美日同盟的“印太”指向及其对东亚的影响
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摘要
安倍政府提出"印太"构想,并推动特朗普政府形成"印太战略"。美日同盟的"印太"指向明确,加强军事安全合作遏制中国,主导自由贸易领域规则制定权,倡导自由民主价值观,构建日美澳印多边机制。美日的"印太战略"受到同盟内在矛盾的制约,也未得到其他国家的普遍支持。美日同盟的"印太"指向导致东亚的内在冲突和矛盾地域扩大化,加剧了东亚的政治对立和价值观冲突,消解了东亚的经济合作,干扰了东亚国家的历史和解。"印太战略"是美日国家中心主义的地区伪装,难以形成积极的地区意识来平衡狭隘的民族主义,而且导致大国关系复杂化。建设"东亚命运共同体"应依托东亚现有多边合作机制,加快建设中日韩自由贸易区,共同在"一带一路"构架内合作。
引文
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(52)有的印度学者认为走向美印结盟意味着印度从不结盟政策走向“战略自主”。Monish Tourangbam,“Indo-Pacific and the Practice of Strategic Autonomy,” Indian Foreign Affairs Journal,Vol.9,Iss.2,Apr-Jun.2014,pp.119-124.
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(59)许少民:《澳大利亚“印太”战略观:内涵、动因和前景》,载《当代亚太》2018年第3期。
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(64)Michael D.Swaine,“Creating an Unstable Asia:the U.S.‘Free and Open Indo-Pacific’ Strategy,” March 2,2018,Foreign Affairs,https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/03/02/creating-unstable-asia-u.s.-free-and-open-indo-pacific-%20strategy-pub-75720.
(65)Jeffrey D.Wilson,“Rescaling to the Indo-Pacific:From Economic to Security-Driven Regionalism in Asia,” East Asia:An International Quarterly,Vol.35,Iss.2,Jun.2018,pp.177-196.
(66)Troy Lee-Brown,“Asia’s Security Triangles:Maritime Min-ilateralism in the Indo-Pacific,” East Asia:An International Quarterly,Vol.35,Iss.2,Jun.2018,pp.163-176.
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(68)Eric Heginbotham and Richard J.Samuels,“Japan’s Dual Hedge,” Foreign Affairs,New York,Vol.8,No.5,Sep/Oct.2002,pp.110-121.
(69)Tsuneo Watanabe,“Japan’s Security Strategy toward the Rise of China:From a Friendship Paradigm to a Mix of Engagement and Hedging,” The Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research,April 6,2015,http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/articles/2015/security-strategy-toward-rise-of-china/?searchterm=Japan’s Security Strategy toward the Rise of China.关于日本对华战略选择的模式,美国学者迈克·望月提出“合作性接触的软对冲”“竞争性接触的硬对冲”“平衡和遏制”及“战略适应”四种模式。参见Mike M.Mochizuki,“Japan’s Shifting Strategy toward the Rise of China,” The Journal of Strategic Studies,Vol.30,Iss.4/5,Aug.2007,pp.739-776.
(70)Hiroyuki Akita,“Can Japan and China move beyond a tactical détente?” East Asia Forum Quarterly,Vol.10,No.3,July-September 2018.
(71)“安倍内阁总理大臣在第23届国际交流会议‘亚洲的未来’晚餐会上的演讲”,2017年6月5日,https://www.kantei.go.jp/cn/97_abe/statement/201706/1222916_11524.html。
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(74)Rory Medcalf,“Goodbye Asia-Pacific.But Why the Sudden Buzz over Indo-Pacific?” South China Morning Post,December 31,2017,http://www.scmp.com/week-asia/geopolitics/article/2126210/goodbye-asia-pacific-why-sudden-buzz-over-indo-pacific;Rory Medcalf,“Australia’s Foreign Policy White Paper Navigating Uncertainty in the Indo-Pacific,” Security Challenges,Vol.14,No.1,2018,pp.33-39.
