近55年气候变化对上海园林树种适应性的影响
|
摘要
【目的】近几年,关于城市树木的气候适应性研究在国际上已成为前沿和热点,然而,我国开展园林树木应对气候变化的适应性研究则较少。本文通过对上海1961—2015年55年间40种园林树种气候适应性的定量化评估,探讨了气候变化对树木健康生长产生的潜在影响,为适应未来气候的园林树种选择和科学管理提供依据。【方法】采用物种分布模型(Species distribution model)从世界范围内对目标树种的自然地理分布进行广泛而全面的信息收集,提取其地理分布所在区域的气候因子数据,构建树种气候因子数据库,确定树种最适气候幅度,最后采用欧式距离计算各树种最适气候因子与上海气候的差异,进行气候适应性评估。【结果】近55年来,上海年均温度由15.5℃上升至16.6℃,市区温差上升趋势最为突出,但未达到显著水平;年均降水量由1 086.0 mm上升至1 198.9 mm,湿季全市平均降水、郊区之间、市区与郊区之间变化均达到显著性水平;按年均生物温度和干湿指数可将目标树种分为4类:炎热干燥气候型、温暖湿润气候型、温凉干燥气候型和温凉湿润气候型;前30年,上海郊区气候条件最适宜温凉干燥的落叶树种生长,温凉湿润型树种次之,温暖湿润型树种再次,炎热干燥气候型树种居末;近30年,市区气候出现新变化,温暖湿润型树种适应性排名已占据绝对优势,温凉湿润型和温凉干燥型树种适应性依次下降。【结论】上海近55年来的气候变化以温度的普遍升高和湿季降水的显著增加为特征。上海气候变化对园林树种的适应性产生了潜在影响,改变了园林树种选择的优先序列。
[Objective] In recent years,research on tree's adapting to climate change has become a hot topic in the world. So far there are few researches on adaptability of landscape tree species response to climate change in China. Based on temperature and precipitation data from 1961 to 2015 in Shanghai,climate adaptation of 40 landscape tree species was assessed quantitatively,and the potential impacts of climate change on their growth were analyzed in the future scenarios. [Method] The SDM( Species distribution model) was used to collect the comprehensive geographical information of the target species worldwide,then the climatic data of all occurrences were extracted to identify their climate characters.The most suitable climatic characters were finally determined by the Euclidean Distance Method tocalculate the differences between the optimal factors and state of Shanghai climate in different periods.[Result]In the past 55 years,annual mean temperature( AMT) of Shanghai rose from 15. 5 to 16. 6 ℃.The increasing trend of temperature difference in the downtown was most prominent,but it did not reach a significant level. Annual mean precipitation( AMP) also went up from 1 086. 0 to 1 198. 9 mm,and in humidity season,changes of average precipitation in overall city,among suburban areas,between urban and suburban areas all reached significant levels. According to annual mean biological temperature( ABT) and dry-wet index( HI),40 target tree species can be categorized into 4 types: hot-dry climate type,warm-humid climate type,cool-dry climate type and cool-humid climate type. In the first 30 years,the climate conditions in suburbs are suitable for the growth of deciduous trees preferring cool-dry climate,followed by cool-humid tree species,and warm-humid tree species,then hot-dry climate type tree species. However,in the recent 30 years,the climate in the downtown has changed dramatically.The adaptability of the warm-humid tree species has taken the advantage,and the cool-humid tree species and the cool-dry tree species have declined in turn. [Conclusion] In the past 55 years, the characteristics of climate change in Shanghai can be summarized as temperature warming and precipitation increasing in the rainy season. Climate change has potential impacts on the adaptability of landscape tree species,and has changed the priority sequence for tree species selection.
