学步儿母亲过度投入/未解决的依恋表征与控制行为:婚姻质量及儿童性别的调节作用
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摘要
采用追踪设计,以北京市94名学步儿及其母亲为被试,系统考察学步儿期母亲过度投入/未解决的依恋表征对控制行为的影响,以及婚姻质量、儿童性别的调节作用。结果发现:(1)过度投入/未解决的依恋表征对3岁时的强制性控制具有显著的正向预测作用。(2)过度投入/未解决的依恋表征对3岁时温和控制及命令性控制的影响受到婚姻质量的调节。(3)婚姻质量及儿童性别共同调节过度投入/未解决的依恋表征与3岁强制性控制之间的关系。
Maternal control behaviors during toddlerhood exert long-term impacts on children's cognitive and social-emotional development. Maternal preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations have been found to be associated with negative control. However, the associations between maternal preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations and control behaviors have not yet been explored systematically and the potential moderating mechanisms by which these effects occur remain to be examined. What's more, most of the studies are cross-sectional. The present study investigated the longitudinal associations between maternal preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations and control behaviors, and focused principally on the moderating roles of marital quality and child gender.Participants included 94 mothers and their toddlers(41 boys, 53 girls; Mage = 1.17 years, SD = 0.07 at T1; Mage = 2.07 years, SD = 0.09 at T2; Mage = 3.15 years, SD = 0.09 at T3) in urban areas of Beijing, China. Both maternal preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations and marital quality were assessed by mother report using Adult-to-parental Attachment Experience Survey(AAES) and Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test at 1 year of child age(T1). Maternal control behaviors which included gentle control, command control and forceful control were coded through 10-minute videotapes of mother-child interactions at T1, T2, and T3. The percentages of missing data for all study variables were between 13.33% and 22.22%. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine the moderating effects of marital quality and child gender after imputing missing values using expectation maximization(EM). Both maternal preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations and marital quality were mean centered prior to analysis.The results showed that:(1) The preoccupied/unresolved dimension of the AAES was not significantly related to marital quality and control behaviors at T1 and T2, whereas preoccupied/unresolved dimension was significantly associated with forceful control at T3, controlling for forceful control at T1.(2) Marital quality moderated the associations between preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations, and gentle control and command control at T3. Specifically, preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations were related to subsequent low levels of gentle control and high levels of command control at T3 among mothers with low levels of marital quality, whereas preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations were not related to either gentle control or command control among mothers with high levels of marital quality.(3) Marital quality moderated the associations between preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations and forceful control at T3 in conjunction with child gender, such that marital quality moderated the links between preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations and forceful control among mothers of boys.The present study enriched attachment theory by showing that maternal preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations exerted longitudinal impacts on maternal forceful control during toddlerhood, and marital quality modified the longitudinal links between maternal preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations and control behaviors. Marital quality emerged as a protective factor that buffered against the detrimental effects of preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations on gentle control and direct command control for all mothers, whereas marital quality mitigated the negative impacts of preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations on forceful control only for mothers of boys. The moderating effects of marital quality and child gender in the relationships between preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations and control behaviors detected in the current study have important implications in early prevention and intervention efforts.
Maternal control behaviors during toddlerhood exert long-term impacts on children's cognitive and social-emotional development. Maternal preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations have been found to be associated with negative control. However, the associations between maternal preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations and control behaviors have not yet been explored systematically and the potential moderating mechanisms by which these effects occur remain to be examined. What's more, most of the studies are cross-sectional. The present study investigated the longitudinal associations between maternal preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations and control behaviors, and focused principally on the moderating roles of marital quality and child gender.Participants included 94 mothers and their toddlers(41 boys, 53 girls; Mage = 1.17 years, SD = 0.07 at T1; Mage = 2.07 years, SD = 0.09 at T2; Mage = 3.15 years, SD = 0.09 at T3) in urban areas of Beijing, China. Both maternal preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations and marital quality were assessed by mother report using Adult-to-parental Attachment Experience Survey(AAES) and Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test at 1 year of child age(T1). Maternal control behaviors which included gentle control, command control and forceful control were coded through 10-minute videotapes of mother-child interactions at T1, T2, and T3. The percentages of missing data for all study variables were between 13.33% and 22.22%. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine the moderating effects of marital quality and child gender after imputing missing values using expectation maximization(EM). Both maternal preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations and marital quality were mean centered prior to analysis.The results showed that:(1) The preoccupied/unresolved dimension of the AAES was not significantly related to marital quality and control behaviors at T1 and T2, whereas preoccupied/unresolved dimension was significantly associated with forceful control at T3, controlling for forceful control at T1.(2) Marital quality moderated the associations between preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations, and gentle control and command control at T3. Specifically, preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations were related to subsequent low levels of gentle control and high levels of command control at T3 among mothers with low levels of marital quality, whereas preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations were not related to either gentle control or command control among mothers with high levels of marital quality.(3) Marital quality moderated the associations between preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations and forceful control at T3 in conjunction with child gender, such that marital quality moderated the links between preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations and forceful control among mothers of boys.The present study enriched attachment theory by showing that maternal preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations exerted longitudinal impacts on maternal forceful control during toddlerhood, and marital quality modified the longitudinal links between maternal preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations and control behaviors. Marital quality emerged as a protective factor that buffered against the detrimental effects of preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations on gentle control and direct command control for all mothers, whereas marital quality mitigated the negative impacts of preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations on forceful control only for mothers of boys. The moderating effects of marital quality and child gender in the relationships between preoccupied/unresolved attachment representations and control behaviors detected in the current study have important implications in early prevention and intervention efforts.
