湖陆风环流对于臭氧高浓度事件影响的模拟分析
|
摘要
太湖流域工业发达,人口众多.湖泊激发的局地环流对于周边地区天气气候及空气污染扩散的影响值得高度关注.本文使用WRF-Chem模式,对比了Lake和Noah两种湖泊陆面过程方案对臭氧高浓度事件的模拟效果,并分析了太湖对周边地区局地环流及臭氧分布的影响.结果表明,Lake方案由于更好地引入了湖泊表面和大气之间的通量交换计算方案,其模拟值与实际观测结果有较好的匹配度.太湖和周边地区的热力差异使得太湖地区白天形成由湖区吹向陆地的湖风,湖风环流最强时在太湖-苏州方向高度可以达到4 km,最大风速达到5 m·s~(-1),对东北岸地区的影响可以穿过苏州到达城区的东北部约60 km处.太湖湖风的存在使得苏州城区的臭氧向下风向地区扩散,而湖风环流的强度不足以将湖区的臭氧输送到整个苏州城区.这导致远离太湖的城区的臭氧浓度比靠近太湖的城区低约150μg·m~(-3),臭氧浓度从靠近湖岸的城区到城区的后部再到郊区呈现出高、低、高的现象.而在夜间,受陆风影响,臭氧会在湖区上方堆积使得湖区臭氧浓度比周边陆地高约80μg·m~(-3).
Lake Taihu basin is densely populated and highly industrialized. The influence of local circulation excited by the lake on surrounding weather and climate and the diffusion of air pollutants should be of great concern. This paper uses the WRF-Chem model to compare the simulation effects of lake-land surface process scheme and Noah land surface process scheme on high ozone concentration events. The results show that the Lake scheme has a better calculation scheme for the flux exchanges between lake surface and atmosphere, so its simulation value matches well with the actual observation results. The thermal difference between Lake Taihu and its surrounding areas produces the lake breeze blowing from the lake area to the land during the daytime. The lake breeze circulation can reach a height of 1 km in Taihu-Suzhou direction, and the maximum wind speed can be up to 5 m·s~(-1). The impact of lake breeze on the northeastern shore area can pass through Suzhou and reach the northeast urban area with the distance of 60 km. In addition to, the presence of lake breeze causes the ozone transports from urban to the downwind direction areas, while it is not strong enough to transport the ozone in the lake area to the entire city. This phenomenon results in a 150 μg·m~(-3) lower ozone concentration in urban areas far from the lake than that in the urban areas next to the lake. The ozone concentrations from the urban areas next to the lake, to the rear of the city, to the suburb areas are high, low and high, respectively. At nighttime, due to the influence of land breeze, ozone accumulates above the lake area, making the ozone concentration in the lake area 80 μg·m~(-3) higher than that in the land.
Lake Taihu basin is densely populated and highly industrialized. The influence of local circulation excited by the lake on surrounding weather and climate and the diffusion of air pollutants should be of great concern. This paper uses the WRF-Chem model to compare the simulation effects of lake-land surface process scheme and Noah land surface process scheme on high ozone concentration events. The results show that the Lake scheme has a better calculation scheme for the flux exchanges between lake surface and atmosphere, so its simulation value matches well with the actual observation results. The thermal difference between Lake Taihu and its surrounding areas produces the lake breeze blowing from the lake area to the land during the daytime. The lake breeze circulation can reach a height of 1 km in Taihu-Suzhou direction, and the maximum wind speed can be up to 5 m·s~(-1). The impact of lake breeze on the northeastern shore area can pass through Suzhou and reach the northeast urban area with the distance of 60 km. In addition to, the presence of lake breeze causes the ozone transports from urban to the downwind direction areas, while it is not strong enough to transport the ozone in the lake area to the entire city. This phenomenon results in a 150 μg·m~(-3) lower ozone concentration in urban areas far from the lake than that in the urban areas next to the lake. The ozone concentrations from the urban areas next to the lake, to the rear of the city, to the suburb areas are high, low and high, respectively. At nighttime, due to the influence of land breeze, ozone accumulates above the lake area, making the ozone concentration in the lake area 80 μg·m~(-3) higher than that in the land.
