掺混肥常用基础肥料的物理性状及其适配性
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摘要
【目的】分析评价了不同产地、厂家生产的基础原料肥的理化性质,根据影响掺混肥养分分布的主要物理指标对原料肥进行分类掺混,验证我国主要原料肥的混合性,并确定影响养分分离的主要因素。【方法】收集市场上常用的单质氮磷钾肥,测试了肥料颗粒粒径、平均主导粒径(SGN)、均匀度指数(UI)、硬度、休止角、密度、酸碱度、盐指数。根据密度、SGN和休止角对基础肥料进行分类,依据指标相近和不相近原则,选择基础肥料组合,每个组合配置N∶P_5O_2∶K_2O比为1∶1∶1和2∶1∶1两个掺混肥样品。利用外槽轮排肥机,模拟了上述13种掺混肥样品在排肥速度为6、8、10、12 km/h下的养分分布情况。【结果】供试基础氮、磷、钾肥的平均主导粒径分别为305～469、264～345、281～348;均匀度指数分别为41.68～69.94、46.03～60.08、40.27～47.27;密度分别在0.71～0.87、0.84～1.05和1.03～1.19 g/cm~3之间,整体呈现钾肥优于磷肥,磷肥优于氮肥的趋势。供试基础肥料中氮肥硬度普遍偏低,除江苏产氯化铵(N6)外,其余肥料硬度均在0.20～13.27 N之间;磷、钾肥硬度相对较高,分别为27.47～41.38 N和23.55～48.47 N。尿素和磷肥多为圆形或椭圆形,休止角较小,6个供试钾肥和硫酸铵均为不规则多边形,休止角偏大,不太适宜掺混。按照密度、SGN、休止角从小到大划分,将22种基础原料肥分为三个等级,并根据上述三个指标相近和不相近原则进行掺混,共配制出13个掺混肥样品,其氮磷钾养分比例为1∶1∶1或2∶1∶1,对这些样品进行的模拟施肥结果表明,在排肥机前进速度为6 km/h、掺混比为2∶1∶1时,SGN、休止角指标相近的掺混肥施用后的养分分离度小、可利用性高。其中,施用后养分分布最均匀的为N1P1K5 (按SGN相近原则掺混),掺混后养分比为1.64∶0.98∶1.40;最不均匀的为N7P7K5 (按SGN不相近原则掺混),施肥后养分比为2.22∶0.79∶0.78。休止角越小,摩擦力越小,流动性越好。选用休止角较小的原料肥,并减小原料肥间休止角差异,可降低掺混肥养分分离状况。本研究供试原料肥密度在0.71～1.19 g/cm~3之间,且对掺混后养分均匀性无显著影响。【结论】80%试验肥可作为掺混原料,基础肥料颗粒的平均主导粒径SGN和休止角是影响掺混肥养分分离的主要因素。原料肥SGN值在340～348之间较适宜掺混,休止角越小掺混后养分分布越均匀。实际生产过程中,应选用颗粒相似、休止角间差异小的原料肥进行掺混,可有效提高产品施用的精准度。
【Objectives】The physical and chemical properties of basic raw material fertilizers from different regions and manufacturers were analyzed and evaluated for the suitability of making blending fertilizers. The raw material fertilizers were classified according to their main physical properties. The values of the main factors affecting nutrient evenness distribution were tested, which would provide support for the selection of right materials for good quality belending fertilizer preparations.【Methods】The common nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizers were collected from markets. The average primary particle sizes(SGN), uniformity index(UI), hardness, repose angle, density, pH, and salt index were determined. According to the density, SGN and repose angle, the fertilizers were classified, and 13 blend fertilizer samples were prepared according to the principle of similarity and dissimilarity of the indexes, and the N∶P_5 O_2∶K_2 O ratios of the sample fertilizer were1∶1∶1 or 2∶1∶1. An external fluted roller fertilizer distributor was used for the fertilization simulation experiment. Fertilizer samples were mixed at the rate of 6, 8, 10, 12 km/h, and the nutrient ratios of the distributed fertilizer samples were determined.【Results】The SGN of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were305-469, 264-345 and 281-348, respectively. UI was 41.68-69.94, 46.03-60.08 and 40.27-47.27. Densities were 0.71-0.87 g/cm~3, 0.84-1.05 g/cm~3 and 1.03-1.19 g/cm~3. Potassium fertilizer was generally superior to phosphate and nitrogen fertilizer in physical properties. The hardness of tested nitrogen fertilizers was generally low. Except for the ammonium chloride produced in Jiangsu, the hardness of other nitrogen fertilizers was0.20-13.27 N. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers have relatively high hardness, which was in ranges of 27.47-41.38 N and 23.55-48.47 N. Most urea and ammoniam phosphate were round or oval in shape, with small repose angles. The fertilization simulating results showed that the most uniform nutrient distribution was in blended fertilizer sample of F_5(N_1 P_1 K_5, mixed base on the principle of similar SGN), with N∶P_5 O_2∶K_2 O ratio of1.64∶0.98∶1.40 after getting out of the fertilizer distributer; the most uneven nutrient distribution was F_9(N_7 P_7 K_5, mixed base on the principle of the SGN inequality), with N∶P_5 O_2∶K_2 O ratio of 2.22∶0.79∶0.78.【Conclusions】More than 80% of the raw material fertilizers are suitable for making blended fertilizers. SGN and repose angle of a raw material fertilizer are the two determining factors for the quality of blended fertilizers.The SGN of 340-348 and small repose angle are required for the uniformity of nutrient distribution after blending.
