海洋相关国际组织职能重合问题研究——以国际海底管理局为视角
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摘要
近当代海洋相关国际组织大量出现,对国际社会的发展起到了举足轻重的促进作用,但国际组织密度的增加也不可避免地带来了组织之间的职能重合,如果海洋组织之间无法在重叠领域达成协同统一,职能重合在一定程度上会造成组织在职权重叠领域的行动冲突以及资源浪费。目前包括国际海底管理局在内的国际组织已经积累了一些应对该问题的经验和办法,主要包括事前预防的充分讨论交流以及事后的积极解决,对其他组织未来应对该问题有重要的指导意义。
In recent years,the emergence of a large number of maritime related international organizations has played a decisive role in promoting the development of the international community. However,the increase of the density of international organizations and the fragmentation of the development of international law will inevitably bring about the concurrence of function between organizations,and further lead to conflicts of action and waste of resources in the field of overlapping function to some extent especially when the international organizations can not achieve synergy and unity in the overlapping areas. At present,maritime related organizations,especially the International Seabed Authority,have accumulated certain experiences and methods to deal with this issue,mainly including adequate discussion and communication in advance and active solutions afterwards,and could provide significant guidance for other international organizations in the future.
In recent years,the emergence of a large number of maritime related international organizations has played a decisive role in promoting the development of the international community. However,the increase of the density of international organizations and the fragmentation of the development of international law will inevitably bring about the concurrence of function between organizations,and further lead to conflicts of action and waste of resources in the field of overlapping function to some extent especially when the international organizations can not achieve synergy and unity in the overlapping areas. At present,maritime related organizations,especially the International Seabed Authority,have accumulated certain experiences and methods to deal with this issue,mainly including adequate discussion and communication in advance and active solutions afterwards,and could provide significant guidance for other international organizations in the future.
引文
[1]梁西.国际组织法(总论)[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2001.
[2]CARLANE C.Good climate governance:only a fragmented system of international law away?[J].Law&Policy,2008,30(4).
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[17]Hamilton Declaration on Collaboration for the Conservation of the Sargasso Sea[EB/OL].(2014-03-11)[2018-12-10].http://www.sargassoseacommission.org/storage/Hamilton_Declaration_with_signatures_April_2018.pdf.
[18]帕特莎·伯尼,埃伦·波义尔.国际法与环境[M].2版.那力,王彦志,王小钢,译.北京:高等教育出版社,2007:605.
[19]Summary of the first session of the intergovernmental conference on an international legally binding instrument under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction[EB/OL].(2018-09-20)[2018-12-10].http://enb.iisd.org/oceans/bbnj/igc1.
[20]张华平.国际海底管理局的组成和职能研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2011:22-23.
[21]FREESTONE D,MORRISON K K.Current legal developments:the Sargasso Sea[J].International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law,2012,27(3):345-362.
[22]Memorandum of understanding between the OSPAR Commission and the International Seabed Authority[EB/OL].[2018-12-10].https://ran-s3.s3.amazonaws.com/isa.org.jm/s3fs-public/files/documents/mou-ospar.pdf.
(1)如卡兰表示国际环境和其他国际法组织机构越发体会到在职能重合问题上,相对清晰指导方针和原则的缺失也使得法律制定、执行等职权重叠带来的具体操作问题无法得到有效协调。丘吉尔也表达了对越来越多的国际组织之间由于缺乏交流协同导致的一系列职权范围重叠、交叉、冲突问题的担忧。
(1)这种重复工作,比如国家报告(national reporting),可能会是一个沉重的负担,特别是对于经济实力相对薄弱的发展中国家的政府机构而言。
(1)“整体主义(holism)”是英国国际环境法专家帕特莎·伯尼和埃伦·波义尔在阐述CBD及其组织在促进环境保护和可持续发展领域的国际组织合作提出的一种说法,并认为CBD及其组织在某种意义上加强了在其相关领域各种措施的整合,或者至少作出了认真的努力。
[2]CARLANE C.Good climate governance:only a fragmented system of international law away?[J].Law&Policy,2008,30(4).
