过氧亚硝基阴离子对肾功能的调节及其在盐敏感性高血压中的病理生理学意义
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摘要
体内和体外研究显示,一氧化氮和超氧阴离子(O_2~-)相互作用,调节肾小管钠离子(Na~+)重吸收,以维持肾Na~+排泄。O_2~-与一氧化氮反应生成过氧亚硝基阴离子(ONOO~-),所以组织中O_2~-维持在最低水平。一般认为ONOO~-是体内一种与许多病理生理条件相关的氧化自由基。虽然已有研究阐明一氧化氮和O_2~-对肾小管的作用,但ONOO~-在调节肾小管Na~+重吸收中的特定作用尚不确定。已有研究证实,一氧化氮和O_2~-在生成ONOO~-过程中的相互作用对肾脏起重要保护作用,有助于在肾素血管紧张素系统激活的条件下,防止肾小管Na~+过度重吸收。然而,在病理生理条件下,特别是在盐敏感性高血压(SSH)中ONOO~-的调节作用尚不清楚。血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)以及高盐摄入均可增加一氧化氮和O_2~-生成,促进ONOO~-产生。然而,在药理学抑制或基因缺失的情况下,一氧化氮合酶活性受损(解耦联),ONOO~-的形成减少。研究发现,与野生型小鼠相比,长期输注AngⅡ联合高盐摄入可导致内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因敲除小鼠(eNOSKO,一种ONOO~-生成最少的模型)发生严重高血压,加重肾损害,表明ONOO~-对输注AngⅡ所导致的这些不良反应起到保护作用。本综述全面讨论有关ONOO~-对肾脏功能的影响,旨在确定其在肾功能调节中的复杂相互作用,及其失衡是否与SSH的病理生理学相关。
引文
[1]Pacher P,Beckman JS,Liaudet L.Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease[J].Physiol Rev,2007,87(1):315-424.
[2]Koppenol WH.100years of peroxynitrite chemistry and 11years of peroxynitrite biochemistry[J].Redox Rep,2001,6(6):339-341.
[3]Majid DS,Kopkan L.Nitric oxide and superoxide interaction in the kidney and its implication in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension[J].Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol,2007,34(9):946-952.
[4]Majid DS,Nishiyama A.Nitric oxide blockade enhances renal responses to superoxide dismutase inhibition in dogs[J].Hypertension,2002,39(2):293-297.
[5]Majid DS,Nishiyama A,Jackson KE,et al.Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase enhances superoxide activity in canine kidney[J].Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol,2004,287(1):R27-32.
[6]Majid DS,Nishiyama A,Jackson KE,et al.Superoxide scavenging attenuates renal responses to angiotensinⅡduring nitric oxide synthase inhibition in anesthetized dogs[J].Am J Physiol(Renal),2005,288(2):F412-F419.
[7]Matavelli LC,Kadowitz PJ,Navar LG.Renal hemodynamic and excretory responses to intra-arterial infusion of peroxynitrite in anesthetized rats[J].Am J Physiol,2009,296(1):F170-F176.
[8]Maiti AK,Islam MT,Satou R,et al.Enhancement in cellular Na+K+ATPase activity by low doses of peroxynitrite in mouse renal tissue and in cultured HK2cells[J].Physiol Rep,2016,4(7):e12766.
[9]Radi R,Beckman JS,Bush KM,et al.Peroxynitrite oxidation of sulfhydryls.The cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide[J].J Biol Chem,1991,266(7):4244-4250.
[10]Moro MA,Darley-Usmar VM,Lizasoain I,et al.The formation of nitric oxide donors from peroxynitrite[J].Br J Pharmacol,1995,116(3):1999-2004.
[11]Beckman JS,Koppenol WH.Nitric oxide,superoxide,peroxynitrite:the good,the bad,ugly[J].Am J Physiol,1996,271(5Pt1):C1424-1437.
[12]SzabóC,Zingarelli B,O'Connor M,et al.DNA strand breakage,activation of poly(ADP-ribose)synthetase,and cellular energy depletion are involved in the cytotoxicity of macrophages and smooth muscle cells exposed to peroxynitrite[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,1996,93(5):1753-1758.
[13]Burney S,Niles JC,Dedon PC,et al.DNA damage in deoxynucleosides and oligonucleotides treated with peroxynitrite[J].Chem Res Toxicol,1999,12(6):513-520.
