东北冷涡背景下飑线发展机制的理论分析和数值研究
|
摘要
在CM1模式动力框架基础上,推导出结合尺度分析得到的强对流天气发生发展的必要条件,并选择典型东北冷涡背景下的飑线过程,以200 m的高精度水平网格距进行数值模拟和对比试验,验证理论结果的同时得到东北冷涡飑线形成的条件。通过模式数据做尺度分析,得到飑线系统中平流、对流以及沉降作用对水汽变量的影响最大,飑线的出现需要水汽分布和上升气流的配合,水汽相变影响次之,湍流作用相对较小。东北冷涡不同区域的模拟验证了理论分析的结果,冷涡西南侧受冷涡引导南下的冷空气影响,配合低层暖平流出现不稳定层结,结合有横向梯度的湿度场,可以形成飑线。在上升气流强的区域受水汽浓度和温度的影响在中高层容易形成强的雷达回波,两侧和积分一段时间后的低层受沉降作用的影响也会出现强的雷达回波。
Based on the dynamic frame of CM1 model, the necessary conditions for the occurrence and development of severe convective weathers are obtained by theoretical derivation and scale analysis. A typical squall line process under the background of Northeast Cold Vortex(NECV) is selected, and the numerical simulation and comparative test are carried out with a high precision horizontal grid distance of 200 m. The theoretical results are verified and the conditions for the formation of a squall line under the NECV are obtained. Through the scale analysis of model data, it is found that advection, convection and hydrometeor precipitation have the greatest influence on the change of moisture variables in the squall line system, the influence of water vapor phase change is the secondary, and the turbulence effect is relatively small. Thereby, the occurrence of the squall line needs the cooperation of water vapor distribution and the ascending air flow. Simulations over different regions of NECV have verified the results of theoretical analysis. In the southwestern side of the NECV, upper levels are affected by cold air, which, when combined with warm advection in lower levels, leads to the formation of unstable stratification. The unstable stratification and transverse gradient pattern of humidity field can jointly lead to the formation of the squall line. Under the influence of water vapor concentration and temperature, strong radar echoes can easily form in the middle and upper levels with strong updrafts. Under the influence of precipitation, strong radar echoes can also be found in lower levels.
Based on the dynamic frame of CM1 model, the necessary conditions for the occurrence and development of severe convective weathers are obtained by theoretical derivation and scale analysis. A typical squall line process under the background of Northeast Cold Vortex(NECV) is selected, and the numerical simulation and comparative test are carried out with a high precision horizontal grid distance of 200 m. The theoretical results are verified and the conditions for the formation of a squall line under the NECV are obtained. Through the scale analysis of model data, it is found that advection, convection and hydrometeor precipitation have the greatest influence on the change of moisture variables in the squall line system, the influence of water vapor phase change is the secondary, and the turbulence effect is relatively small. Thereby, the occurrence of the squall line needs the cooperation of water vapor distribution and the ascending air flow. Simulations over different regions of NECV have verified the results of theoretical analysis. In the southwestern side of the NECV, upper levels are affected by cold air, which, when combined with warm advection in lower levels, leads to the formation of unstable stratification. The unstable stratification and transverse gradient pattern of humidity field can jointly lead to the formation of the squall line. Under the influence of water vapor concentration and temperature, strong radar echoes can easily form in the middle and upper levels with strong updrafts. Under the influence of precipitation, strong radar echoes can also be found in lower levels.
引文
Braun S A,Tao W K.2000.Sensitivity of high-resolution simulations of hurricane Bob(1991)to planetary boundary layer parameterizations[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,128(12):3941-3961,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2000)129<3941:SOHRSO>2.0.CO;2.
Bryan G H,Morrison H.2012.Sensitivity of a simulated squall line to horizontal resolution and parameterization of microphysics[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,140(1):202-225,doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00046.1.
Bryan G H,Worsnop R P,Lundquist J K,et al.2017.A simple method for simulating wind profiles in the boundary layer of tropical cyclones[J].Bound.-Layer Meteor.,162(3):475-502,doi:10.1007/s10546-016-0207-0.
崔慧慧,冯慧敏.2017.东北冷涡持续影响下郑州地区多日对流性天气特征分析[J].科学技术与工程,17(6):7-16.Cui Huihui,Feng Huimin.2017.Analysis of the convective weather characteristics in Zhengzhou under the sustained NECV[J].Science Technology and Engineering,17(6):7-16,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2017.06.002.