[Objective] In recent years,research on tree's adapting to climate change has become a hot topic in the world. So far there are few researches on adaptability of landscape tree species response to climate change in China. Based on temperature and precipitation data from 1961 to 2015 in Shanghai,climate adaptation of 40 landscape tree species was assessed quantitatively,and the potential impacts of climate change on their growth were analyzed in the future scenarios. [Method] The SDM( Species distribution model) was used to collect the comprehensive geographical information of the target species worldwide,then the climatic data of all occurrences were extracted to identify their climate characters.The most suitable climatic characters were finally determined by the Euclidean Distance Method tocalculate the differences between the optimal factors and state of Shanghai climate in different periods.[Result]In the past 55 years,annual mean temperature( AMT) of Shanghai rose from 15. 5 to 16. 6 ℃.The increasing trend of temperature difference in the downtown was most prominent,but it did not reach a significant level. Annual mean precipitation( AMP) also went up from 1 086. 0 to 1 198. 9 mm,and in humidity season,changes of average precipitation in overall city,among suburban areas,between urban and suburban areas all reached significant levels. According to annual mean biological temperature( ABT) and dry-wet index( HI),40 target tree species can be categorized into 4 types: hot-dry climate type,warm-humid climate type,cool-dry climate type and cool-humid climate type. In the first 30 years,the climate conditions in suburbs are suitable for the growth of deciduous trees preferring cool-dry climate,followed by cool-humid tree species,and warm-humid tree species,then hot-dry climate type tree species. However,in the recent 30 years,the climate in the downtown has changed dramatically.The adaptability of the warm-humid tree species has taken the advantage,and the cool-humid tree species and the cool-dry tree species have declined in turn. [Conclusion] In the past 55 years, the characteristics of climate change in Shanghai can be summarized as temperature warming and precipitation increasing in the rainy season. Climate change has potential impacts on the adaptability of landscape tree species,and has changed the priority sequence for tree species selection.
引文
[1]Guédon Y,Legave J M.Analyzing the time-course variation of apple and pear tree dates of flowering stages in the global warming context[J].Ecological Modelling,2008,219(1-2):189-199.
[2]Luo Z,Sun O J,Ge Q,et al.Phenological responses of plants to climate change in an urban environment[J].Ecological Research,2007,22(3):507-514.
[3]Roetzer T,Wittenzeller M,Haeckel H,et al.Phenology in central Europe:differences and trends of spring phenophases in urban and rural areas[J].International Journal of Biometeorol,2000,44(2):60-66.
[4]Lu P,Yu Q,Liu J,et al.Advance of tree-flowering dates in response to urban climate change[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2006,138(1-4):120-131.
[5]He X,Xu S,Xu W,et al.Effects of climate warming on phenological characteristics of urban forest in Shenyang City,China[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2016,26(1):1-9.
[6]张德顺,刘鸣.上海木本植物早春花期对城市热岛效应的时空响应[J].中国园林,2017,33(1):72-77.Zhang D S,Liu M.The temporal and spatial flowering response of early spring woody plants to the urban heat island effect in Shanghai[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2017,33(1):72--77.
[7]Gillner S,Rüger N,Roloff A,et al.Low relative growth rates predict future mortality of common beech(Fagus sylvatica L.)[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2013,302:372--378.
[8]李阔,许吟隆.适应气候变化技术识别标准研究[J].科技导报,2015,33(16):95--101.Li K,Xu Y L.On critera for identification of adaptation to climate change[J].Science&Technology Review,2015,33(16):95--101.
[9]Ordó1ez C,Duinker P N.Climate change vulnerability assessment of the urban forest in three Canadian cities[J].Climatic Change,2015,131(4):531-543.
[10]Roloff A,Korn S,Gillner S.The Climate-Species-Matrix to select tree species for urban habitats considering climate change[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2009,8(4):295--308.
[11]Yang J.Assessing the impact of climate change on urban tree species selection:a case study in Philadelphia[J].Journal of Forestry,2009,107(7):364--372.
[12]Brandt L,Derby L A,Fahey R,et al.A framework for adapting urban forests to climate change[J].Environmental Science&Policy,2016,66:393-402.
[13]Kourgialas N N,Karatzas G P.A flood risk decision making approach for Mediterranean tree crops using GIS:climate change effects and flood-tolerant species[J].Environmental Science&Policy,2016,63:132-142.
[14]Fan P,Ouyang Z,Basnou C,et al.Nature-based solutions for urban landscapes under post-industrialization and globalization:Barcelona versus Shanghai[J].Environmental Research,2017,156:272-283.
[15]Wang H,Qin J,Hu Y,et al.Detecting the plant species composition and diversity among the farmers’settlement types in Shanghai[J].Landscape and Ecological Engineering,2015,11(2):313--325.
[16]上海科学院.上海植物志[M].上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,1999:1--2.Shanghai Academy of Science&Technology.The plants of Shanghai(Part II)[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific&Technical Publishers,1999:1--2.
[17]沈泽昊,张新时.中国亚热带地区植物区系地理成分及其空间格局的数量分析[J].植物分类学报,2000,38(4):366-380.Shen Z H,Zhang X S.A quantitative analysis on the floristic elements of the Chinese subtropical region and their spatial patterns[J].Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica,2000,38(4):366-380.