[14]Virag L,Szabo E,Gergely P,Szabo C.Peroxynitrite-induced cytotoxicity:mechanisms and opportunities for intervention[J].Toxicol Lett,2003,140/141:113-124.
[15]SzabóC,Ischiropoulos H,Radi R.Peroxynitrite:biochemistry,pathophysiology and development of therapeutics[J].Nat Rev Drug Discov,2007,6(8):662-680.
[16]Zhang C,Imam SZ,Ali SF,et al.Peroxynitrite and the regulation of Na+,K+-ATPase activity by angiotensinⅡin the rat proximal tubule[J].Nitric Oxide,2002,7(1):30-35.
[17]Khan MA,Mohammad T,Castillo A,et al.Attenuation of renal excretory responses to angiotensinⅡduring inhibition of superoxide dismutase in anesthetized rats[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2010,298(2):F401-407.
[18]Kopkan L,Castillo A,Navar LG,et al.Enhanced superoxide generation modulates renal function in angiotensinⅡ-induced hypertensive rats[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2006,290(1):F80-86.
[19]Kopkan L,Majid DS.Superoxide contributes to development of salt sensitivity and hypertension induced by nitric oxide deficiency[J].Hypertension,2005,46(6):1026-1031.
[20]Kopkan L,Majid DS.Enhanced superoxide activity modulates renal function in NO-deficient hypertensive rats[J].Hypertension,2006,47(3):568-572.
[21]Kopkan L,Hess A,HuskováZ,et al.High salt intake enhances superoxide activity in eNOS knockout mice leading to the development of salt sensitivity[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2010,299(3):F656-663.
[22]Liu S,Beckman JS,Ku DD.Peroxynitrite,aproduct of superoxide and nitric oxide,produces coronary vasorelaxation in dogs[J].J Pharmacol Exp Ther,1994,268(3):1114-1121.
[23]Katori T,Donzelli S,Tocchetti CG,et al.Peroxynitrite and myocardial contractility:in vivo versus in vitro effects[J].Free Radic Biol Med,2006,41(10):1606-1618.
[24]Korkmaz S,Loganathan S,Mikles B,et al.Nitric oxide-and heme-independent activation of soluble guanylate cyclase attenuates peroxynitrite-induced endothelial dysfunction in rat aorta[J].J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther,2013,18(1):70-77.
[25]Nossaman BD,Dabisch PA,Liles JT,et al.Peroxynitrite does not impair pulmonary and systemic vascular responses[J].J Appl Physiol(1985),2004,96(2):455-462.
[26]Lefer DJ,Scalia R,Campbell B,et al.Peroxynitrite inhibits leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and protects against ischemiareperfusion injury in rats[J].J Clin Invest,1997,99(4):684-691.
[27]Radi R,Cassina A,Hodara R,et al.Peroxynitrite reactions and formation in mitochondria[J].Free Radic Biol Med,2002,33(11):1451-1464.
[28]Nalwaya N,Deen WM.Nitric oxide,oxygen,and superoxide formation and consumption in macrophage cultures[J].Chem Res Toxicol,2005,18(3):486-493.
[29]Quijano C,Romero N,Radi R.Tyrosine nitration by superoxide and nitric oxide fluxes in biological systems:modeling the impact of superoxide dismutase and nitric oxide diffusion[J].Free Radic Biol Med,2005,39(6):728-741.
[30]Demoncheaux EA,Higenbottam TW,Foster PJ,et al.Circulating nitrite anions are a directly acting vasodilator and are donors for nitric oxide[J].Clin Sci(Lond),2002,102(1):77-83.
[31]Cosby K,Partovi KS,Crawford JH,et al.Nitrite reduction to nitric oxide by deoxyhemoglobin vasodilates the human circulation[J].Nat Med,2003,9(12):1498-1505.
[32]Castello PR,David PS,McClure T,et al.Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase produces nitric oxide under hypoxic conditions:implications for oxygen sensing and hypoxic signaling in eukaryotes[J].Cell Metab,2006,3(4):277-287.
[33]Delaforge M,Servent D,Wirsta P,et al.Particular ability of cytochrome P-450CYP3Ato reduce glyceryl trinitrate in rat liver microsomes:subsequent formation of nitric oxide[J].Chem Biol Interact,1993,86(2):103-117.