Dahl J M L.2017.Tilting of horizontal shear vorticity and the development of updraft rotation in supercell thunderstorms[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,74(9):2997-3020,doi:10.1175/JAS-D-17-0091.1.
Dennis E J,Kumjian M R.2017.The impact of vertical wind shear on hail growth in simulated supercells[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,74(3):641-663,doi:10.1175/JAS-D-16-0066.1.
Diao M H,Bryan G H,Morrison H,et al.2017.Ice nucleation parameterization and relative humidity distribution in idealized squallline simulations[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,74(9):2761-2787,doi:10.1175/JAS-D-16-0356.1.
French A J,Parker M D.2014.Numerical simulations of bow echo formation following a squall line-supercell merger[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,142(12):4791-4822,doi:10.1175/MWR-D-13-00356.1.
Gilmore M S,Straka J M,Rasmussen E N.2004.Precipitation and evolution sensitivity in simulated deep convective storms:Comparisons between liquid-only and simple ice and liquid phase microphysics[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,132(8):1897-1916,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1897:PAESIS>2.0.CO;2.
康兆萍,林永辉.2017.华南一次飑线过程线状对流模态变异机理研究[J].大气科学学报,40(5):631-640.Kang Zhaoping,Lin Yonghui.2017.The mechanism of transition of convective mode of a squall line in South China[J].Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences,40(5):631-640,doi:10.13878/j.cnki.dqkxxb.20160528001.
李爽,丁治英,戴萍,等.2016.东北冷涡的最新研究进展[J].干旱气象,34(1):13-19.Li Shuang,Ding Zhiying,Dai Ping,et al.2016.Recent advances in research on Northeast China cold vortex[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,34(1):13-19,doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639(2016)-01-0013.
李少英,张述文,毛伏平,等.2017.采用不同样本集合同化地面观测对一次飑线过程的影响[J].大气科学,41(2):236-250.Li Shaoying,Zhang Shuwen,Mao Fuping,et al.2017.Influence of assimilating surface observations on a squall line with different ensembles[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),41(2):236-250,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1606.15298.
Lin Y L,Farley R D,Orville H D.1983.Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model[J].J.Appl.Meteor.,22(6):1065-1092,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<1065:BPOTSF>2.0.CO;2.
刘刚,封国林,秦玉琳,等.2017.初夏东北地区冷涡降水“累积效应”[J].大气科学,41(1):202-212.Liu Gang,Feng Guolin,Qin Yulin,et al.2017.“Cumulative effect”of cold vortex precipitation in Northeast China in early summer[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),41(1):202-212,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1602.15231.
刘佳,沈新勇,张大林,等.2013.台风“麦莎”的强度对台风前部飑线发展过程影响的研究[J].大气科学,37(5):1025-1037.Liu Jia,Shen Xinyong,Zhang Dalin,et al.2013.Impact of typhoon intensity on the development of a pre-tropical cyclone squall line[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),37(5):1025-1037,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2013.12134.
Meng Z Y,Zhang Y J.2012.On the squall lines preceding landfalling tropical cyclones in China[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,140(2):445-470,doi:10.1175/MWR-D-10-05080.1.
Parker M D.2017.How much does‘‘backing aloft’’actually impact a supercell?[J].Wea.Forecasting,32(5):1937-1957,doi:10.1175/WAF-D-17-0064.1.
Rutledge S A,Hobbs P V.1984.The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones.XII:Adiagnostic modeling study of precipitation development in narrow coldfrontal rainbands[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,41(20):2949-2972,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<2949:TMAMSA>2.0.CO;2.
Stechman D M,Rauber R M,McFarquhar G M,et al.2016.Interaction of an upper-tropospheric jet with a squall line originating along a cold frontal boundary[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,144(11):4197-4219,doi:10.1175/MWR-D-16-0044.1.
Stoelinga M T,Locatelli J D,Schwartz R D,et al.2003.Is a cold pool necessary for the maintenance of a squall line produced by a cold front aloft?[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,131(1):95-115,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0095:IACPNF>2.0.CO;2.
Tao W K,Simpson J.1989.Modeling study of a tropical squall-type convective line[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,46(2):177-202,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<0177:MSOATS>2.0.CO;2.