引文
An J,Zou J,Wang J,et al.2015.Differences in ozone photochemical characteristics between the megacity Nanjing and its suburban surroundings,Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Environmental Science & Pollution Research,22(24):19607-19617
Blaylock B K,Horel J D,Crosman E T.2017.Impact of lake breezes on summer ozone concentrations in the Salt Lake Valley[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology,56(2):353-370
Gu H,Jin J,Wu Y,et al.2015.Calibration and validation of lake surface temperature simulations with the coupled WRF-lake model[J].Climatic Change,129(3/4):471-483
Haurwitz B.1947.Comments on the sea-breeze circulation[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,4(1):1-8
贺瑶,朱彬,李锋,等.2017.长江三角洲地区PM2.5两种污染来源对比分析[J].中国环境科学,37(4):1213-1222
胡亚男,马晓燕,沙桐,等.2018.不同排放源对华东地区PM2.5影响的数值模拟[J].中国环境科学,38(5):1616-1628
黄先伦,李国平.2008.热力强迫对局地环流的扰动作用[J].应用气象学报,19(4):488-495
康汉青,朱彬,朱彤,等.2014.苏州-无锡-常州城市带热岛效应个例研究[J].大气科学学报,37(4):432-440
Keen C S,Lyons W A.2010.Lake/land breeze circulations on the western shore of Lake Michigan[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,17(12):1843-1855
Levy I,Makar P A,Sills D,et al.2010.Unraveling the complex local-scale flows influencing ozone patterns in the southern Great Lakes of North America[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics,10(22):10895-10915
Liao J,Wang T,Wang X,et al.2014.Impacts of different urban canopy schemes in WRF/Chem on regional climate and air quality in Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Atmospheric Research,145-146:226-243
Liu Y,Li L,An J,et al.2018.Estimation of biogenic VOC emissions and its impact on ozone formation over the Yangtze River Delta region,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,186:113-128
Lyons W A.1972.The climatology and prediction of the Chicago Lake Breeze[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,11(8):1259-1270
Mavrakou T,Philippopoulos K,Deligiorgi D.2012.The impact of sea breeze under different synoptic patterns on air pollution within Athens basin[J].Science of the Total Environment,433(7):31-43
Monks P S,Archibald A T,Colette A,et al.2015.Tropospheric ozone and its precursors from the urban to the global scale from air quality to short-lived climate forcer[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics,14(23):32709-32933
Physick W L.2010.Numerical experiments on the inland penetration of the sea breeze[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,106(450):735-746
Qin B,Xu P,Wu Q,et al.2007.Environmental issues of Lake Taihu,China[J].Hydrobiologia,581(1):3-14
任侠,王咏薇,张圳,等.2017.太湖对周边城市热环境影响的模拟[J].气象学报,75(4):645-660
王容,杜勇.1994.博斯腾湖流域气候及湖陆风[J].干旱区地理,17(3):90-94
Wang T,Jiang F,Deng J,et al.2012.Urban air quality and regional haze weather forecast for Yangtze River Delta region[J].Atmospheric Environment,58(15):70-83
Wang Y,Gao Y,Qin H,et al.2017.Spatiotemporal characteristics of Lake Breezes over Lake Taihu,China[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology,56(7):2053-2065
Wentworth G R,Murphy J G,Sills D M L.2015.Impact of lake breezes on ozone and nitrogen oxides in the Greater Toronto Area[J].Atmospheric Environment,109:52-60
Wentworth G R,Murphy J G,Sills D M L.2015.Impact of lake breezes on ozone and nitrogen oxides in the Greater Toronto Area[J].Atmospheric Environment,109:52-60
杨健博,刘红年,费松,等.2013.太湖湖陆风背景下的苏州城市化对城市热岛特征的影响[J].气象科学,33(5):473-484
杨薇,苗峻峰,谈哲敏.2014.太湖地区湖陆风对雷暴过程影响的数值模拟[J].应用气象学报,25(1):59-70
易睿,王亚林,张殷俊,等.2015.长江三角洲地区城市臭氧污染特征与影响因素分析[J].环境科学学报,35(8):2370-2377
赵春生,彭丽,孙爱东,等.2004.长江三角洲地区对流层臭氧的数值模拟研究[J].环境科学学报,24(3):525-533
Zaveri R A,Easter R C,Fast J D,et al.2008.Model for simulating aerosol interactions and chemistry (MOSAIC)[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,113(D13204),DOI:10.1029/2007jd008782
Zaveri R A,Peters L K.1999.A new lumped structure photochemical mechanism for large‐scale applications[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,104(D23):30387-30415