[34]Godber BL,Doel JJ,Sapkota GP,et al.Reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide catalyzed by xanthine oxidoreductase[J].J Biol Chem,2000,275(11):7757-7763.
[35]Hill KE,Hunt RW Jr,Jones R,et al.Metabolism of nitroglycerin by smooth muscle cells.Involvement of glutathione and glutathione S-transferase[J].Biochem Pharmacol,1992,43(3):561-566.
[36]Luchsinger BP,Rich EN,Yan Y,et al.Assessments of the chemistry and vasodilatory activity of nitrite with hemoglobin under physiologically relevant conditions[J].J Inorg Biochem,2005,99(4):912-921.
[37]Wu M,Pritchard KA Jr,Kaminski PM,et al.Involvement of nitric oxide and nitrosothiols in relaxation of pulmonary arteries to peroxynitrite[J].Am J Physiol,1994,266(5 Pt 2):H2108-H2113.
[38]Yasir A,Islam MT,Majid DS.Renal vasodilator and natriuretic responses to intra-arterial administration of a peroxynitite scavenging agent in anesthetized rats[J].Hypertension,2010:E164.
[39]Matavelli LC,Wells JE,Castillo A,et al.Chronic treatment with a peroxynitrite scavenger attenuates blood pressure and improves renal hemodynamics in angiotensinⅡinduced hypertensive rats[J].FASEB J,2008,22(Suppl):1160.
[40]Chavis MC,Yasir A,Majid DS.Scavenging peroxynitrite attenuates angiotensinⅡ-induced hypertension in rats[J].FASEB J,2011,25(suppl):A640.
[41]Wang N,Li D,Lu NH,et al.Peroxynitrite and hemoglobin-mediated nitrative/oxidative modification of human plasma protein:effects of some flavonoids[J].J Asian Nat Prod Res,2010,12(4):257-264.
[42]Chen J,Park HC,Patschan S,et al.Premature vascular senescence in metabolic syndrome:could it be prevented and prevented by a selenorganic antioxidant and peroxynitrite scavenger,ebselen?[J].Drug Discov Today Ther Strateg,2007,4(1):93-99.
[43]Nugroho A,Kim EJ,Choi JS,et al.Simultaneous quantification and peroxynitrite-scavenging activities of flavonoids in polygonum aviculare L.herb[J].J Pharm Biomed Anal,2014,89:93-98.
[44]Mao F,Chen J,Zhou Q,et al.Novel tacrine-ebselen hybrids with improved cholinesterase inhibitory,hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite scavenging activity[J].Bioorg Med Chem Lett,2013,23(24):6737-6742.
[45]Cuzzocrea S,Zingarelli B,Hake P,et al.Antiinflammatory effects of mercaptoethylguanidine,a combined inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase and peroxynitrite scavenger,in carrageenan-induced models of inflammation[J].Free Radic Biol Med,1998,24(3):450-459.
[46]Rodriguez-Iturbe B,Vaziri,ND,Herrera-Acosta J,et al.Oxidative stress,renal infiltration of immune cells,and salt-sensitive hypertension:all for one and one for all[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2004,286(4):F606-F616.
[47]Harrison DG,Guzik TJ,Lob HE,et al.Inflammation,immunity,and hypertension[J].Hypertension,2011,57(2):132-140.
[48]Sriramula S,Haque M,Majid DS,et al.Involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in angiotensinⅡ-mediated effects on salt appetite,hypertension,and cardiac hypertrophy[J].Hypertension,2008,51(5):1345-1351.
[49]Numanami H,Nelson DK,Hoyt JC,et al.Peroxynitrite enhances interleukin-10reduction in the release of neutrophil chemotactic activity[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2003,29(2):239-244.
[50]Singh P,Castillo A,Majid DS.Decrease in IL-10and increase in TNF-αlevels in renal tissues during systemic inhibition of nitric oxide in anesthetized mice[J].Physiol Rep,2014,2(2):e00228.
[51]Singh P,Bahrami L,Castillo A,et al.TNF-αtype 2receptor mediates renal inflammatory response to chronic angiotensinⅡadministration with high salt intake in mice[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2013,304(7):F991-999.
