铜陵市冬春季PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中元素特征及来源分析
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摘要
目的了解铜陵市颗粒物中的元素特征和主要来源。方法选择2014年冬季和春季的部分时段,在铜陵市国家环境空气监测站——新民污水处理厂(工业区)采集PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)样品,使用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)法进行元素的定量测试。采样期间,冬季的空气质量以良和中、轻度污染为主;春季以中度和重度污染天气为主,采样期间出现了明显的重污染。结果 PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中S和Si元素的浓度均比其余元素高,P和Cu元素的浓度远低于其余元素。空气污染的指数越高,Fe、Mg、Al、Si则更易富集在PM_(10)上,而K、Cu、Na、Cl、S元素更易富集在PM_(2.5)上,Ca和P这两种元素在PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)上的富集程度相当。空气颗粒物中,富集最多的元素是K,其次为Fe和Mg;元素Cu、K、Cl在PM_(10)中的富集程度要高于PM_(2.5)。结论扬尘(包括地面扬尘和建筑尘)是PM_(10)的最大来源,其次是开采矿山和燃烧生物质,燃煤、炼铜等工企业排放贡献最小;对于PM_(2.5)而言,最大的来源是风沙、扬尘和开采矿山,其次是燃煤、燃烧生物质和其他的工企业排放,炼铜的贡献最小。
Objective To understand the characteristics and main sources of elements in particulate matters in Tongling City.Methods PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) were collected at the National Ambient Air Automatic Monitoring Station-Tongling Xinmin Sewage Treatment Plant(industrial zone) during the winter(January 25 to February 13) and spring(May 16-27) of 2014 to carry out quantitative test on the elements with XRF. During the sampling period, the air quality was mainly at level II or III in the winter,and level IV or V in the spring. There was apparent heavy pollution. Results Compared with the other elements, the concentrations of S and Si in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) were higher, and the concentrations of P and Cu were much lower. With the different air quality index, the higher the air quality index was, the more concentrated elements were detected in a unit volume. K, Cl, Na, Cu and S were more likely to be enriched on PM_(2.5), while Fe, Al, Mg and Si were more likely to be enriched on PM_(10). The enrichment of Ca and P in the PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) were basically the same. The highest enriched element was K, followed by Mg and Fe,and the enrichment factors of K, Cl and Cu in PM_(10) were higher than those in PM_(2.5). Conclusion The dust(including ground dust and building dust) has the largest contribution to PM_(10), followed by mining and biomass burning, then coal combustion,copper smelting and other industrial enterprise emissions. While the largest contribution to PM_(2.5) was mainly brought by soil dust, construction dust, road dust and mining, followed by coal combustion, biomass burning and other industrial enterprises emissions, then copper smelting enterprise emissions.
Objective To understand the characteristics and main sources of elements in particulate matters in Tongling City.Methods PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) were collected at the National Ambient Air Automatic Monitoring Station-Tongling Xinmin Sewage Treatment Plant(industrial zone) during the winter(January 25 to February 13) and spring(May 16-27) of 2014 to carry out quantitative test on the elements with XRF. During the sampling period, the air quality was mainly at level II or III in the winter,and level IV or V in the spring. There was apparent heavy pollution. Results Compared with the other elements, the concentrations of S and Si in PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) were higher, and the concentrations of P and Cu were much lower. With the different air quality index, the higher the air quality index was, the more concentrated elements were detected in a unit volume. K, Cl, Na, Cu and S were more likely to be enriched on PM_(2.5), while Fe, Al, Mg and Si were more likely to be enriched on PM_(10). The enrichment of Ca and P in the PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) were basically the same. The highest enriched element was K, followed by Mg and Fe,and the enrichment factors of K, Cl and Cu in PM_(10) were higher than those in PM_(2.5). Conclusion The dust(including ground dust and building dust) has the largest contribution to PM_(10), followed by mining and biomass burning, then coal combustion,copper smelting and other industrial enterprise emissions. While the largest contribution to PM_(2.5) was mainly brought by soil dust, construction dust, road dust and mining, followed by coal combustion, biomass burning and other industrial enterprises emissions, then copper smelting enterprise emissions.
引文
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[25]MOULI P C,MOHAN S V,BALARAM V,et al.A Study on Trace Elemental Composition of Atmospheric Aerosols at a Semi-arid Urban Site Using ICP-MS Technique[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(1):136-146.
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[28]杨复沫,贺克斌,马永亮,等.北京大气PM2.5中微量元素的浓度变化特征与来源[J].环境科学,2003,24(6):33-37.
[29]杨忠平.长春市城市重金属污染的生态地球化学特征及其来源解析[D].长春:吉林大学,2008.
[2]BALACHANDRAN S,MEENA B R,KHILLARE P S.Particle Size Distribution and Its Elemental Composition in the Ambient Air of Delhi[J].Environment International,2000,26(1):49-54.
