美国总统大选辩论中的身份建构与解构——以2016年总统候选人希拉里·克林顿为例
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摘要
在言语交际中,交际者不仅可以通过言语行为建构自己的身份,还可以对对方建构的身份进行解构。文章以2016年美国总统大选三场电视辩论为语料,探讨了在辩论中希拉里自我建构的身份以及对手特朗普对希拉里身份的解构。研究表明,希拉里在辩论中主要建构了亲民和积极进取的个人身份以及精明能干的精英政治家身份,而竞选对手特朗普则通过对希拉里人品、能力的质疑,对希拉里以往政绩的否定以及对希拉里未来从政构想的不看好,解构了希拉里自我建构的身份。交际具有目的性和意图性,身份的建构和解构是希拉里和特朗普意在赢得更多美国选民支持进而赢得大选的手段之一。
In verbal communication,the communicators can not only construct his own identity through speech acts,but also deconstruct the identity constructed by the other party. Based on three televised debates in the 2016 US presidential election,this paper explores Hillary's self-constructed identity and her opponent Trump's deconstruction of Hillary's identity. It is found that Hillary mainly constructed an approachable and positive identity at the personal level and an intelligent and competent elite politician identity in the debate,while Trump,however,deconstructed Hillary's self-constructed identity by questioning Hillary's moral character and competence,denying her previous achievements in her political career and holding an unfavorable view of Hillary's future political plan. Communication is purposeful and intentional,and the construction and deconstruction of identity is one of the means by which Hillary and Trump aimed to win the support of more American voters and thus win the presidential election.
In verbal communication,the communicators can not only construct his own identity through speech acts,but also deconstruct the identity constructed by the other party. Based on three televised debates in the 2016 US presidential election,this paper explores Hillary's self-constructed identity and her opponent Trump's deconstruction of Hillary's identity. It is found that Hillary mainly constructed an approachable and positive identity at the personal level and an intelligent and competent elite politician identity in the debate,while Trump,however,deconstructed Hillary's self-constructed identity by questioning Hillary's moral character and competence,denying her previous achievements in her political career and holding an unfavorable view of Hillary's future political plan. Communication is purposeful and intentional,and the construction and deconstruction of identity is one of the means by which Hillary and Trump aimed to win the support of more American voters and thus win the presidential election.
引文
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(2)袁周敏:《身份的界定:问题与建议》,《外语教学》2016年第4期,第20-23页。
(3)Hyland.H.Authority and invisibility:authorial identity in academic writing.Journal of Pragmatics,2002,(34),pp.1091-1112.
(4)Piller.I.Identity constructions in multilingual advertising.Language in Society,2006,(30),pp.153-186.
(5)Victor Ho.Constructing identities through request e-mail discourse.Journal of Pragmatics,2010,(42),pp.2253-2261.
(6)陈新仁等:《语用学视角下的身份与交际研究》,北京:高等教育出版社,2013年版。
(7)袁周敏、陈新仁:《语言顺应论视角下的语用身份建构研究-以医疗咨询会话为例》,《外语教学与研究》2013年第4期,第518-530页。
(8)任育新:《学术建议中专家个人身份建构的顺应性研究》,《外语与外语教学》2013年第6期,第6-10页。
(1)Spencer-Oatey.H.Theories of identity and the analysis of face.Journal of Pragmatics,2007,(39),pp.639-656.
(2)Upadhyay.Shiv R.Identity and impoliteness in computer-mediated reader responses.Journal of Politeness Research,2010,(6),pp.105-127.
(3)Garces-Conejos Blitvich.P.Impoliteness and identity in the American news media:the“Culture Wars”.Journal of Politeness Research,2009,(5),pp.273-303.
(4)陈倩、冉永平:《有意不礼貌环境下身份构建的和谐-挑战语用取向》,《外语与外语教学》2013年第6期,第15-18页。
(5)张玮、谢朝群:《网络语境下不礼貌语用与身份建构分析-以微博研究为例》,《当代外语研究》2015年第5期,第23-28页。
(6)Locher,M.Relational work,politeness and identity construction.In Gerd Antos&Eija Ventola(eds.),Handbooks of Applied Linguistics.Issue 2:Interpersonal Communication.Berlin/New York:Mouton de Gruyter.2008,pp.509-540.