[52]Al-Lamki RS,Mayadas TN.TNF receptors:signaling pathways and contribution to renal dysfunction[J].Kidney Int,2014,87(2):281-296.
[53]Shahid M,Francis J,Majid DS.Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces renal vasoconstriction as well as natriuresis in mice[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2008,295(6):F1836-1844.
[54]Shahid M,Francis J,Matrougui K,et al.Involvement of TNF-αin the natriuretic response to systemic infusion of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in anesthetized mice[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2010,299(1):F217-F224.
[55]Castillo A,Islam MT,Prieto MC,et al.Tumor necrosis factoralpha receptor type 1,not the type 2,mediates its acute responses in the kidney[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2012,302(12):F1650-1657.
[56]Mehaffey EP,Castillo A,Navar LG,et al.Intrarenal angiotensinogen production induced by chronic angiotensinⅡand high salt intake is augmented in tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptopr type 1knockout mice[J].FASEB J,2016,30(suppl):1216.
[2]Koppenol WH.100years of peroxynitrite chemistry and 11years of peroxynitrite biochemistry[J].Redox Rep,2001,6(6):339-341.
[3]Majid DS,Kopkan L.Nitric oxide and superoxide interaction in the kidney and its implication in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension[J].Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol,2007,34(9):946-952.
[4]Majid DS,Nishiyama A.Nitric oxide blockade enhances renal responses to superoxide dismutase inhibition in dogs[J].Hypertension,2002,39(2):293-297.
[5]Majid DS,Nishiyama A,Jackson KE,et al.Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase enhances superoxide activity in canine kidney[J].Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol,2004,287(1):R27-32.
[6]Majid DS,Nishiyama A,Jackson KE,et al.Superoxide scavenging attenuates renal responses to angiotensinⅡduring nitric oxide synthase inhibition in anesthetized dogs[J].Am J Physiol(Renal),2005,288(2):F412-F419.
[7]Matavelli LC,Kadowitz PJ,Navar LG.Renal hemodynamic and excretory responses to intra-arterial infusion of peroxynitrite in anesthetized rats[J].Am J Physiol,2009,296(1):F170-F176.
[8]Maiti AK,Islam MT,Satou R,et al.Enhancement in cellular Na+K+ATPase activity by low doses of peroxynitrite in mouse renal tissue and in cultured HK2cells[J].Physiol Rep,2016,4(7):e12766.
[9]Radi R,Beckman JS,Bush KM,et al.Peroxynitrite oxidation of sulfhydryls.The cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide[J].J Biol Chem,1991,266(7):4244-4250.
[10]Moro MA,Darley-Usmar VM,Lizasoain I,et al.The formation of nitric oxide donors from peroxynitrite[J].Br J Pharmacol,1995,116(3):1999-2004.
[11]Beckman JS,Koppenol WH.Nitric oxide,superoxide,peroxynitrite:the good,the bad,ugly[J].Am J Physiol,1996,271(5Pt1):C1424-1437.
[12]SzabóC,Zingarelli B,O'Connor M,et al.DNA strand breakage,activation of poly(ADP-ribose)synthetase,and cellular energy depletion are involved in the cytotoxicity of macrophages and smooth muscle cells exposed to peroxynitrite[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,1996,93(5):1753-1758.
[13]Burney S,Niles JC,Dedon PC,et al.DNA damage in deoxynucleosides and oligonucleotides treated with peroxynitrite[J].Chem Res Toxicol,1999,12(6):513-520.
[14]Virag L,Szabo E,Gergely P,Szabo C.Peroxynitrite-induced cytotoxicity:mechanisms and opportunities for intervention[J].Toxicol Lett,2003,140/141:113-124.
[15]SzabóC,Ischiropoulos H,Radi R.Peroxynitrite:biochemistry,pathophysiology and development of therapeutics[J].Nat Rev Drug Discov,2007,6(8):662-680.
[16]Zhang C,Imam SZ,Ali SF,et al.Peroxynitrite and the regulation of Na+,K+-ATPase activity by angiotensinⅡin the rat proximal tubule[J].Nitric Oxide,2002,7(1):30-35.
[17]Khan MA,Mohammad T,Castillo A,et al.Attenuation of renal excretory responses to angiotensinⅡduring inhibition of superoxide dismutase in anesthetized rats[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2010,298(2):F401-407.
