中的房子与自我》,《外国文学研究》2017年第3期,第71–77页。]
Karl, Frederick R. A Reader’s Guide to the Contemporary English Novel. New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux,1972.
Kort, Wesley A. Place and Space in Modern Fiction. Gainesville:UP of Florida, 2004.
Lefebvre, Henri. Critique of Everyday Life. Vol.1. Trans. John Moore. London and New York:Verso, 1991.
---. The Production of Space. Trans. Donald Nicholson Smith. Oxford&Cambridge:Blackwell, 1991.
Lessing, Doris. The Golden Notebook. New York:Bantam Books, Inc., 1973.
---. Introduction. The Golden Notebook. New York:Bantam Books, Inc., 1973.
---. A Small Personal Voice:Essays, Reviews, Interviews. Ed. Paul Schlueter. New York:Alfred A. Knopf, 1974.
Lu, Jing.“From Nihilism to Sufism:An Interpretation of the Places in The Golden Notebook.” Journal of School of Chinese Language and Culture Nanjing Normal University 4(2012):141–46.[卢婧:《从虚无主义到苏菲主义:关于〈金色笔记〉中几处空间场景的内涵释读》,《南京师范大学文学院学报》2012年第4期,第141–46页。]
Marcus, G. Lipstick Traces. Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard UP, 1989.
Pickering, Jean. Understanding Doris Lessing. South Carolina:U of South Carolina P, 1990.
Rose,Ellen Cronan.“Doris Lessing’s Città Felice.”Critical Essays on Doris Lessing.Ed.Claire Sprague and Virginia Tiger. Massachusetts:G. K. Hall&Co., 1986. 141–53.
Rubenstein, Roberta. The Novelistic Vision of Doris Lessing:Breaking the Forms of Consciousness. Chicago:U of Illinois P, 1979.
Schlueter, Paul.“Self-Analytic Women:The Golden Notebook.” Modern Critical Views:Doris Lessing. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York:Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 45–76.
Shields, Rob. Lefebvre, Love and Struggle:Spatial Dialectics. London and New York:Routledge, 1999.
Sprague, Claire, and Virginia Tiger. Introduction. Critical Essays on Doris Lessing. Ed. Claire Sprague and Virginia Tiger. Boston, Massachusetts:G. K. Hall&Co., 1986. 1–26.
Taylor, Charles. The Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge:Cambridge UP, 1989.
Wander, Philip. Introduction to the Transaction Edition. Everyday Life in the Modern World. Henri Lefebvre. Trans.Sacha Rabinovitch. New Brunswick and London:Transaction Books, 1984.
Wang, Lili.“The House Image and Transcultural Significance of Doris Lessing’s Works.” Contemporary Foreign Literature 1(2010):21–27.[王丽丽:《后“房子里的安琪儿”时代:从房子意象看莱辛作品的跨文化意义》《当代外国文学》2010年第1期,第21–27页。]
Wang, Min’an. Key Words in Cultural Studies. Nanjing:Jiangsu People’s Press, 2007.[汪民安:《文化研究关键词》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年。]
Xiao, Qinghua.“The Sex Space in London:An Interpretation of Doris Lessing’s The Golden Notebook.” Contemporary Literary Criticism 1(2008):144–46.[肖庆华:《伦敦的性别空间—解读诺奖得主多丽丝·莱辛的〈金色笔记〉》,《当代文坛》2008年第1期,第144 –46页。]
Zhang, Yibing. Introduction.Consumer Society. By Jean Baudrillard. Trans. Liu Chengfu et al. Nanjing:Nanjing UP, 2014. 1–24.[张一兵:《消费意识形态:符码操控中的真实之死—鲍德里亚的〈消费社会〉解读》,让·鲍德里亚《消费社会》,刘成富等译,南京:南京大学出版社,2014年,第1–24页。]
Zhao, Jinghui.“The ‘Space’ Issues in Doris Lessing Studies.”Journal of Xi’an International Studies University 3(2010):62–66.[赵晶辉:《英美及中国多丽丝·莱辛研究中的“空间”问题》,《西安外国语大学学报》2010年第3期,第62 –66页。]
(1)本文译文由笔者根据英文原文译出,对陈才宇和刘新民译《金色笔记》(南京:译林出版社,2008年)有所参考。
(2)此语来自张一兵为《消费社会》一书所作的代译序《消费意识形态:符码操控中的真实之死—鲍德里亚的〈消费社会〉解读》。
(3)列斐伏尔认为:“日常生活包括政治生活”(Critique of Everyday Life 92)。莱辛本人一生以各种方式积极参与政治活动,她“一生都在支持各种党派、事业、各个国家以及各种运动”,尽管她认为它们“令人厌恶”(A Small Personal Voice 65)。作为作家,她也有很强的政治意识,认为“作家应该在他的小说中表现他所处时代的政治矛盾”(A Small Personal Voice 70),这些在《金色笔记》中有鲜明的体现,政治空间构成她所描写的日常生活空间的重要部分。
(4)莱辛曾在访谈中直言房子是她作品中“一个恒久的主题”(qtd. in Rose 141);具体到《金色笔记》,鲁本斯坦认为整部作品都“受安娜的房间和公寓的制约”(Rubenstein 97),克莱尔·斯普雷格(Claire Sprague)、弗吉尼亚·泰戈尔(Virginia Tiger)也认为房间是《金色笔记》中“最重要的空间”(9)。
(5)如卡尔认为《金色笔记》中的房间有封闭性质,是“避难所”,也是“坠入地狱之所”,是“无力的象征,缺乏选择、意志和决心”(Karl 295—99)。
(6)如开普兰(Carey Kaplan)认为房子、房间象征“力量”,女性在其间成长/实现自我(qtd. in Rose 141)。