Tao W K,Simpson J,Mc Cumber M.1989.An ice-water saturation adjustment[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,117(1):231-235,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<0231:AIWSA>2.0.CO;2.
Tao W,Simpson J,Sui C H,et al.1993.Heating,moisture,and water budgets of tropical and midlatitude squall lines:Comparisons and sensitivity to longwave radiation[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,50(5):673-690,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<0673:HMAWBO>2.0.CO;2.
王培,沈新勇,高守亭.2012.一次东北冷涡过程的数值模拟与降水分析[J].大气科学,36(1):130-144.Wang Pei,Shen Xinyong,Gao Shouting.2012.A numerical study and rainfall analysis of a cold vortex process over Northeast China[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),36(1):130-144,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2012.01.11.
王婉昭,李辑,胡春丽,等.2017.东北冷涡的定义、识别与定量化研究综述[J].气象科学,37(3):394-402.Wang Wanzhao,Li Ji,Hu Chunli,et al.2017.A review of definition,identification and quantitative investigation on Northeast cold vortex[J].Journal of the Meteorological Sciences(in Chinese),37(3):394-402,doi:10.3969/2015jms.0092.
张建军,王咏青,钟玮.2016.飑线组织化过程对环境垂直风切变和水汽的响应[J].大气科学,40(4):689-702.Zhang Jianjun,Wang Yongqing,Zhong Wei.2016.Impact of vertical wind shear and moisture on the organization of squall lines[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),40(4):689-702,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1505.14337.
张哲,周玉淑,邓国.2016.2013年7月31日京津冀飑线过程的数值模拟与结构分析[J].大气科学,40(3):528-540.Zhang Zhe,Zhou Yushu,Deng Guo.2016.Numerical simulation and structural analysis of a squall line that occurred over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China on 31 July 2013[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),40(3):528-540,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1507.15127.
Bryan G H,Morrison H.2012.Sensitivity of a simulated squall line to horizontal resolution and parameterization of microphysics[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,140(1):202-225,doi:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00046.1.
Bryan G H,Worsnop R P,Lundquist J K,et al.2017.A simple method for simulating wind profiles in the boundary layer of tropical cyclones[J].Bound.-Layer Meteor.,162(3):475-502,doi:10.1007/s10546-016-0207-0.
崔慧慧,冯慧敏.2017.东北冷涡持续影响下郑州地区多日对流性天气特征分析[J].科学技术与工程,17(6):7-16.Cui Huihui,Feng Huimin.2017.Analysis of the convective weather characteristics in Zhengzhou under the sustained NECV[J].Science Technology and Engineering,17(6):7-16,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2017.06.002.
Dahl J M L.2017.Tilting of horizontal shear vorticity and the development of updraft rotation in supercell thunderstorms[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,74(9):2997-3020,doi:10.1175/JAS-D-17-0091.1.
Dennis E J,Kumjian M R.2017.The impact of vertical wind shear on hail growth in simulated supercells[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,74(3):641-663,doi:10.1175/JAS-D-16-0066.1.
Diao M H,Bryan G H,Morrison H,et al.2017.Ice nucleation parameterization and relative humidity distribution in idealized squallline simulations[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,74(9):2761-2787,doi:10.1175/JAS-D-16-0356.1.
French A J,Parker M D.2014.Numerical simulations of bow echo formation following a squall line-supercell merger[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,142(12):4791-4822,doi:10.1175/MWR-D-13-00356.1.
Gilmore M S,Straka J M,Rasmussen E N.2004.Precipitation and evolution sensitivity in simulated deep convective storms:Comparisons between liquid-only and simple ice and liquid phase microphysics[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,132(8):1897-1916,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1897:PAESIS>2.0.CO;2.
康兆萍,林永辉.2017.华南一次飑线过程线状对流模态变异机理研究[J].大气科学学报,40(5):631-640.Kang Zhaoping,Lin Yonghui.2017.The mechanism of transition of convective mode of a squall line in South China[J].Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences,40(5):631-640,doi:10.13878/j.cnki.dqkxxb.20160528001.
李爽,丁治英,戴萍,等.2016.东北冷涡的最新研究进展[J].干旱气象,34(1):13-19.Li Shuang,Ding Zhiying,Dai Ping,et al.2016.Recent advances in research on Northeast China cold vortex[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,34(1):13-19,doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639(2016)-01-0013.
