封闭型内陆湖泊夏季氮素赋存特征——以达里诺尔湖为例
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摘要
氮素是影响湖泊初级生产力的主要因素之一。近年来,受气候干旱及上游用水量增加等因素的影响,大多数封闭性内陆湖都面临着湖面萎缩、湖水因营养盐浓度增加而逐渐恶化的问题。本文以内蒙古高原境内封闭型内陆湖泊——达里诺尔湖为例,于2017年夏季采集湖水、间隙水、沉积物、入湖河流等样品。对湖泊氮素赋存特征、迁移趋势做出分析,并且对入湖河流携带的氮素对湖泊水质的影响展开讨论。结果表明:氨氮(NH_4~+-N)是上覆水中占比例最高的形态氮。总氮(TN)、硝酸盐氮(NO_3~--N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)含量随水深从浅到深基本保持不变。只有B6、E2、E5样点的NH_4~+-N在水深1.5 m向下处含量有所波动。表层沉积物TN均值2 809.97 mg·kg~(-1),可交换态氮占TN含量6.74%;河水中占比例最高的形态氮是NO_3~--N,四条入湖河流中,TN、NH_4~+-N含量最高的是沙里河,NO_3~--N含量最高的是亮子河;每年由入湖河流携带入湖的TN量为120 t。总体来看,达里诺尔湖氮素赋存特征为:NH_4~+-N是上覆水的主导形态氮,TN及各形态氮含量在不同深度水层掺混均匀,无明显的分层现象。沉积物TN含量较高且氮素迁移能力较强。TN、NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N表现为由沉积物到上覆水的释放状态,而NH_4~+-N则以上覆水到沉积物的吸附状态为主。河流的输入对湖水TN含量有稀释作用,但会增加湖水NO_3~--N的负荷。
Nitrogen is one of the main factors affecting the primary productivity of lakes. The Dali-Nor Lake, which is located in the middle part of the Inner Mongolian plateau, is the study lake of this research. The nitrogen occurrence characteristics and transferring trends were analyzed for samples of lake water, pore water, and sediment and water samples from the lake inlets, collected in the summer of 2017. The impacts of the different nitrogen forms on the water quality of the lake also were studied. The results showed that ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N)was the largest component of total nitrogen(TN)in the upper layer of the lake water. TN, nitrate nitrogen(NO_3~--N), and nitrite nitrogen(NO_2~--N)were mixed uniformly in the lake without distinct stratification, and the TN content remained the same from the top to the bottom of the lake. The TN content in the sediments was higher, and the migration of nitrogen was stronger. TN, NO_3~--N, and NO_2~--N were in the releasing state from the sediment to the upper water layer, whereas NH_4~+-N was mainly in the adsorption state from the upper water layer to the sediment. The input of the river had a dilution effect on the TN content of the lake water and increased the NO_3~--N load of the lake water.
Nitrogen is one of the main factors affecting the primary productivity of lakes. The Dali-Nor Lake, which is located in the middle part of the Inner Mongolian plateau, is the study lake of this research. The nitrogen occurrence characteristics and transferring trends were analyzed for samples of lake water, pore water, and sediment and water samples from the lake inlets, collected in the summer of 2017. The impacts of the different nitrogen forms on the water quality of the lake also were studied. The results showed that ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N)was the largest component of total nitrogen(TN)in the upper layer of the lake water. TN, nitrate nitrogen(NO_3~--N), and nitrite nitrogen(NO_2~--N)were mixed uniformly in the lake without distinct stratification, and the TN content remained the same from the top to the bottom of the lake. The TN content in the sediments was higher, and the migration of nitrogen was stronger. TN, NO_3~--N, and NO_2~--N were in the releasing state from the sediment to the upper water layer, whereas NH_4~+-N was mainly in the adsorption state from the upper water layer to the sediment. The input of the river had a dilution effect on the TN content of the lake water and increased the NO_3~--N load of the lake water.
引文
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[11]董生旺.达里诺尔湖碳、氮、磷环境地球化学研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学, 2009.DONG Sheng-wang. Environmental geochemical characteristics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in Dalinor Lake[D]. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia University, 2009.
[12]甄志磊,李畅游,李文宝,等.内蒙古达里诺尔湖流域地表水和地下水环境同位素特征及补给关系[J].湖泊科学, 2014, 26(6):916-922.ZHEN Zhi-lei, LI Chang-you, LI Wen-bao, et al. Characteristics of environmental isotopes of surface water and groundwater and their recharge relationships in Lake Dali Basin[J]. Journal of Lake Science,2014, 26(6):916-922.
[13]宋玉芝,秦伯强,高光.氮及氮磷比对附着藻类及浮游藻类的影响[J].湖泊科学, 2007, 19(2):125-130.SONG Yu-zhi, QIN Bo-qiang, GAO Guang. Effect of nutrient on periphytic aglae and phytoplankton[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2007, 19(2):125-130.