【Objectives】The physical and chemical properties of basic raw material fertilizers from different regions and manufacturers were analyzed and evaluated for the suitability of making blending fertilizers. The raw material fertilizers were classified according to their main physical properties. The values of the main factors affecting nutrient evenness distribution were tested, which would provide support for the selection of right materials for good quality belending fertilizer preparations.【Methods】The common nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizers were collected from markets. The average primary particle sizes(SGN), uniformity index(UI), hardness, repose angle, density, pH, and salt index were determined. According to the density, SGN and repose angle, the fertilizers were classified, and 13 blend fertilizer samples were prepared according to the principle of similarity and dissimilarity of the indexes, and the N∶P_5 O_2∶K_2 O ratios of the sample fertilizer were1∶1∶1 or 2∶1∶1. An external fluted roller fertilizer distributor was used for the fertilization simulation experiment. Fertilizer samples were mixed at the rate of 6, 8, 10, 12 km/h, and the nutrient ratios of the distributed fertilizer samples were determined.【Results】The SGN of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were305-469, 264-345 and 281-348, respectively. UI was 41.68-69.94, 46.03-60.08 and 40.27-47.27. Densities were 0.71-0.87 g/cm~3, 0.84-1.05 g/cm~3 and 1.03-1.19 g/cm~3. Potassium fertilizer was generally superior to phosphate and nitrogen fertilizer in physical properties. The hardness of tested nitrogen fertilizers was generally low. Except for the ammonium chloride produced in Jiangsu, the hardness of other nitrogen fertilizers was0.20-13.27 N. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers have relatively high hardness, which was in ranges of 27.47-41.38 N and 23.55-48.47 N. Most urea and ammoniam phosphate were round or oval in shape, with small repose angles. The fertilization simulating results showed that the most uniform nutrient distribution was in blended fertilizer sample of F_5(N_1 P_1 K_5, mixed base on the principle of similar SGN), with N∶P_5 O_2∶K_2 O ratio of1.64∶0.98∶1.40 after getting out of the fertilizer distributer; the most uneven nutrient distribution was F_9(N_7 P_7 K_5, mixed base on the principle of the SGN inequality), with N∶P_5 O_2∶K_2 O ratio of 2.22∶0.79∶0.78.【Conclusions】More than 80% of the raw material fertilizers are suitable for making blended fertilizers. SGN and repose angle of a raw material fertilizer are the two determining factors for the quality of blended fertilizers.The SGN of 340-348 and small repose angle are required for the uniformity of nutrient distribution after blending.
引文
[1]王其选.自主创新,为BB肥产业提档加速[J].中国农资,2006,(7):56-57.Wang Q X.Independent innovation,accelerated speed of BBfertilizer industry[J].China Agricultural Resources,2006,(7):56-57.
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[7]Janse Van Vuuren J A,Groenewald C A.Use of scanning nearinfrared spectroscopy as a quality control indicator for bulk blended inorganic fertilizers[J].Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis,2013,44(1?4):120-135.