引文
林青,王争艳,卢珊,梁熙,贺琼,王朝,胡若时.(2014).从母亲的敏感性到学步儿的依恋安全性:内部工作模式的桥梁作用.心理学报,46(3),353-366.
王朝,肖晶,王争艳,吴东红.(2012).成人对父母的依恋经历调查问卷的编制.中国心理卫生杂志,26(8),626-630.
周春燕,黃希庭.(2004).成人依恋表征与婚恋依恋.心理科学进展,12(2),215-222.
Adam,E.K.,Gunnar,M.R.,&Tanaka,A.(2004).Adult attachment,parent emotion,and observed parenting behavior:Mediator and moderator models.Child Development,75(1),110-122.
Ahl,R.E.,Fausto-Sterling,A.,García-Coll,C.,&Seifer,R.(2013).Gender and discipline in 5-12-month-old infants:A longitudinal study.Infant Behavior and Development,36(2),199-209.
Ahmadi,K.,&Saadat,H.(2015).Contribution of marital stability to parenting styles:A cross-sectional study of Iranian mothers in intact marriages.Journal of Child and Family Studies,24(7),2155-2163.
Behrens,K.Y.,Haltigan,J.D.,&Bahm,N.I.G.(2016).Infant attachment,adult attachment,and maternal sensitivity:Revisiting the intergenerational transmission gap.Attachment and Human Development,18(4),337-353.
Bowlby,J.(1988).A secure base:Parent-child attachment and healthy human development.New York,NY:Basic books.
Busch,A.L.,Cowan,P.A.,&Cowan,C.P.(2008).Unresolved loss in the adult attachment interview:Implications for marital and parenting relationships.Development and Psychopathology,20(2),717-735.
Carr,D.,Freedman,V.A.,Cornman,J.C.,&Schwarz,N.(2014).Happy marriage,happy life?Marital quality and subjective well-being in later life.Journal of Marriage and Family,76(5),930-948.
Das Eiden,R.D.,Teti,D.M.,&Corns,K.M.(1995).Maternal working models of attachment,marital adjustment,and the parent-child relationship.Child Development,66(5),1504-1518.
Diener,M.L.,Isabella,R.A.,Behunin,M.G.,&Wong,M.S.(2008).Attachment to mothers and fathers during middle childhood:Associations with child gender,grade,and competence.Social Development,17(1),84-101.
Haltigan,J.D.,Leerkes,E.M.,Supple,A.J.,&Calkins,S.D.(2014).Infant negative affect and maternal interactive behavior during the still-face procedure:the moderating role of adult attachment states of mind.Attachment and Human Development,16(2),149-173.
Holland,A.S.,&Mc Elwain,N.L.(2013).Maternal and paternal perceptions of coparenting as a link between marital quality and the parent-toddler relationship.Journal of Family Psychology,27(1),117-126.
Hsiao,C.,Koren-Karie,N.,Bailey,H.,&Moran,G.(2015).It takes two to talk:Longitudinal associations among infant-mother attachment,maternal attachment representations,and mother-child emotion dialogues.Attachment and Human Development,17(1),43-64.
Kopystynska,O.,Spinrad,T.L.,Seay,D.M.,&Eisenberg,N.(2016).The interplay of maternal sensitivity and gentle control when predicting children’s subsequent academic functioning:Evidence of mediation by effortful control.Developmental Psychology,52(6),909-921.
Kwon,K.A.,&Elicker,J.G.(2012).The role of mothers'and fathers'parental control and coparenting in toddlers'compliance.Early Education and Development,23(5),748-765.
Locke,H.J.,&Wallace,K.M.(1959).Short marital-adjustment and prediction tests:Their reliability and validity.Marriage and Family Living,21(3),251-255.