[18]Banta J A,Ehrenreich I M,Gerard S,et al.Climate envelope modelling reveals intraspecific relationships among flowering phenology,niche breadth and potential range size in Arabidopsis thaliana[J].Ecology Letters,2012,15(8):769-777.
[19]Brandt L A,Benscoter A M,Harvey R,et al.Comparison of climate envelope models developed using expert-selected variables versus statistical selection[J].Ecological Modelling,2017,345:10-20.
[20]Buma B,Wessman C A.Forest resilience,climate change,and opportunities for adaptation:a specific case of a general problem[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2013,306:216-225.
[21]Miller J.Species distribution modeling[J].Geography Compass,2010,4(6):490-509.
[22]阎洪.计算机引种决策支持系统的建立及其应用Ⅰ:引种区划[J].林业科学,1989,25(5):395-400.Yao H.A decision support system for introduction of exotics(Ⅰ):delineation of suitable zones[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1989,25(5):395-400.
[23]吴中伦.园林化树种的选择与规划[J].林业科学,1959,5(2):1-27.Wu Z L.Selection and planning of landscape tree species[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1959,5(2):1-27.
[24]Zhang M,Slik J W F,Ma K.Using species distribution modeling to delineate the botanical richness patterns and phytogeographical regions of China[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6(1):1-9.
[25]陈新美,雷渊才,张雄清,等.样本量对Max Ent模型预测物种分布精度和稳定性的影响[J].林业科学,2012,48(1):53-59.Chen X M,Lei Y C,Zhang X Q,et al.Effects of sample sizes on accuracy and stability of maximum entropy model in predicting species distribution[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2012,48(1):53-59.
[26]Mckenney D W,Pedlar J H,Lawrence K,et al.Beyond traditional hardiness zones:using climate envelopes to map plant range limits[J].Bioscience,2007,57(11):929--937.
[27]Holdridge L R.Determination of world plant formations from simple climatic data[J].Science,1947,105:367--368.
[28]Kira T.On the altitudinal arrangement of climatic zones in Japan[J].Kanti-Nougaku,1948,2:143--173.
[29]Bailey H P.Semi-arid climates:their definition and distribution[J].Ecol Study,1973,34:73-97.
[30]Higa M,Tsuyama I,Nakao K,et al.Influence of nonclimatic factors on the habitat prediction of tree species and an assessment of the impact of climate change[J].Landscape and Ecological Engineering,2013,9(1):111--120.
[31]Booth T H.Estimating potential range and hence climatic adaptability in selected tree species[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2016,366:175--183.
[32]徐文铎.东北主要树种的分布与热量关系的初步研究[J].东北林学院学报,1982,1(4):1-10.Xu W D.Preliminary study of correlations between distribution of main forest trees and thermal climate in Northeast China[J].Journal of Northeastern Forestry Institute,1982,1(4):1--10.
[33]洪必恭,李绍珠.江苏主要常绿阔叶树种的分布与热量关系的初步研究[J].生态学报,1981,1(2):105--111.Hong B G,Li S Z.The preliminary study of the correlations between the distribution of main everygreen broadleaf tree species in Jiangsu and climate[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1981,1(2):105--111.
[34]张粤,陈玮,何兴元,等.中国东北城市森林树种选择与气候的关系[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(6):173-176.Zhang Y,Chen W,He X Y,et al.Relationship between the selection of urban forest species and climate in northeastern China[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2003,22(6):173--176.
[35]史军,崔林丽,杨涵洧,等.上海气候空间格局和时间变化研究[J].地球信息科学学报,2015,17(11):1348--1354.Shi J,Cui L L,Yang H W,et al.Spatial pattern and temporal change of climate in Shanghai[J].Journal of Geo-information Science,2015,17(11):1348--1354.
[36]史军,崔林丽,田展,等.上海百余年来气温日间波动特征及城市化影响[J].资源科学,2011,33(5):989--994.Shi J,Cui L L,Tian Z,et al.Two-day fluctuations of temperature and the impacts of urbanizationin Shanghai during the period 1873-2009[J].Resources Science,2011,33(5):989-994.
[37]崔林丽,史军,周伟东.上海极端气温变化特征及其对城市化的响应[J].地理科学.2009,29(1):93-97.Cui L L,Shi J,Zhou W D.Characteristics of extreme temperature variations and their response to ubanization in Shanghai[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2009,29(1):93--97.