(7)李成团、冉永平:《他人身份的隐含否定及其人际和谐的语用取向》,《中国外语》2012年第5期,第34-40页。
(8)李成团:《中日美命令/请求言语行为回应中关系管理与身份构建的对比研究》,《外语与外语教学》2013年第2期,第51-55页。
(9)夏玉琼:《医患会话中医生身份对医患关系的管理》,《医学与哲学(A)》2016年第1期,第59-62页。
(10)袁周敏:《克林顿总统就职演说的身份建构研究》,《南京邮电大学学报(社会科学版)》2009年第2期,第61-66页。
(11)陈露:《美国2012总统大选辩论中竞选者个体身份建构研究》,南京:南京大学硕士学位论文,2015年。
(12)Bucholtz.M.&K.Hall.Identity and interaction:A sociocultural linguistic approach.Discourse Studies,2005,7(4-5),pp.585-614.
(13)陈新仁:《语用身份论---如何用身份话语做事》,北京:北京师范大学出版社,2018年。
(14)Brewer.M.B.&W.Gardner.Who is this“We”?Levels of collective identity and self representations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1996,71(1),pp.83-93.
(15)Tracy.K.&J S.Robles.Everyday Talk:Building and Reflecting Identities.New York:the Guilford Press.2013.
(1)Simon.B.Identity in Modern Society:A Social Psychological Perspective.Oxford:Blackwell.2004.
(2)Bucholtz,M.&K.Hall.Identity and interaction:A sociocultural linguistic approach.Discourse Studies,2005,7(4-5),pp.585-614.
(3)汪少华、袁红梅:《政治话语的博弈-美国总统竞选辩论中框定与重新框定策略的认知解析》,《外国语》2016年第4期,第47-57页。
(4)Brewer.M.B.&W.Gardner.Who is this“We”?Levels of collective identity and self representations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1996,71(1),pp.83-93.
(5)Tracy.K.&J S.Robles.Everyday Talk:Building and Reflecting Identities.New York:the Guilford Press.2013,p.22.
(1)Simon.B.Identity in Modern Society:A Social Psychological Perspective.Oxford:Blackwell.2004,p.40.
(1)Yan Huang,Pragmatics,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2009年版,第107页。
(2)高敬文、苏煜荣:《代词定位·言语行为·政治隐喻---美国总统大选候选人的形象塑造》,《新闻记者》2017年第6期,第35-45页。
(3)Mills.C.W.White-collar:The American Middle Classes.Oxford:Oxford University Press Inc,2002.
(4)Cheng-Tuan Li&Yong-Ping Ran.Self-professional identity construction through other-identity deconstruction in Chinese televised debating discourse.Journal of Pragmatics,2016,(94),pp.47-63.
(1)张进军、林怀艺、王琰:《中西政治话语比较研究》,《华侨大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2015年第5期,第17-25页。
(2)Robinson.M.J.Why Donald Won and Hillary Clinton Lost:Russian Interference in the American Presidential Election:Did It Help Him Win?.Scotts Valley,California USA:CreateSpace,2017,p.61.
(1)夏玉琼:《社交语用视角下主持人的身份建构研究-以访谈类节目为例》,《安徽理工大学学报(社会科学版)》,2015年第5期,第48-51页。
(2)Simon.B.Identity in Modern Society:A Social Psychological Perspective.Oxford:Blackwell.2004,p.35.
(1)Tahmineh Tayebi.Why do people take offence?Exploring the underlying expectations.Journal of Pragmatics,2016,(101),pp.1-17.
(2)Robinson.M.J.Why Donald Won and Hillary Clinton Lost:Russian Interference in the American Presidential Election:Did It Help Him Win?.Scotts Valley,California USA:CreateSpace,2017,p.61.
(1)Van Dijk.T.A.Ideology and Discourse.A Multidisciplinary Introduction.English Version of an Internet Course for the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya(UOC).London:Sage.2000,p.44.
(2)袁周敏:《身份的界定:问题与建议》,《外语教学》2016年第4期,第20-23页。
(3)Hyland.H.Authority and invisibility:authorial identity in academic writing.Journal of Pragmatics,2002,(34),pp.1091-1112.
(4)Piller.I.Identity constructions in multilingual advertising.Language in Society,2006,(30),pp.153-186.
(5)Victor Ho.Constructing identities through request e-mail discourse.Journal of Pragmatics,2010,(42),pp.2253-2261.
(6)陈新仁等:《语用学视角下的身份与交际研究》,北京:高等教育出版社,2013年版。
(7)袁周敏、陈新仁:《语言顺应论视角下的语用身份建构研究-以医疗咨询会话为例》,《外语教学与研究》2013年第4期,第518-530页。
(8)任育新:《学术建议中专家个人身份建构的顺应性研究》,《外语与外语教学》2013年第6期,第6-10页。
(1)Spencer-Oatey.H.Theories of identity and the analysis of face.Journal of Pragmatics,2007,(39),pp.639-656.
(2)Upadhyay.Shiv R.Identity and impoliteness in computer-mediated reader responses.Journal of Politeness Research,2010,(6),pp.105-127.