[18]Kopkan L,Castillo A,Navar LG,et al.Enhanced superoxide generation modulates renal function in angiotensinⅡ-induced hypertensive rats[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2006,290(1):F80-86.
[19]Kopkan L,Majid DS.Superoxide contributes to development of salt sensitivity and hypertension induced by nitric oxide deficiency[J].Hypertension,2005,46(6):1026-1031.
[20]Kopkan L,Majid DS.Enhanced superoxide activity modulates renal function in NO-deficient hypertensive rats[J].Hypertension,2006,47(3):568-572.
[21]Kopkan L,Hess A,HuskováZ,et al.High salt intake enhances superoxide activity in eNOS knockout mice leading to the development of salt sensitivity[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2010,299(3):F656-663.
[22]Liu S,Beckman JS,Ku DD.Peroxynitrite,aproduct of superoxide and nitric oxide,produces coronary vasorelaxation in dogs[J].J Pharmacol Exp Ther,1994,268(3):1114-1121.
[23]Katori T,Donzelli S,Tocchetti CG,et al.Peroxynitrite and myocardial contractility:in vivo versus in vitro effects[J].Free Radic Biol Med,2006,41(10):1606-1618.
[24]Korkmaz S,Loganathan S,Mikles B,et al.Nitric oxide-and heme-independent activation of soluble guanylate cyclase attenuates peroxynitrite-induced endothelial dysfunction in rat aorta[J].J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther,2013,18(1):70-77.
[25]Nossaman BD,Dabisch PA,Liles JT,et al.Peroxynitrite does not impair pulmonary and systemic vascular responses[J].J Appl Physiol(1985),2004,96(2):455-462.
[26]Lefer DJ,Scalia R,Campbell B,et al.Peroxynitrite inhibits leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and protects against ischemiareperfusion injury in rats[J].J Clin Invest,1997,99(4):684-691.
[27]Radi R,Cassina A,Hodara R,et al.Peroxynitrite reactions and formation in mitochondria[J].Free Radic Biol Med,2002,33(11):1451-1464.
[28]Nalwaya N,Deen WM.Nitric oxide,oxygen,and superoxide formation and consumption in macrophage cultures[J].Chem Res Toxicol,2005,18(3):486-493.
[29]Quijano C,Romero N,Radi R.Tyrosine nitration by superoxide and nitric oxide fluxes in biological systems:modeling the impact of superoxide dismutase and nitric oxide diffusion[J].Free Radic Biol Med,2005,39(6):728-741.
[30]Demoncheaux EA,Higenbottam TW,Foster PJ,et al.Circulating nitrite anions are a directly acting vasodilator and are donors for nitric oxide[J].Clin Sci(Lond),2002,102(1):77-83.
[31]Cosby K,Partovi KS,Crawford JH,et al.Nitrite reduction to nitric oxide by deoxyhemoglobin vasodilates the human circulation[J].Nat Med,2003,9(12):1498-1505.
[32]Castello PR,David PS,McClure T,et al.Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase produces nitric oxide under hypoxic conditions:implications for oxygen sensing and hypoxic signaling in eukaryotes[J].Cell Metab,2006,3(4):277-287.
[33]Delaforge M,Servent D,Wirsta P,et al.Particular ability of cytochrome P-450CYP3Ato reduce glyceryl trinitrate in rat liver microsomes:subsequent formation of nitric oxide[J].Chem Biol Interact,1993,86(2):103-117.
[34]Godber BL,Doel JJ,Sapkota GP,et al.Reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide catalyzed by xanthine oxidoreductase[J].J Biol Chem,2000,275(11):7757-7763.
[35]Hill KE,Hunt RW Jr,Jones R,et al.Metabolism of nitroglycerin by smooth muscle cells.Involvement of glutathione and glutathione S-transferase[J].Biochem Pharmacol,1992,43(3):561-566.
[36]Luchsinger BP,Rich EN,Yan Y,et al.Assessments of the chemistry and vasodilatory activity of nitrite with hemoglobin under physiologically relevant conditions[J].J Inorg Biochem,2005,99(4):912-921.
[37]Wu M,Pritchard KA Jr,Kaminski PM,et al.Involvement of nitric oxide and nitrosothiols in relaxation of pulmonary arteries to peroxynitrite[J].Am J Physiol,1994,266(5 Pt 2):H2108-H2113.