李少英,张述文,毛伏平,等.2017.采用不同样本集合同化地面观测对一次飑线过程的影响[J].大气科学,41(2):236-250.Li Shaoying,Zhang Shuwen,Mao Fuping,et al.2017.Influence of assimilating surface observations on a squall line with different ensembles[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),41(2):236-250,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1606.15298.
Lin Y L,Farley R D,Orville H D.1983.Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model[J].J.Appl.Meteor.,22(6):1065-1092,doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022<1065:BPOTSF>2.0.CO;2.
刘刚,封国林,秦玉琳,等.2017.初夏东北地区冷涡降水“累积效应”[J].大气科学,41(1):202-212.Liu Gang,Feng Guolin,Qin Yulin,et al.2017.“Cumulative effect”of cold vortex precipitation in Northeast China in early summer[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),41(1):202-212,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1602.15231.
刘佳,沈新勇,张大林,等.2013.台风“麦莎”的强度对台风前部飑线发展过程影响的研究[J].大气科学,37(5):1025-1037.Liu Jia,Shen Xinyong,Zhang Dalin,et al.2013.Impact of typhoon intensity on the development of a pre-tropical cyclone squall line[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),37(5):1025-1037,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2013.12134.
Meng Z Y,Zhang Y J.2012.On the squall lines preceding landfalling tropical cyclones in China[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,140(2):445-470,doi:10.1175/MWR-D-10-05080.1.
Parker M D.2017.How much does‘‘backing aloft’’actually impact a supercell?[J].Wea.Forecasting,32(5):1937-1957,doi:10.1175/WAF-D-17-0064.1.
Rutledge S A,Hobbs P V.1984.The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones.XII:Adiagnostic modeling study of precipitation development in narrow coldfrontal rainbands[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,41(20):2949-2972,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<2949:TMAMSA>2.0.CO;2.
Stechman D M,Rauber R M,McFarquhar G M,et al.2016.Interaction of an upper-tropospheric jet with a squall line originating along a cold frontal boundary[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,144(11):4197-4219,doi:10.1175/MWR-D-16-0044.1.
Stoelinga M T,Locatelli J D,Schwartz R D,et al.2003.Is a cold pool necessary for the maintenance of a squall line produced by a cold front aloft?[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,131(1):95-115,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0095:IACPNF>2.0.CO;2.
Tao W K,Simpson J.1989.Modeling study of a tropical squall-type convective line[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,46(2):177-202,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<0177:MSOATS>2.0.CO;2.
Tao W K,Simpson J,Mc Cumber M.1989.An ice-water saturation adjustment[J].Mon.Wea.Rev.,117(1):231-235,doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<0231:AIWSA>2.0.CO;2.
Tao W,Simpson J,Sui C H,et al.1993.Heating,moisture,and water budgets of tropical and midlatitude squall lines:Comparisons and sensitivity to longwave radiation[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,50(5):673-690,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<0673:HMAWBO>2.0.CO;2.
王培,沈新勇,高守亭.2012.一次东北冷涡过程的数值模拟与降水分析[J].大气科学,36(1):130-144.Wang Pei,Shen Xinyong,Gao Shouting.2012.A numerical study and rainfall analysis of a cold vortex process over Northeast China[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),36(1):130-144,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2012.01.11.
王婉昭,李辑,胡春丽,等.2017.东北冷涡的定义、识别与定量化研究综述[J].气象科学,37(3):394-402.Wang Wanzhao,Li Ji,Hu Chunli,et al.2017.A review of definition,identification and quantitative investigation on Northeast cold vortex[J].Journal of the Meteorological Sciences(in Chinese),37(3):394-402,doi:10.3969/2015jms.0092.
张建军,王咏青,钟玮.2016.飑线组织化过程对环境垂直风切变和水汽的响应[J].大气科学,40(4):689-702.Zhang Jianjun,Wang Yongqing,Zhong Wei.2016.Impact of vertical wind shear and moisture on the organization of squall lines[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),40(4):689-702,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1505.14337.
张哲,周玉淑,邓国.2016.2013年7月31日京津冀飑线过程的数值模拟与结构分析[J].大气科学,40(3):528-540.Zhang Zhe,Zhou Yushu,Deng Guo.2016.Numerical simulation and structural analysis of a squall line that occurred over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China on 31 July 2013[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),40(3):528-540,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1507.15127.