(3)Garces-Conejos Blitvich.P.Impoliteness and identity in the American news media:the“Culture Wars”.Journal of Politeness Research,2009,(5),pp.273-303.
(4)陈倩、冉永平:《有意不礼貌环境下身份构建的和谐-挑战语用取向》,《外语与外语教学》2013年第6期,第15-18页。
(5)张玮、谢朝群:《网络语境下不礼貌语用与身份建构分析-以微博研究为例》,《当代外语研究》2015年第5期,第23-28页。
(6)Locher,M.Relational work,politeness and identity construction.In Gerd Antos&Eija Ventola(eds.),Handbooks of Applied Linguistics.Issue 2:Interpersonal Communication.Berlin/New York:Mouton de Gruyter.2008,pp.509-540.
(7)李成团、冉永平:《他人身份的隐含否定及其人际和谐的语用取向》,《中国外语》2012年第5期,第34-40页。
(8)李成团:《中日美命令/请求言语行为回应中关系管理与身份构建的对比研究》,《外语与外语教学》2013年第2期,第51-55页。
(9)夏玉琼:《医患会话中医生身份对医患关系的管理》,《医学与哲学(A)》2016年第1期,第59-62页。
(10)袁周敏:《克林顿总统就职演说的身份建构研究》,《南京邮电大学学报(社会科学版)》2009年第2期,第61-66页。
(11)陈露:《美国2012总统大选辩论中竞选者个体身份建构研究》,南京:南京大学硕士学位论文,2015年。
(12)Bucholtz.M.&K.Hall.Identity and interaction:A sociocultural linguistic approach.Discourse Studies,2005,7(4-5),pp.585-614.
(13)陈新仁:《语用身份论---如何用身份话语做事》,北京:北京师范大学出版社,2018年。
(14)Brewer.M.B.&W.Gardner.Who is this“We”?Levels of collective identity and self representations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1996,71(1),pp.83-93.
(15)Tracy.K.&J S.Robles.Everyday Talk:Building and Reflecting Identities.New York:the Guilford Press.2013.
(1)Simon.B.Identity in Modern Society:A Social Psychological Perspective.Oxford:Blackwell.2004.
(2)Bucholtz,M.&K.Hall.Identity and interaction:A sociocultural linguistic approach.Discourse Studies,2005,7(4-5),pp.585-614.
(3)汪少华、袁红梅:《政治话语的博弈-美国总统竞选辩论中框定与重新框定策略的认知解析》,《外国语》2016年第4期,第47-57页。
(4)Brewer.M.B.&W.Gardner.Who is this“We”?Levels of collective identity and self representations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1996,71(1),pp.83-93.
(5)Tracy.K.&J S.Robles.Everyday Talk:Building and Reflecting Identities.New York:the Guilford Press.2013,p.22.
(1)Simon.B.Identity in Modern Society:A Social Psychological Perspective.Oxford:Blackwell.2004,p.40.
(1)Yan Huang,Pragmatics,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2009年版,第107页。
(2)高敬文、苏煜荣:《代词定位·言语行为·政治隐喻---美国总统大选候选人的形象塑造》,《新闻记者》2017年第6期,第35-45页。
(3)Mills.C.W.White-collar:The American Middle Classes.Oxford:Oxford University Press Inc,2002.
(4)Cheng-Tuan Li&Yong-Ping Ran.Self-professional identity construction through other-identity deconstruction in Chinese televised debating discourse.Journal of Pragmatics,2016,(94),pp.47-63.
(1)张进军、林怀艺、王琰:《中西政治话语比较研究》,《华侨大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2015年第5期,第17-25页。
(2)Robinson.M.J.Why Donald Won and Hillary Clinton Lost:Russian Interference in the American Presidential Election:Did It Help Him Win?.Scotts Valley,California USA:CreateSpace,2017,p.61.
(1)夏玉琼:《社交语用视角下主持人的身份建构研究-以访谈类节目为例》,《安徽理工大学学报(社会科学版)》,2015年第5期,第48-51页。
(2)Simon.B.Identity in Modern Society:A Social Psychological Perspective.Oxford:Blackwell.2004,p.35.
(1)Tahmineh Tayebi.Why do people take offence?Exploring the underlying expectations.Journal of Pragmatics,2016,(101),pp.1-17.
(2)Robinson.M.J.Why Donald Won and Hillary Clinton Lost:Russian Interference in the American Presidential Election:Did It Help Him Win?.Scotts Valley,California USA:CreateSpace,2017,p.61.
(1)Van Dijk.T.A.Ideology and Discourse.A Multidisciplinary Introduction.English Version of an Internet Course for the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya(UOC).London:Sage.2000,p.44.