Lerner,R.M.(2002).Concepts and theories of human developmen.Mahwah,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Liang,X.,Wang,Z.Y.,Liu,H.Y.,Lin,Q.,Wang,Z.,&Liu,Y.(2015).Adult attachment status predicts the developmental trajectory of maternal sensitivity in new motherhood among Chinese mothers.Midwifery,31(1),68-73.
Liu,M.W.,&Guo,F.(2010).Parenting practices and their relevance to child behaviors in Canada and China.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,51(2),109-114.
Milfont,T.L.,&Sibley,C.G.(2016).Empathic and social dominance orientations help explain gender differences in environmentalism:A one-year Bayesian mediation analysis.Personality and Individual Differences,90,85-88.
Panfile,T.M.,Laible,D.J.,&Eye,J.L.(2012).Conflict frequency within motherchild dyads across contexts:Links with attachment security and gender.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,27(1),147-155.
Pearl,A.M.,French,B.F.,Dumas,J.E.,Moreland,A.D.,&Prinz,R.(2014).Bidirectional effects of parenting quality and child externalizing behavior in predominantly single parent,under-resourced African American families.Journal of Child and Family Studies,23(2),177-188.
Roisman,G.I.,Fraley,R.C.,&Belsky,J.(2007).A taxometric study of the adult attachment interview.Developmental Psychology,43(3),675-686.
Shlafer,R.J.,Raby,K.L.,Lawler,J.M.,Hesemeyer,P.S.,&Roisman,G.I.(2015).Longitudinal associations between adult attachment states of mind and parenting quality.Attachment and Human Development,17(1),83-95.
Sturge-Apple,M.L.,Davies,P.T.,Boker,S.M.,&Cummings,E.M.(2004).Preoccupied/Unresolved AttaInterparental discord and parenting:Testing the moderating roles of child and parent gender.Parenting:Science and Practice,4(4),361-380.
Taylor,N.,Donovan,W.,Miles,S.,&Leavitt,L.(2009).Maternal control strategies,maternal language usage and children's language usage at two years.Journal of Child Language,36(2),381-404.
Ulbricht,J.A.,Ganiban,J.M.,Button,T.M.M.,Feinberg,M.,Reiss,D.,&Neiderhiser,J.M.(2013).Marital adjustment as a moderator for genetic and environmental influences on parenting.Journal of Family Psychology,27(1),
chment Representations and42-52.van IJzendoorn,M.H.,Kranenburg,M.J.,Zwart-Woudstra,H.A.,van Busschbach,A.M.,&Lambermon,M.W.E.(1991).Parental attachment and children's socio-emotional development:Some findings on the validity of the Adult Attachment Interview in the Netherlands.International Journal of Behavioral Development,14(4),375-394.Whipple,N.,Bernier,A.,&Mageau,G.A.(2011).A dimensional approach to maternal attachment state of mind:Relations to maternal sensitivity and maternal autonomy support.Developmental Psychology,47(2),396-403.
王朝,肖晶,王争艳,吴东红.(2012).成人对父母的依恋经历调查问卷的编制.中国心理卫生杂志,26(8),626-630.
周春燕,黃希庭.(2004).成人依恋表征与婚恋依恋.心理科学进展,12(2),215-222.
Adam,E.K.,Gunnar,M.R.,&Tanaka,A.(2004).Adult attachment,parent emotion,and observed parenting behavior:Mediator and moderator models.Child Development,75(1),110-122.
Ahl,R.E.,Fausto-Sterling,A.,García-Coll,C.,&Seifer,R.(2013).Gender and discipline in 5-12-month-old infants:A longitudinal study.Infant Behavior and Development,36(2),199-209.
Ahmadi,K.,&Saadat,H.(2015).Contribution of marital stability to parenting styles:A cross-sectional study of Iranian mothers in intact marriages.Journal of Child and Family Studies,24(7),2155-2163.
Behrens,K.Y.,Haltigan,J.D.,&Bahm,N.I.G.(2016).Infant attachment,adult attachment,and maternal sensitivity:Revisiting the intergenerational transmission gap.Attachment and Human Development,18(4),337-353.
Bowlby,J.(1988).A secure base:Parent-child attachment and healthy human development.New York,NY:Basic books.
Busch,A.L.,Cowan,P.A.,&Cowan,C.P.(2008).Unresolved loss in the adult attachment interview:Implications for marital and parenting relationships.Development and Psychopathology,20(2),717-735.
Carr,D.,Freedman,V.A.,Cornman,J.C.,&Schwarz,N.(2014).Happy marriage,happy life?Marital quality and subjective well-being in later life.Journal of Marriage and Family,76(5),930-948.