[8]Srichaipanya W,Artrit P,Sangrung A.Fertilizer quality control of a bulk-lending plant using intelligent systems[J].Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology,2014,21(3):137-146.
[9]Hoffmeister G,Watkins S C,Silverberg J.Fertilizer consistency,bulk blending of fertilizer material:Effect of size,shape,and density on segregation[J].Journal of Agricultural&Food Chemistry,1964,12(1):64-69.
[10]Wells K L,Terry D L,Grove J H,et al.Spreading uniformity of granular bulk-blended fertilizer[J].Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis,1992,23(15?16):1731-1751.
[11]Tissot S,Miserque O,Quenon G.Chemical distribution patterns for blended fertilizers in the field[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,1999,74:339-346.
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[13]Miserque O,Pirard E,Schenkel Y,et al.Spreading segregation of blended fertilizers:Influence of the particles properties[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2008,24(2):137-144.
[14]Hofstee J W,Huisman W.Handling and spreading of fertilizers part1:Physical properties of fertilizer in relation to particle motion[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,1990,47(4):213-234.
[15]赵秉强,杨相东.我国新型肥料发展若干问题的探讨[J].磷肥与复肥,2012,(5):1-4.Zhao B Q,Yang X D.Discussion on the development of new fertilizer in China[J].Phosphate&Compound Fertilizer,2012,(5):1-4.
[16]葛祖元.对化肥粒度概念的一些认识[J].磷肥与复肥,1999,14(4):1-3.Ge Z Y.Some understanding of the concept of fertilizer particle size[J].Phosphate&Compound Fertilizer,1999,14(4):1-3.
[17]宋继文.掺混肥料(BB肥)GB21633-2008国家标准[J].磷肥与复肥,2008,23(6):62,78.Song J W.Mixed fertilizer(BB fertilizer)GB21633-2008 National Standard[J].Phosphate&Compound Fertilizer,2008,23(6):62,78.
[18]奚振邦,杨金楼,计中孚,等.土壤有效水分与化肥相互作用机理及其应用研究-Ⅰ.化肥的盐(度)指数[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1995,1(1):10-16.Xi Z B,Yang J L,Ji Z F,et al.Mechanism of soil effective water and fertilizer interaction and application research-Ⅰ.Chemical fertilizer salt(degree)index[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,1995,1(1):10-16.
[19]王雪郦,邱树毅.不同液体粘结剂在新型保水复合肥制备中的应用[J].西北农业学报,2001,20(5):186-190.Wang X L,Qiu S Y.Application of different liquid binder in the preparation of new water-retaining compound fertilizer[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2001,20(5):186-190.
[20]周家俞,尹崇清,王召兵,等.颗粒粒度均匀性分布规律的试验研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2006,(9):25-27.Zhou J Y,Yin C Q,Wang Z B,et al.Experimental study on the distribution of particle size uniformity[J].China Rural Water Conservancy and Hydropower,2006,(9):25-27.
[21]吕昊.基于离散元法的排肥数字化设计方法研究[D].长春:吉林大学硕士学位论文,2008.LüH.A digital design method based on discrete element method[D].Changchun:MS Thesis of Jilin University,2008.
[22]Hoffmeister G.Compatibility of raw materials in blended fertilizers:Segregation of raw materials[C].Proceedings of the 12th Annual Meeting of the Fertilizer Round Table,1962.
[23]刘勤华.肥料颗粒流掺混与时滞排肥模型及预测控制研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学硕士学位论文,2015.Liu Q H.Research on the model and predictive control of fertilizer particle flow mixing and time-delay distribution[D].Taian:MSThesis of Shandong Agricultural University,2015.
[2]McGuffog D.Fertilizers:types and formulation[A].Encyclopedia of soil science(2nd edn.)[M].New York:Taylor and Francis,2007.701?704.
[3]Taylor L.Criteria for blend plant design[J].Fertilizer Research,1991,30:115-121.
[4]封朝晖,王旭.我国复混肥料产品质量状况浅析[J].土壤肥料,2002,(4):11-14.Feng Z H,Wang X.Analysis of quality of compound fertilizer in China[J].Soil and Fertilizer,2002,(4):11-14.
[5]Hall J.Using discrete element modeling to evaluate material distribution using spinner-disc spreaders[D].Alabama,United States:MS Thesis of Auburn University,2012.