[14]徐琼,贾克力,李文宝,等.达里诺尔湖夏季浮游植物群落结构及分布特征[J].水生态学杂志, 2016, 37(6):14-22.XU Qiong, JIA Ke-li, LI Wen-bao, et al. Characteristics of the summer phytoplankton community sturcture in Dalinor Lake[J]. Journal of Hydroecology, 2016, 37(6):14-22.
[15]曾巾,杨柳燕,肖琳,等.湖泊氮素生物地球化学循环及微生物的作用[J].湖泊科学, 2007, 19(4):382-389.ZENG Jin, YANG Liu-yan, XIAO Lin, et al. Biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen in lakes and the role of microorganisms in conversion of nitrogen compounds[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2007, 19(4):382-389.
[16]刘志娇.达里诺尔湖水动力条件试验及氢氧稳定同位素研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学, 2015.LIU Zhi-jiao. Tests of hydrodynamics and hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in Lake Dalinor[D]. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2015.
[17]李辉,潘学军,史丽琼,等.湖泊内源氮磷污染分析方法及特征研究进展[J].环境化学, 2011, 30(1):281-292.LI Hui, PAN Xue-jun, SHI Li-qiong, et al. Research progress on the analytical methods and characteristic of endogeneous nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in Lakes[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2011, 30(1):281-292.
[18]金赞芳,龚嘉临,施伊丽,等.沉积物-水界面氮的源解析和硝化反硝化[J].环境科学, 2017, 38(4):1423-1430.JIN Zan-fang, GONG Jia-lin, SHI Yi-li, et al. Nitrate source identification and nirtification-denitrification at the sediment-water interface[J]. Environment Science, 2017, 38(4):1423-1430.
[19]王一茹,王圣瑞,焦立新,等.滇池草海间隙水与上覆水氮磷时空变化特征[J].环境科学, 2017, 38(6):2336-2344.WANG Yi-ru, WANG Sheng-rui, JIAO Li-xin, et al. Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in sediment pore water and overlying water of Dianchi Caohai Lake[J]. Environmental Science, 2017, 38(6):2336-2344.
[20]陈学民,朱阳春,伏小勇,等.青海湖表层沉积物营养元素分布特征及相关性分析[J].农业环境科学学报, 2012, 31(2):395-401.CHEN Xue-min, ZHU Yang-chun, FU Xiao-yong, et al. Investigation of eutrophic elements distribution and their correlation in Qinhai Lake surface sediments[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2012, 31(2):395-401.
[21]吕昌伟,何江,高兴东,等.岱海表层沉积物中氮素的水平分布及环境意义[J].农业环境科学学报, 2007, 26(6):307-310.LU Chang-wei, HE Jiang, GAO Xing-dong, et al. Spatial distribution of nitrogen in surface sediments of Daihai Lake and its environmental significance[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2007, 26(6):307-310.
[22]侯兆洁.内蒙古高原典型湖泊氮的地球化学特征[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学, 2013.HOU Zhao-jie. The study on the geochemical cristics of nitrogen in four typical lakes of Inner Mongolia Plateau, China[D]. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia University, 2013.
[23]闫钟清,齐玉春,董云社,等.草地生态系统氮循环关键过程对全球变化及人类活动的响应与机制[J].草业学报, 2014, 23(6):279-292.YAN Zhong-qing, QI Yu-chun, DONG Yun-she, et al. Nitrogen cycling in grassland ecosystems in response to climate change and human activities[J]. Acte Prataculturae Sinica, 2014, 23(6):279-292.
[2] Berelson W M, Heggie D, Longmore A, et al. Benthic nutrient recycling in port Phillip Bay, Australia[J]. Estuarine Coastal&Shelf Science,1998, 46(6):917-934.
[3] Fitzhugh R D, DriscolL C T, Groffman P M, et al. Effects of soil freezing disturbance on soil solution nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon chemistry in a northern Hardwood ecosystem[J]. Biogeochemistry, 2001, 56(2):215-238.
[4] Galloway J N, Townsend A R, Erisman J W, et al. Transformation of the nitrogen cycle:Recent trends, questions, and potential solutions[J]. Science, 2008, 320(5878):889-892.
[5] James R T, Gardner W S, Mccarthy M J, et al. Nitrogen dynamics in Lake Okeechobee:Forms, functions, and changes[J]. Hydrobiologia,2011, 669(1):199-212.
[6] Lange G J D. Distribution of exchangeable, fixed, organic and total nitrogen in interbedded turbiditic/pelagic sediments of the Madeira Abyssal Plain, Eastern North Atlantic[J]. Marine Geology, 1992, 109(Suppl1/2):95-114.
[7] Persaud D, Jaagumagi R, Hayton A. Guidelines for the protection and management of aquatic sediment quality in Ontario:Report[M]. Water Resources Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 1993(2):494-495.
[8] Rose J, Vora N M, Caron D A. Effect of temperature and prey typ on nutrient regeneration by an Antarctic bacterivorous protest[J]. Microbial Ecology, 2008, 56(1):101-111.
[9] Shan L N, He Y F, Chen J, et al. Nitrogen surface runoff losses from a Chinese cabbage field under different nitrogen treatments in the Taihu Lake Basin, China[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2015, 159:255-263.