Das Eiden,R.D.,Teti,D.M.,&Corns,K.M.(1995).Maternal working models of attachment,marital adjustment,and the parent-child relationship.Child Development,66(5),1504-1518.
Diener,M.L.,Isabella,R.A.,Behunin,M.G.,&Wong,M.S.(2008).Attachment to mothers and fathers during middle childhood:Associations with child gender,grade,and competence.Social Development,17(1),84-101.
Haltigan,J.D.,Leerkes,E.M.,Supple,A.J.,&Calkins,S.D.(2014).Infant negative affect and maternal interactive behavior during the still-face procedure:the moderating role of adult attachment states of mind.Attachment and Human Development,16(2),149-173.
Holland,A.S.,&Mc Elwain,N.L.(2013).Maternal and paternal perceptions of coparenting as a link between marital quality and the parent-toddler relationship.Journal of Family Psychology,27(1),117-126.
Hsiao,C.,Koren-Karie,N.,Bailey,H.,&Moran,G.(2015).It takes two to talk:Longitudinal associations among infant-mother attachment,maternal attachment representations,and mother-child emotion dialogues.Attachment and Human Development,17(1),43-64.
Kopystynska,O.,Spinrad,T.L.,Seay,D.M.,&Eisenberg,N.(2016).The interplay of maternal sensitivity and gentle control when predicting children’s subsequent academic functioning:Evidence of mediation by effortful control.Developmental Psychology,52(6),909-921.
Kwon,K.A.,&Elicker,J.G.(2012).The role of mothers'and fathers'parental control and coparenting in toddlers'compliance.Early Education and Development,23(5),748-765.
Locke,H.J.,&Wallace,K.M.(1959).Short marital-adjustment and prediction tests:Their reliability and validity.Marriage and Family Living,21(3),251-255.
Lerner,R.M.(2002).Concepts and theories of human developmen.Mahwah,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Liang,X.,Wang,Z.Y.,Liu,H.Y.,Lin,Q.,Wang,Z.,&Liu,Y.(2015).Adult attachment status predicts the developmental trajectory of maternal sensitivity in new motherhood among Chinese mothers.Midwifery,31(1),68-73.
Liu,M.W.,&Guo,F.(2010).Parenting practices and their relevance to child behaviors in Canada and China.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,51(2),109-114.
Milfont,T.L.,&Sibley,C.G.(2016).Empathic and social dominance orientations help explain gender differences in environmentalism:A one-year Bayesian mediation analysis.Personality and Individual Differences,90,85-88.
Panfile,T.M.,Laible,D.J.,&Eye,J.L.(2012).Conflict frequency within motherchild dyads across contexts:Links with attachment security and gender.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,27(1),147-155.
Pearl,A.M.,French,B.F.,Dumas,J.E.,Moreland,A.D.,&Prinz,R.(2014).Bidirectional effects of parenting quality and child externalizing behavior in predominantly single parent,under-resourced African American families.Journal of Child and Family Studies,23(2),177-188.
Roisman,G.I.,Fraley,R.C.,&Belsky,J.(2007).A taxometric study of the adult attachment interview.Developmental Psychology,43(3),675-686.
Shlafer,R.J.,Raby,K.L.,Lawler,J.M.,Hesemeyer,P.S.,&Roisman,G.I.(2015).Longitudinal associations between adult attachment states of mind and parenting quality.Attachment and Human Development,17(1),83-95.
Sturge-Apple,M.L.,Davies,P.T.,Boker,S.M.,&Cummings,E.M.(2004).Preoccupied/Unresolved AttaInterparental discord and parenting:Testing the moderating roles of child and parent gender.Parenting:Science and Practice,4(4),361-380.
Taylor,N.,Donovan,W.,Miles,S.,&Leavitt,L.(2009).Maternal control strategies,maternal language usage and children's language usage at two years.Journal of Child Language,36(2),381-404.
Ulbricht,J.A.,Ganiban,J.M.,Button,T.M.M.,Feinberg,M.,Reiss,D.,&Neiderhiser,J.M.(2013).Marital adjustment as a moderator for genetic and environmental influences on parenting.Journal of Family Psychology,27(1),
chment Representations and42-52.van IJzendoorn,M.H.,Kranenburg,M.J.,Zwart-Woudstra,H.A.,van Busschbach,A.M.,&Lambermon,M.W.E.(1991).Parental attachment and children's socio-emotional development:Some findings on the validity of the Adult Attachment Interview in the Netherlands.International Journal of Behavioral Development,14(4),375-394.Whipple,N.,Bernier,A.,&Mageau,G.A.(2011).A dimensional approach to maternal attachment state of mind:Relations to maternal sensitivity and maternal autonomy support.Developmental Psychology,47(2),396-403.