[38]王轩,尹占娥,迟潇潇,等.气候变化下上海市降水问题[J].热带地理,2015,35(3):324-333.Wang X,Yin Z E,Chi X X,et al.Precipitation in Shanghai under climate change[J].Tropical Geography,2015,35(3):324--333.
[39]Zhang K,Wang R,Shen C,et al.Temporal and spatial characteristics of the urban heat island during rapid urbanization in Shanghai,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2010,169(1--4):101-112.
[40]卞娟娟,郝志新,郑景云,等.1951—2010年中国主要气候区划界线的移动[J].地理研究,2013,32(7):1179-1187.Bian J J,Hao Z X,Zheng J Y,et al.The shift on boundary of climate regionalization in China from 1951 to 2010[J].Geographical Research,2013,32(7):1179--1187.
[41]郑景云,卞娟娟,葛全胜,等.中国1951--1980年及1981-2010年的气候区划[J].地理研究.2013,32(6):987-997.Zheng J Y,Bian J J,Ge Q S,et al.The climate regionalization in China for 1951-1980 and 1981-2010[J].Geographical Research,2013,32(6):987--997.
[42]Fang J Y,Li Y.Climatic factors for limiting northward distribution of eight temperate tree species in eastern North America[J].Acta Botanica Sinica,2002,44(2):199--203.
[43]《上海园林志》编纂委员会.上海园林志[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2000:502--504.Compilation Committee of Annals of Shanghai Landscape Architecture.Annals of Shanghai landscape architecture[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Publishers,2000:502-504.
[44]周伟东,朱洁华,梁萍.近134年上海冬季气温变化特征及其可能成因[J].热带气象学报,2010,26(2):211--217.Zhou W D,Zhu J H,Liang P.Characteristics of winter temperature variation in Shanghai during 1873--2006 and their probable causes[J].Journal of Tropical Meteorology,2010,26(2):211-217.
[45]贺芳芳,赵兵科.近30年上海地区暴雨的气候变化特征[J].地球科学进展,2009,24(11):1260--1267.He F F,Zhao B K.The characteristics of climate change of torrential rains in Shanghai region in recent 30 Years[J].Advances in Earth Science,2009,24(11):1260--1267.
[46]殷杰,尹占娥,于大鹏,等.基于情景的上海台风风暴潮淹没模拟研究[J].地理科学,2013,33(1):110-115.Yin J,Yin Z E,Yu D P,et al.Flood simulation study of typhoon storm surge based on scenarios in Shanghai[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,33(1):110--115.
[47]Gillner S,Vogt J,Roloff A.Climatic response and impacts of drought on oaks at urban and forest sites[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2013,12(4):597-605.
[48]Gillner S,Korn S,Roloff A.Leaf-gas exchange of five tree species at urban street sites[J].Arboriculture&Urban Forestry,2015,41(3):113-124.
[2]Luo Z,Sun O J,Ge Q,et al.Phenological responses of plants to climate change in an urban environment[J].Ecological Research,2007,22(3):507-514.
[3]Roetzer T,Wittenzeller M,Haeckel H,et al.Phenology in central Europe:differences and trends of spring phenophases in urban and rural areas[J].International Journal of Biometeorol,2000,44(2):60-66.
[4]Lu P,Yu Q,Liu J,et al.Advance of tree-flowering dates in response to urban climate change[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2006,138(1-4):120-131.
[5]He X,Xu S,Xu W,et al.Effects of climate warming on phenological characteristics of urban forest in Shenyang City,China[J].Chinese Geographical Science,2016,26(1):1-9.
[6]张德顺,刘鸣.上海木本植物早春花期对城市热岛效应的时空响应[J].中国园林,2017,33(1):72-77.Zhang D S,Liu M.The temporal and spatial flowering response of early spring woody plants to the urban heat island effect in Shanghai[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2017,33(1):72--77.
[7]Gillner S,Rüger N,Roloff A,et al.Low relative growth rates predict future mortality of common beech(Fagus sylvatica L.)[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2013,302:372--378.
[8]李阔,许吟隆.适应气候变化技术识别标准研究[J].科技导报,2015,33(16):95--101.Li K,Xu Y L.On critera for identification of adaptation to climate change[J].Science&Technology Review,2015,33(16):95--101.
[9]Ordó1ez C,Duinker P N.Climate change vulnerability assessment of the urban forest in three Canadian cities[J].Climatic Change,2015,131(4):531-543.