[6]Hall W L,Ramsey C,Falls J H.Testing of commonly used mixing and sampling procedures to evaluate fertilizer blends prepared with matched and mismatched particle sizes[J].Journal of AOACInternational,2014,97(3):752-758.
[7]Janse Van Vuuren J A,Groenewald C A.Use of scanning nearinfrared spectroscopy as a quality control indicator for bulk blended inorganic fertilizers[J].Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis,2013,44(1?4):120-135.
[8]Srichaipanya W,Artrit P,Sangrung A.Fertilizer quality control of a bulk-lending plant using intelligent systems[J].Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology,2014,21(3):137-146.
[9]Hoffmeister G,Watkins S C,Silverberg J.Fertilizer consistency,bulk blending of fertilizer material:Effect of size,shape,and density on segregation[J].Journal of Agricultural&Food Chemistry,1964,12(1):64-69.
[10]Wells K L,Terry D L,Grove J H,et al.Spreading uniformity of granular bulk-blended fertilizer[J].Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis,1992,23(15?16):1731-1751.
[11]Tissot S,Miserque O,Quenon G.Chemical distribution patterns for blended fertilizers in the field[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,1999,74:339-346.
[12]Reumers J,Tijskens E,Ramon H.Experimental characterisation of the cylindrical distribution pattern of centrifugal fertilizer spreaders:towards an alternative for spreading hall measurements[J].Biosystems Engineering,2003,86(4):431-439.
[13]Miserque O,Pirard E,Schenkel Y,et al.Spreading segregation of blended fertilizers:Influence of the particles properties[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2008,24(2):137-144.
[14]Hofstee J W,Huisman W.Handling and spreading of fertilizers part1:Physical properties of fertilizer in relation to particle motion[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,1990,47(4):213-234.
[15]赵秉强,杨相东.我国新型肥料发展若干问题的探讨[J].磷肥与复肥,2012,(5):1-4.Zhao B Q,Yang X D.Discussion on the development of new fertilizer in China[J].Phosphate&Compound Fertilizer,2012,(5):1-4.
[16]葛祖元.对化肥粒度概念的一些认识[J].磷肥与复肥,1999,14(4):1-3.Ge Z Y.Some understanding of the concept of fertilizer particle size[J].Phosphate&Compound Fertilizer,1999,14(4):1-3.
[17]宋继文.掺混肥料(BB肥)GB21633-2008国家标准[J].磷肥与复肥,2008,23(6):62,78.Song J W.Mixed fertilizer(BB fertilizer)GB21633-2008 National Standard[J].Phosphate&Compound Fertilizer,2008,23(6):62,78.
[18]奚振邦,杨金楼,计中孚,等.土壤有效水分与化肥相互作用机理及其应用研究-Ⅰ.化肥的盐(度)指数[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1995,1(1):10-16.Xi Z B,Yang J L,Ji Z F,et al.Mechanism of soil effective water and fertilizer interaction and application research-Ⅰ.Chemical fertilizer salt(degree)index[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,1995,1(1):10-16.
[19]王雪郦,邱树毅.不同液体粘结剂在新型保水复合肥制备中的应用[J].西北农业学报,2001,20(5):186-190.Wang X L,Qiu S Y.Application of different liquid binder in the preparation of new water-retaining compound fertilizer[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2001,20(5):186-190.
[20]周家俞,尹崇清,王召兵,等.颗粒粒度均匀性分布规律的试验研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2006,(9):25-27.Zhou J Y,Yin C Q,Wang Z B,et al.Experimental study on the distribution of particle size uniformity[J].China Rural Water Conservancy and Hydropower,2006,(9):25-27.
[21]吕昊.基于离散元法的排肥数字化设计方法研究[D].长春:吉林大学硕士学位论文,2008.LüH.A digital design method based on discrete element method[D].Changchun:MS Thesis of Jilin University,2008.
[22]Hoffmeister G.Compatibility of raw materials in blended fertilizers:Segregation of raw materials[C].Proceedings of the 12th Annual Meeting of the Fertilizer Round Table,1962.
[23]刘勤华.肥料颗粒流掺混与时滞排肥模型及预测控制研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学硕士学位论文,2015.Liu Q H.Research on the model and predictive control of fertilizer particle flow mixing and time-delay distribution[D].Taian:MSThesis of Shandong Agricultural University,2015.