[10]赵胜男,史小红,崔英,等.内蒙古达里诺尔湖湖泊水体与入湖河水水化学特征及控制因素[J].环境化学, 2016, 35(9):1865-1875.ZHAO Sheng-nan, SHI Xiao-hong, CUI Ying, et al. Hydrochemical properties and controlling factors of the Dali Lake and its inflow river water in Inner Mongolia[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2016, 35(9):1865-1875.
[11]董生旺.达里诺尔湖碳、氮、磷环境地球化学研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学, 2009.DONG Sheng-wang. Environmental geochemical characteristics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in Dalinor Lake[D]. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia University, 2009.
[12]甄志磊,李畅游,李文宝,等.内蒙古达里诺尔湖流域地表水和地下水环境同位素特征及补给关系[J].湖泊科学, 2014, 26(6):916-922.ZHEN Zhi-lei, LI Chang-you, LI Wen-bao, et al. Characteristics of environmental isotopes of surface water and groundwater and their recharge relationships in Lake Dali Basin[J]. Journal of Lake Science,2014, 26(6):916-922.
[13]宋玉芝,秦伯强,高光.氮及氮磷比对附着藻类及浮游藻类的影响[J].湖泊科学, 2007, 19(2):125-130.SONG Yu-zhi, QIN Bo-qiang, GAO Guang. Effect of nutrient on periphytic aglae and phytoplankton[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2007, 19(2):125-130.
[14]徐琼,贾克力,李文宝,等.达里诺尔湖夏季浮游植物群落结构及分布特征[J].水生态学杂志, 2016, 37(6):14-22.XU Qiong, JIA Ke-li, LI Wen-bao, et al. Characteristics of the summer phytoplankton community sturcture in Dalinor Lake[J]. Journal of Hydroecology, 2016, 37(6):14-22.
[15]曾巾,杨柳燕,肖琳,等.湖泊氮素生物地球化学循环及微生物的作用[J].湖泊科学, 2007, 19(4):382-389.ZENG Jin, YANG Liu-yan, XIAO Lin, et al. Biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen in lakes and the role of microorganisms in conversion of nitrogen compounds[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2007, 19(4):382-389.
[16]刘志娇.达里诺尔湖水动力条件试验及氢氧稳定同位素研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学, 2015.LIU Zhi-jiao. Tests of hydrodynamics and hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in Lake Dalinor[D]. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 2015.
[17]李辉,潘学军,史丽琼,等.湖泊内源氮磷污染分析方法及特征研究进展[J].环境化学, 2011, 30(1):281-292.LI Hui, PAN Xue-jun, SHI Li-qiong, et al. Research progress on the analytical methods and characteristic of endogeneous nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in Lakes[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2011, 30(1):281-292.
[18]金赞芳,龚嘉临,施伊丽,等.沉积物-水界面氮的源解析和硝化反硝化[J].环境科学, 2017, 38(4):1423-1430.JIN Zan-fang, GONG Jia-lin, SHI Yi-li, et al. Nitrate source identification and nirtification-denitrification at the sediment-water interface[J]. Environment Science, 2017, 38(4):1423-1430.
[19]王一茹,王圣瑞,焦立新,等.滇池草海间隙水与上覆水氮磷时空变化特征[J].环境科学, 2017, 38(6):2336-2344.WANG Yi-ru, WANG Sheng-rui, JIAO Li-xin, et al. Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in sediment pore water and overlying water of Dianchi Caohai Lake[J]. Environmental Science, 2017, 38(6):2336-2344.
[20]陈学民,朱阳春,伏小勇,等.青海湖表层沉积物营养元素分布特征及相关性分析[J].农业环境科学学报, 2012, 31(2):395-401.CHEN Xue-min, ZHU Yang-chun, FU Xiao-yong, et al. Investigation of eutrophic elements distribution and their correlation in Qinhai Lake surface sediments[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2012, 31(2):395-401.
[21]吕昌伟,何江,高兴东,等.岱海表层沉积物中氮素的水平分布及环境意义[J].农业环境科学学报, 2007, 26(6):307-310.LU Chang-wei, HE Jiang, GAO Xing-dong, et al. Spatial distribution of nitrogen in surface sediments of Daihai Lake and its environmental significance[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2007, 26(6):307-310.
[22]侯兆洁.内蒙古高原典型湖泊氮的地球化学特征[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学, 2013.HOU Zhao-jie. The study on the geochemical cristics of nitrogen in four typical lakes of Inner Mongolia Plateau, China[D]. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia University, 2013.
[23]闫钟清,齐玉春,董云社,等.草地生态系统氮循环关键过程对全球变化及人类活动的响应与机制[J].草业学报, 2014, 23(6):279-292.YAN Zhong-qing, QI Yu-chun, DONG Yun-she, et al. Nitrogen cycling in grassland ecosystems in response to climate change and human activities[J]. Acte Prataculturae Sinica, 2014, 23(6):279-292.