[10]Roloff A,Korn S,Gillner S.The Climate-Species-Matrix to select tree species for urban habitats considering climate change[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2009,8(4):295--308.
[11]Yang J.Assessing the impact of climate change on urban tree species selection:a case study in Philadelphia[J].Journal of Forestry,2009,107(7):364--372.
[12]Brandt L,Derby L A,Fahey R,et al.A framework for adapting urban forests to climate change[J].Environmental Science&Policy,2016,66:393-402.
[13]Kourgialas N N,Karatzas G P.A flood risk decision making approach for Mediterranean tree crops using GIS:climate change effects and flood-tolerant species[J].Environmental Science&Policy,2016,63:132-142.
[14]Fan P,Ouyang Z,Basnou C,et al.Nature-based solutions for urban landscapes under post-industrialization and globalization:Barcelona versus Shanghai[J].Environmental Research,2017,156:272-283.
[15]Wang H,Qin J,Hu Y,et al.Detecting the plant species composition and diversity among the farmers’settlement types in Shanghai[J].Landscape and Ecological Engineering,2015,11(2):313--325.
[16]上海科学院.上海植物志[M].上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,1999:1--2.Shanghai Academy of Science&Technology.The plants of Shanghai(Part II)[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific&Technical Publishers,1999:1--2.
[17]沈泽昊,张新时.中国亚热带地区植物区系地理成分及其空间格局的数量分析[J].植物分类学报,2000,38(4):366-380.Shen Z H,Zhang X S.A quantitative analysis on the floristic elements of the Chinese subtropical region and their spatial patterns[J].Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica,2000,38(4):366-380.
[18]Banta J A,Ehrenreich I M,Gerard S,et al.Climate envelope modelling reveals intraspecific relationships among flowering phenology,niche breadth and potential range size in Arabidopsis thaliana[J].Ecology Letters,2012,15(8):769-777.
[19]Brandt L A,Benscoter A M,Harvey R,et al.Comparison of climate envelope models developed using expert-selected variables versus statistical selection[J].Ecological Modelling,2017,345:10-20.
[20]Buma B,Wessman C A.Forest resilience,climate change,and opportunities for adaptation:a specific case of a general problem[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2013,306:216-225.
[21]Miller J.Species distribution modeling[J].Geography Compass,2010,4(6):490-509.
[22]阎洪.计算机引种决策支持系统的建立及其应用Ⅰ:引种区划[J].林业科学,1989,25(5):395-400.Yao H.A decision support system for introduction of exotics(Ⅰ):delineation of suitable zones[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1989,25(5):395-400.
[23]吴中伦.园林化树种的选择与规划[J].林业科学,1959,5(2):1-27.Wu Z L.Selection and planning of landscape tree species[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1959,5(2):1-27.
[24]Zhang M,Slik J W F,Ma K.Using species distribution modeling to delineate the botanical richness patterns and phytogeographical regions of China[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6(1):1-9.
[25]陈新美,雷渊才,张雄清,等.样本量对Max Ent模型预测物种分布精度和稳定性的影响[J].林业科学,2012,48(1):53-59.Chen X M,Lei Y C,Zhang X Q,et al.Effects of sample sizes on accuracy and stability of maximum entropy model in predicting species distribution[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2012,48(1):53-59.
[26]Mckenney D W,Pedlar J H,Lawrence K,et al.Beyond traditional hardiness zones:using climate envelopes to map plant range limits[J].Bioscience,2007,57(11):929--937.
[27]Holdridge L R.Determination of world plant formations from simple climatic data[J].Science,1947,105:367--368.
[28]Kira T.On the altitudinal arrangement of climatic zones in Japan[J].Kanti-Nougaku,1948,2:143--173.
[29]Bailey H P.Semi-arid climates:their definition and distribution[J].Ecol Study,1973,34:73-97.
[30]Higa M,Tsuyama I,Nakao K,et al.Influence of nonclimatic factors on the habitat prediction of tree species and an assessment of the impact of climate change[J].Landscape and Ecological Engineering,2013,9(1):111--120.
[31]Booth T H.Estimating potential range and hence climatic adaptability in selected tree species[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2016,366:175--183.
[32]徐文铎.东北主要树种的分布与热量关系的初步研究[J].东北林学院学报,1982,1(4):1-10.Xu W D.Preliminary study of correlations between distribution of main forest trees and thermal climate in Northeast China[J].Journal of Northeastern Forestry Institute,1982,1(4):1--10.