(75)He Baogang,“Chinese Expanded Perception of the Region and Its Changing Attitudes Toward the Indo-Pacific:a Hybrid Vision of the Institutionalization of the Indo-Pacific,” East Asia:An International Quarterly,Vol.35,Iss.2,Jun.2018,pp.117-132.
(76)郑永年:《如何构建开放的亚洲秩序?》,联合早报网,2018年6月12日,http://www.zaobao.com/forum/views/opinion/story20180612-866533。
(77)宋伟:《从印太地区到印太体系:演进中的战略格局》,载《太平洋学报》2018年第11期。
(78)He Kai,“Three Faces of the Indo-Pacific:Understanding the ‘Indo-Pacific’ from an IR Theory Perspective,” East Asia:An International Quarterly,Vol.35,Iss.2,Jun.2018,pp.149-161.
(79)G.V.C.Naidu,“‘Indo-Pacific’ as a New Template of Analysis,” Indian Foreign Journal,Vol.9,Iss.2,Apr-Jun.2014,pp.106-111.
(80)Rory Medcalf,“Goodbye Asia-Pacific.But Why the Sudden Buzz over Indo-Pacific?” South China Morning Post,December 31,2017,http://www.scmp.com/week-asia/geopolitics/article/2126210/goodbye-asia-pacific-why-sudden-buzz-over-indo-pacific.
(2)Mercy A.Kuo,“The Origin of ‘Indo-Pacific’ as Geopolitical Construct:Insights from Gurpreet Khurana,” https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/the-origin-of-indo-pacific-as-geopolitical-construct/.
(3)Shinzo Abe,“Confluence of the Two Seas,Speech at the Parliament of the Republic of India,” Aug.22,2007,https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/pmv0708/speech-2.html.
(4)G.V.C.Naidu,“‘Indo-Pacific’ as a New Template of Analysis,” Indian Foreign Journal,Vol.9,Iss.2,Apr-Jun.2014,p.107.
(5)Hillary R.Clinton,“America’s Engagement in the Asia-Pacific,” October 28,2010,https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2010/10/150141.htm.
(6)Hillary R.Clinton,“America’s Pacific Century,” Foreign Policy,No.189,Nov.2011,pp.56-63.
(7)H.D.P.Envall,“Japan’s ‘Pivot’ Perspective:Reassurance,Restructuring,and the Rebalance,” Security Challenges,Vol.12,No.3,2016,pp.5-19.
(8)Shinzo Abe,“Asia’s Democratic Security Diamond,” December 27,2012,http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/a-strategic-alliance-for-japan-and-india-by-shinzo-abe.
(9)Shinzo Abe,“Japan is Back,Speech at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS),” February 22,2013,https://japan.kantei.go.jp/96_abe/statement/201302/22speech_e.html.
(10)“Remarks by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe on the occasion of accepting Hudson Institute’s 2013 Herman Kahn Award,” September 25,2013,https://japan.kantei.go.jp/96_abe/statement/201309/25hudson_e.html.
(11)Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan,“Diplomatic Bluebook 2017,” https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2017/html/chapter1/c0102.html#sf03.
(12)Ministry of Defense of Japan,“Joint Statement of the Security Consultative Committee,” August 17,2017,http://www.mod.go.jp/e/d_act/us/pdf/js20170817_e.pdf.
(13)Rex W.Tillerson,“Remarks on ‘Defining Our Relationship with India for the Next Century’,” October 18,2017,https://www.state.gov/secretary/20172018tillerson/remarks/2017/10/274913.htm.
(14)White House,“Remarks by President Trump at APEC CEO Summit,” November 10,2017,https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-apec-ceo-summit-da-nang-vietnam/.
(15)White House,“National Security Strategy of the United States of America,” December 2017,https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf.
(16)U.S.Department of Defense,“Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America,” January 2018,https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf.
(17)Ministry of Defense of Japan,“Defense of Japan 2018,” http://www.mod.go.jp/e/publ/w_paper/pdf/2018/DOJ2018_Full_1130.pdf.