[38]Yasir A,Islam MT,Majid DS.Renal vasodilator and natriuretic responses to intra-arterial administration of a peroxynitite scavenging agent in anesthetized rats[J].Hypertension,2010:E164.
[39]Matavelli LC,Wells JE,Castillo A,et al.Chronic treatment with a peroxynitrite scavenger attenuates blood pressure and improves renal hemodynamics in angiotensinⅡinduced hypertensive rats[J].FASEB J,2008,22(Suppl):1160.
[40]Chavis MC,Yasir A,Majid DS.Scavenging peroxynitrite attenuates angiotensinⅡ-induced hypertension in rats[J].FASEB J,2011,25(suppl):A640.
[41]Wang N,Li D,Lu NH,et al.Peroxynitrite and hemoglobin-mediated nitrative/oxidative modification of human plasma protein:effects of some flavonoids[J].J Asian Nat Prod Res,2010,12(4):257-264.
[42]Chen J,Park HC,Patschan S,et al.Premature vascular senescence in metabolic syndrome:could it be prevented and prevented by a selenorganic antioxidant and peroxynitrite scavenger,ebselen?[J].Drug Discov Today Ther Strateg,2007,4(1):93-99.
[43]Nugroho A,Kim EJ,Choi JS,et al.Simultaneous quantification and peroxynitrite-scavenging activities of flavonoids in polygonum aviculare L.herb[J].J Pharm Biomed Anal,2014,89:93-98.
[44]Mao F,Chen J,Zhou Q,et al.Novel tacrine-ebselen hybrids with improved cholinesterase inhibitory,hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite scavenging activity[J].Bioorg Med Chem Lett,2013,23(24):6737-6742.
[45]Cuzzocrea S,Zingarelli B,Hake P,et al.Antiinflammatory effects of mercaptoethylguanidine,a combined inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase and peroxynitrite scavenger,in carrageenan-induced models of inflammation[J].Free Radic Biol Med,1998,24(3):450-459.
[46]Rodriguez-Iturbe B,Vaziri,ND,Herrera-Acosta J,et al.Oxidative stress,renal infiltration of immune cells,and salt-sensitive hypertension:all for one and one for all[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2004,286(4):F606-F616.
[47]Harrison DG,Guzik TJ,Lob HE,et al.Inflammation,immunity,and hypertension[J].Hypertension,2011,57(2):132-140.
[48]Sriramula S,Haque M,Majid DS,et al.Involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in angiotensinⅡ-mediated effects on salt appetite,hypertension,and cardiac hypertrophy[J].Hypertension,2008,51(5):1345-1351.
[49]Numanami H,Nelson DK,Hoyt JC,et al.Peroxynitrite enhances interleukin-10reduction in the release of neutrophil chemotactic activity[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2003,29(2):239-244.
[50]Singh P,Castillo A,Majid DS.Decrease in IL-10and increase in TNF-αlevels in renal tissues during systemic inhibition of nitric oxide in anesthetized mice[J].Physiol Rep,2014,2(2):e00228.
[51]Singh P,Bahrami L,Castillo A,et al.TNF-αtype 2receptor mediates renal inflammatory response to chronic angiotensinⅡadministration with high salt intake in mice[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2013,304(7):F991-999.
[52]Al-Lamki RS,Mayadas TN.TNF receptors:signaling pathways and contribution to renal dysfunction[J].Kidney Int,2014,87(2):281-296.
[53]Shahid M,Francis J,Majid DS.Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces renal vasoconstriction as well as natriuresis in mice[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2008,295(6):F1836-1844.
[54]Shahid M,Francis J,Matrougui K,et al.Involvement of TNF-αin the natriuretic response to systemic infusion of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in anesthetized mice[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2010,299(1):F217-F224.
[55]Castillo A,Islam MT,Prieto MC,et al.Tumor necrosis factoralpha receptor type 1,not the type 2,mediates its acute responses in the kidney[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2012,302(12):F1650-1657.
[56]Mehaffey EP,Castillo A,Navar LG,et al.Intrarenal angiotensinogen production induced by chronic angiotensinⅡand high salt intake is augmented in tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptopr type 1knockout mice[J].FASEB J,2016,30(suppl):1216.