Zhang L,Zhu B,Gao J,et al.2017.Impact of Taihu Lake on city ozone in the Yangtze River Delta[J].Advances In Atmospheric Sciences,34(2):226-234
Blaylock B K,Horel J D,Crosman E T.2017.Impact of lake breezes on summer ozone concentrations in the Salt Lake Valley[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology,56(2):353-370
Gu H,Jin J,Wu Y,et al.2015.Calibration and validation of lake surface temperature simulations with the coupled WRF-lake model[J].Climatic Change,129(3/4):471-483
Haurwitz B.1947.Comments on the sea-breeze circulation[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,4(1):1-8
贺瑶,朱彬,李锋,等.2017.长江三角洲地区PM2.5两种污染来源对比分析[J].中国环境科学,37(4):1213-1222
胡亚男,马晓燕,沙桐,等.2018.不同排放源对华东地区PM2.5影响的数值模拟[J].中国环境科学,38(5):1616-1628
黄先伦,李国平.2008.热力强迫对局地环流的扰动作用[J].应用气象学报,19(4):488-495
康汉青,朱彬,朱彤,等.2014.苏州-无锡-常州城市带热岛效应个例研究[J].大气科学学报,37(4):432-440
Keen C S,Lyons W A.2010.Lake/land breeze circulations on the western shore of Lake Michigan[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,17(12):1843-1855
Levy I,Makar P A,Sills D,et al.2010.Unraveling the complex local-scale flows influencing ozone patterns in the southern Great Lakes of North America[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics,10(22):10895-10915
Liao J,Wang T,Wang X,et al.2014.Impacts of different urban canopy schemes in WRF/Chem on regional climate and air quality in Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Atmospheric Research,145-146:226-243
Liu Y,Li L,An J,et al.2018.Estimation of biogenic VOC emissions and its impact on ozone formation over the Yangtze River Delta region,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,186:113-128
Lyons W A.1972.The climatology and prediction of the Chicago Lake Breeze[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,11(8):1259-1270
Mavrakou T,Philippopoulos K,Deligiorgi D.2012.The impact of sea breeze under different synoptic patterns on air pollution within Athens basin[J].Science of the Total Environment,433(7):31-43
Monks P S,Archibald A T,Colette A,et al.2015.Tropospheric ozone and its precursors from the urban to the global scale from air quality to short-lived climate forcer[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics,14(23):32709-32933
Physick W L.2010.Numerical experiments on the inland penetration of the sea breeze[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,106(450):735-746
Qin B,Xu P,Wu Q,et al.2007.Environmental issues of Lake Taihu,China[J].Hydrobiologia,581(1):3-14
任侠,王咏薇,张圳,等.2017.太湖对周边城市热环境影响的模拟[J].气象学报,75(4):645-660
王容,杜勇.1994.博斯腾湖流域气候及湖陆风[J].干旱区地理,17(3):90-94
Wang T,Jiang F,Deng J,et al.2012.Urban air quality and regional haze weather forecast for Yangtze River Delta region[J].Atmospheric Environment,58(15):70-83
Wang Y,Gao Y,Qin H,et al.2017.Spatiotemporal characteristics of Lake Breezes over Lake Taihu,China[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology & Climatology,56(7):2053-2065
Wentworth G R,Murphy J G,Sills D M L.2015.Impact of lake breezes on ozone and nitrogen oxides in the Greater Toronto Area[J].Atmospheric Environment,109:52-60
Wentworth G R,Murphy J G,Sills D M L.2015.Impact of lake breezes on ozone and nitrogen oxides in the Greater Toronto Area[J].Atmospheric Environment,109:52-60
杨健博,刘红年,费松,等.2013.太湖湖陆风背景下的苏州城市化对城市热岛特征的影响[J].气象科学,33(5):473-484
杨薇,苗峻峰,谈哲敏.2014.太湖地区湖陆风对雷暴过程影响的数值模拟[J].应用气象学报,25(1):59-70
易睿,王亚林,张殷俊,等.2015.长江三角洲地区城市臭氧污染特征与影响因素分析[J].环境科学学报,35(8):2370-2377
赵春生,彭丽,孙爱东,等.2004.长江三角洲地区对流层臭氧的数值模拟研究[J].环境科学学报,24(3):525-533
Zaveri R A,Easter R C,Fast J D,et al.2008.Model for simulating aerosol interactions and chemistry (MOSAIC)[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,113(D13204),DOI:10.1029/2007jd008782
Zaveri R A,Peters L K.1999.A new lumped structure photochemical mechanism for large‐scale applications[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,104(D23):30387-30415
Zhang L,Zhu B,Gao J,et al.2017.Impact of Taihu Lake on city ozone in the Yangtze River Delta[J].Advances In Atmospheric Sciences,34(2):226-234