(18)U.S.Department of Defense,“Remarks by Secretary Mattis at Plenary Session of the 2018 Shangri-La Dialogue,” June 2,2018,https://dod.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript-View/Article/1538599/remarks-by-secretary-mattis-at-plenary-session-of-the-2018-shangri-la-dialogue/.
(19)“Japan-U.S.Summit Meeting,” September 26,2018,https://www.mofa.go.jp/na/na1/us/page3e_000938.html.
(20)“Liaison Meeting of the Government and Ruling Parties,” November 12,2018,https://japan.kantei.go.jp/98_abe/actions/201811/_00021.html.
(21)“More Important Than Ever:Renewing the U.S.-Japan Alliance for the 21st Century,” CSIS,Oct.2018,p.3.
(22)渡瀬裕哉:《トランプのアジア諸国漫遊「安倍外交の一人勝ち」》,PRESIDENT(プレジデント),2017年12/18号。
(23)吴怀中:《安倍政府印太战略及中国的应对》,载《现代国际关系》2018年第1期。
(24)“More Important Than Ever:Renewing the U.S.-Japan Alliance for the 21st Century,” CSIS,Oct.2018,p.2.
(25)“The Article II Mandate:Forging a Strong Economic Alliance between the United States and Japan,” Nov.2018,CSIS,p.4.
(26)“Examples of Japan-U.S.cooperation to maintain and promote a free and open Indo-Pacific,” September 26,2018,https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000436132.pdf.
(27)“Japan-India Summit Meeting,” September 7,2016,https://www.mofa.go.jp/s_sa/sw/in/page4e_000515.html.
(28)“Japan-India Summit Meeting,” November 11,2016,https://www.mofa.go.jp/s_sa/sw/in/page3e_000616.html.
(29)“Japan-India Joint Statement:Toward a Free,Open and Prosperous Indo-Pacific,” September 14,2017,https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000289999.pdf.
(30)“Japan-India Vision Statement”,Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan,October 29,2018,https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000413507.pdf.
(31)“Eighth Japan-Australia Foreign and Defence Ministerial Consultations (“2+2”),” October 10,2018,https://www.mofa.go.jp/a_o/ocn/au/page3e_000949.html.
(32)Andrew Shearer,“U.S.-Japan-Australia strategic Cooperation in the Trump Era:Moving from Aspiration to Action,” Southeast Asian Affairs,Singapore,2017,pp.83-99.
(33)“Australia-India-Japan-U.S.Consultations on the Indo-Pacific,” November 12,2017,https://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/press4e_001789.html.
(34)“Japan-Australia-India-U.S.Consultations,” June 7,2018,https://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/press4e_002062.html;“Japan-Australia-India-U.S.Consultations,” November 15,2018,https://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/press1e_000099.html.
(35)“The Article II Mandate:Forging a Strong Economic Alliance between the United States and Japan,” Nov.2018,CSIS,p.9.
(36)David Hutt,“The ‘Indo-Pacific’ Vision:Room For Britain And France?”,November 14,2017,https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidhutt/2017/11/14/the-indo-pacific-vision-room-for-britain-and-france/#6e7056984382.
(37)“日英联合记者招待会”,2019年1月10日,http://www.kantei.go.jp/cn/98_abe/statement/201901/_00005.html。
(38)“Japan-Germany Summit Meeting,” February 4,2019,https://www.mofa.go.jp/erp/c_see/page6e_000166.html.
(39)“Japan-France Foreign and Defense Minister’s Meeting,” January 11,2019,https://www.mofa.go.jp/erp/we/fr/page6e_000168.html.
(40)“More Important Than Ever:Renewing the U.S.-Japan Alliance for the 21st Century,” CSIS,Oct.2018,p.3.
(41)“Watching him nervously”,September 6,2018,https://www.economist.com/asia/2018/09/08/japan-is-worried-about-its-alliance-with-america.