[3]MAENHAUT W,SCHWARZ J,CAFMEYER J,et al Aerosol Chemical Mass Closure during the EUROTR-AC-2 AEROSOL Intercomparison 2000[J].Nuclear Instruments&Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms,2002,189(1):233-237.
[4]GAO Y,NELSON E D,FIELD M P,et al.Characterization of Atmospheric Trace Elements on PM(2.5)Particulate Matter over the New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary[J].Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(6):1077-1086.
[5]许栩楠,曾立民,张远航,等.北京市怀柔区冬季大气重金属污染状况分析[J].环境化学,2016,35(12):2460-2468.
[6]李如忠,潘成荣,陈婧,等.铜陵市区表土与灰尘重金属污染健康风险评估[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(12):2261-2270.
[7]李如忠,徐晶晶,姜艳敏,等.铜陵市惠溪河滨岸带土壤重金属形态分布及风险评估[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(1):88-96.
[8]叶文玲,陈增,徐晓燕.铜陵铜尾矿库优势植物对重金属富集特征研究[J].环境科学与技术,2015,38(5):11-14.
[9]李湘凌,周涛发,殷汉琴,等.基于层次聚类法和主成分分析法的铜陵市大气降尘污染元素来源解析研究[J].地质论评,2010,56(2):283-288.
[10]彭立群,张强,贺克斌.基于调查的中国秸秆露天焚烧污染物排放清单[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(8):1109-1118.
[11]林晓辉,赵阳,樊孝俊,等.南昌市秋季大气PM2.5中金属元素富集特征及来源分析[J].环境科学,2016,37(1):35-40.
[12]李丽娟,温彦平,彭林,等.太原市采暖季PM2.5中元素特征及重金属健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(12):4431-4438.
[13]王秦,陈曦,何公理,等.北京市城区冬季雾霾天气PM2.5中元素特征研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2013,33(6):1441-1445.
[14]JIANG S Y N,YANG F H,CHAN K L,et al.Water Solubility of Metals in Coarse PM and PM2.5 in Typical Urban Environment in Hongkong[J].Atmospheric Pollution Research,2014,5(2):236-244.
[15]庄马展.厦门大气PM2.5中元素特征及重金属健康风险评价[J].环境化学,2016,35(8):1723-1732.
[16]XU L L,CHEN X Q,CHEN J S,et al.Seasonal Variations and Chemical Compositions of PM2.5 Aerosol in the Urban Area of Fuzhou,China[J].Atmospheric Research,2012,104:264-272.
[17]王新,聂燕,陈红,等.兰州城区大气PM2.5污染特征及来源解析[J].环境科学,2016,37(5):1619-1628.
[18]景慧敏.北京可吸入颗粒物中元素地球化学特征与健康风险评价[D].北京:中国地质大学,2015.
[19]王嘉珺,赵雪艳,姬亚芹,等.抚顺市PM10中元素分布特征及来源分析[J].中国环境监测,2012,28(4):107-113.
[20]董海燕,古金霞,姜伟,等.天津市颗粒物中元素化学特征及来源[J].环境监测管理与技术,2012,24(1):25-28.
[21]刘凤娴,彭林,牟玲,等.忻州市市区大气颗粒物中的元素组成特征[J].环境化学,2014,33(2):313-320.
[22]唐孝炎,张远航,邵敏.大气环境化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006:39.
[23]AL-MOMANI I F.Trace Elements in Atmospheric Precipitation at Northern Jordan Measured by ICP-MS:Acidity and Possible Sources[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(32):4507-4515.
[24]HOSIOKANGAS J,RUUSKANEN J,PEKKANEN J.Effects of Soil Dust Episodes and Mixed Fuel Sources on Source Apportionment of PM10 Particles in Kuopio,Finland[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(23):3821-3829.
[25]MOULI P C,MOHAN S V,BALARAM V,et al.A Study on Trace Elemental Composition of Atmospheric Aerosols at a Semi-arid Urban Site Using ICP-MS Technique[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(1):136-146.
[26]OKUDA T,KATSUNO M,NAOI D,et al.Trends in Hazardous Trace Metal Concentrations in Aerosols Collected in Beijing,China from 2001 to 2006[J].Chemosphere,2008,72(6):917-924.
[27]谢骅,黄世鸿,李如祥,等.我国若干地区总悬浮颗粒物和沉积尘来源解析[J].气象科学,1999,19(1):26-32.
[28]杨复沫,贺克斌,马永亮,等.北京大气PM2.5中微量元素的浓度变化特征与来源[J].环境科学,2003,24(6):33-37.
[29]杨忠平.长春市城市重金属污染的生态地球化学特征及其来源解析[D].长春:吉林大学,2008.