[33]洪必恭,李绍珠.江苏主要常绿阔叶树种的分布与热量关系的初步研究[J].生态学报,1981,1(2):105--111.Hong B G,Li S Z.The preliminary study of the correlations between the distribution of main everygreen broadleaf tree species in Jiangsu and climate[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1981,1(2):105--111.
[34]张粤,陈玮,何兴元,等.中国东北城市森林树种选择与气候的关系[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(6):173-176.Zhang Y,Chen W,He X Y,et al.Relationship between the selection of urban forest species and climate in northeastern China[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2003,22(6):173--176.
[35]史军,崔林丽,杨涵洧,等.上海气候空间格局和时间变化研究[J].地球信息科学学报,2015,17(11):1348--1354.Shi J,Cui L L,Yang H W,et al.Spatial pattern and temporal change of climate in Shanghai[J].Journal of Geo-information Science,2015,17(11):1348--1354.
[36]史军,崔林丽,田展,等.上海百余年来气温日间波动特征及城市化影响[J].资源科学,2011,33(5):989--994.Shi J,Cui L L,Tian Z,et al.Two-day fluctuations of temperature and the impacts of urbanizationin Shanghai during the period 1873-2009[J].Resources Science,2011,33(5):989-994.
[37]崔林丽,史军,周伟东.上海极端气温变化特征及其对城市化的响应[J].地理科学.2009,29(1):93-97.Cui L L,Shi J,Zhou W D.Characteristics of extreme temperature variations and their response to ubanization in Shanghai[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2009,29(1):93--97.
[38]王轩,尹占娥,迟潇潇,等.气候变化下上海市降水问题[J].热带地理,2015,35(3):324-333.Wang X,Yin Z E,Chi X X,et al.Precipitation in Shanghai under climate change[J].Tropical Geography,2015,35(3):324--333.
[39]Zhang K,Wang R,Shen C,et al.Temporal and spatial characteristics of the urban heat island during rapid urbanization in Shanghai,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2010,169(1--4):101-112.
[40]卞娟娟,郝志新,郑景云,等.1951—2010年中国主要气候区划界线的移动[J].地理研究,2013,32(7):1179-1187.Bian J J,Hao Z X,Zheng J Y,et al.The shift on boundary of climate regionalization in China from 1951 to 2010[J].Geographical Research,2013,32(7):1179--1187.
[41]郑景云,卞娟娟,葛全胜,等.中国1951--1980年及1981-2010年的气候区划[J].地理研究.2013,32(6):987-997.Zheng J Y,Bian J J,Ge Q S,et al.The climate regionalization in China for 1951-1980 and 1981-2010[J].Geographical Research,2013,32(6):987--997.
[42]Fang J Y,Li Y.Climatic factors for limiting northward distribution of eight temperate tree species in eastern North America[J].Acta Botanica Sinica,2002,44(2):199--203.
[43]《上海园林志》编纂委员会.上海园林志[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2000:502--504.Compilation Committee of Annals of Shanghai Landscape Architecture.Annals of Shanghai landscape architecture[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Publishers,2000:502-504.
[44]周伟东,朱洁华,梁萍.近134年上海冬季气温变化特征及其可能成因[J].热带气象学报,2010,26(2):211--217.Zhou W D,Zhu J H,Liang P.Characteristics of winter temperature variation in Shanghai during 1873--2006 and their probable causes[J].Journal of Tropical Meteorology,2010,26(2):211-217.
[45]贺芳芳,赵兵科.近30年上海地区暴雨的气候变化特征[J].地球科学进展,2009,24(11):1260--1267.He F F,Zhao B K.The characteristics of climate change of torrential rains in Shanghai region in recent 30 Years[J].Advances in Earth Science,2009,24(11):1260--1267.
[46]殷杰,尹占娥,于大鹏,等.基于情景的上海台风风暴潮淹没模拟研究[J].地理科学,2013,33(1):110-115.Yin J,Yin Z E,Yu D P,et al.Flood simulation study of typhoon storm surge based on scenarios in Shanghai[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,33(1):110--115.
[47]Gillner S,Vogt J,Roloff A.Climatic response and impacts of drought on oaks at urban and forest sites[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2013,12(4):597-605.
[48]Gillner S,Korn S,Roloff A.Leaf-gas exchange of five tree species at urban street sites[J].Arboriculture&Urban Forestry,2015,41(3):113-124.