[3]CHURCHILL R.Levels of implementation of the law of the sea convention:an overview[C]//VIDAS D,OSTRENG W.Order for the Oceans at the Turn of the Century.Lysaker:The Fridtjof Nansen Institute,1999:319.
[4]张祎.国际制度间关系研究:理论历程、核心命题与理论价值[J].北华大学学报(社会科学版),2016,16(5):97-104.
[5]YOUNG O.Institutional linkages in international society:polar perspectives[J].Global Governance,1996,2(1):1-24.
[6]ROSENDAL K G.Impacts of overlapping international regimes:the case of biodiversity[J].Global Governance,2001,7(1).
[7]王利铭.欧盟与北约安全机制重叠---以英国应对为中心的考察[D].北京:外交学院,2015:10.
[8]RAUSTIALA K,VICTOR D G.The regime complex for plant genetic resources[J].International Organization,2004,58(2):277-310.
[9]KVALVIK I.Managing institutional overlap in the protecting of marine ecosystems on the high seas:the case of the North East Atlantic[J].Ocean and Coastal Management,2012,56.
[10]王秀梅.试论国际法之不成体系问题---兼及国际法规则的冲突与协调[J].西南政法大学学报,2006(1):32.
[11]SELIN H,VANDEVEER S D.Mapping institutional linkages in European air pollution politics[J].Global Environmental Politics,2003,3(3):14-46.
[12]CORREA C.The TRIPs agreement of the WTO and the CBD[J].Third World Resurgence,1999,106:4.
[13]范晓婷.公海保护区的法律与实践[M].北京:海洋出版社,2015.
[14]段文.公海保护区能否拘束第三方?[J].中国海商法研究,2018,29(1):35-40.
[15]张善宝.国际海底区域生物资源的法律规制[D].武汉:武汉大学,2014:101-103.
[16]SANDS P,PEEL J,FABRA A,MACHENZIE R.Principles of international environmental law[M].3rd ed.New York:Cambridge University Press,2012.
[17]Hamilton Declaration on Collaboration for the Conservation of the Sargasso Sea[EB/OL].(2014-03-11)[2018-12-10].http://www.sargassoseacommission.org/storage/Hamilton_Declaration_with_signatures_April_2018.pdf.
[18]帕特莎·伯尼,埃伦·波义尔.国际法与环境[M].2版.那力,王彦志,王小钢,译.北京:高等教育出版社,2007:605.
[19]Summary of the first session of the intergovernmental conference on an international legally binding instrument under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction[EB/OL].(2018-09-20)[2018-12-10].http://enb.iisd.org/oceans/bbnj/igc1.
[20]张华平.国际海底管理局的组成和职能研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2011:22-23.
[21]FREESTONE D,MORRISON K K.Current legal developments:the Sargasso Sea[J].International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law,2012,27(3):345-362.
[22]Memorandum of understanding between the OSPAR Commission and the International Seabed Authority[EB/OL].[2018-12-10].https://ran-s3.s3.amazonaws.com/isa.org.jm/s3fs-public/files/documents/mou-ospar.pdf.
(1)如卡兰表示国际环境和其他国际法组织机构越发体会到在职能重合问题上,相对清晰指导方针和原则的缺失也使得法律制定、执行等职权重叠带来的具体操作问题无法得到有效协调。丘吉尔也表达了对越来越多的国际组织之间由于缺乏交流协同导致的一系列职权范围重叠、交叉、冲突问题的担忧。
(1)这种重复工作,比如国家报告(national reporting),可能会是一个沉重的负担,特别是对于经济实力相对薄弱的发展中国家的政府机构而言。
(1)“整体主义(holism)”是英国国际环境法专家帕特莎·伯尼和埃伦·波义尔在阐述CBD及其组织在促进环境保护和可持续发展领域的国际组织合作提出的一种说法,并认为CBD及其组织在某种意义上加强了在其相关领域各种措施的整合,或者至少作出了认真的努力。