(42)张云:“特金二会受挫为各方提供缓冲期”,联合早报网,2019年3月12日,http://www.zaobao.com/forum/views/opinion/story20190312-939207。
(43)薬師寺,克行:“トランプはインド太平洋戦略を曲解している:日本が中国への対抗策を提案したのに”,2017年11月14日,http://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/197307。
(44)Pan Chengxin,“The ‘Indo-Pacific’ and geopolitical anxieties about China’s rise in the Asian regional order,” Australian Journal of International Affairs,Vol.68,2014,pp.453-469.
(45)Michael D.Swaine,“Creating an Unstable Asia:the U.S.‘Free and Open Indo-Pacific’ Strategy,” March 2,2018,Foreign Affairs,https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/03/02/creating-unstable-asia-u.s.-free-and-open-indo-pacific-%20strategy-pub-75720.
(46)Rory Medcalf,“Pivoting the Map:Australia’s Indo-Pacific System,” November 2012,The Center of Gravity,https://archive.lowyinstitute.org/sites/default/files/pivoting_the_map_0.pdf;Rory Medcalf,“The Indo-Pacific:What in a Name,” August 16,2012,https://archive.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/indo-pacific-what-name;Rory Medcalf,“Whose Indo-Pacific?China,India and the United States in the Regional Maritime Security Order,” May 21,2013,http://lowyinstitute.org/publications/whose-indo-pacific-china-india-and-united-states-regional-maritime-security-order;Rory Medcalf,“Defining Asia the Indo-Pacific Way,” Mar 31,2014,http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/opinion/defining-asia-indo-pacific-way.
(47)Mercy A.Kuo,“The Origin of ‘Indo-Pacific’ as Geopolitical Construct:Insights from Gurpreet Khurana,”January 25,2018,https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/the-origin-of-indo-pacific-as-geopolitical-construct/.
(48)Andrew Shearer,“U.S.-Japan-Australia strategic Cooperation in the Trump Era:Moving from Aspiration to Action,Southeast Asian Affairs,Singapore 2017,p.90.
(49)Sanjay Singh,“Indo-Pacific:A Construct for Peace and Stability,” Indian Foreign Affairs Journal,Vol.9,Iss.2,Apr-Jun.2014,pp.100-105.李莉:《印度东进战略与印太外交》,载《现代国际关系》2018年第1期。
(50)Deepa M.Ollapally,“Understanding Indian policy dilemmas in the Indo-Pacific through an India-US-China maritime triangle lens,” Maritime Affairs,Vol.12,2016,pp.1-12.
(51)Alyssa Ayres,“The U.S.Indo-Pacific Strategy Needs More Indian Ocean,” Council on Foreign Relations,January 22,2019,https://www.cfr.org/expert-brief/us-indo-pacific-strategy-needs-more-indian-ocean.
(52)有的印度学者认为走向美印结盟意味着印度从不结盟政策走向“战略自主”。Monish Tourangbam,“Indo-Pacific and the Practice of Strategic Autonomy,” Indian Foreign Affairs Journal,Vol.9,Iss.2,Apr-Jun.2014,pp.119-124.
(53)Titli Basu,“India’s Approach towards Indo-Pacific Triangularity,” The Asan Forum,May 18,2016,http://www.theasanforum.org/category/alternative-scenarios/?post_id=7243;Titli Basu,“India-Japan Vision 2025:Deciphering the Indo-Pacific Strategy,” Indian Foreign Affairs Journal,Vol.13,No.3,July-September 2018,pp.249-250.相近观点认为印度强化“战略自主”的同时保持不结盟政策,参见D.Gopal and Dalbir Ahlawat,eds.,Indo-Pacific:Emerging Powers,Evolving Regions and Global Governance,New Delhi,Aakar,2016,p.10.
(54)C.Raja Mohan,“The New Triangular Diplomacy:India,China and America at Sea,” The Diplomat,November 5,2012,https://thediplomat.com/2012/11/the-new-triangular-diplomacy-india-china-and-america-on-the-high-seas/?allpages=yes.
(55)Harsh V.Pant and Yogesh Joshi,“The American ‘Pivot’ and the Indian Navy:It’s Hedging All the Way,” Naval War College Review,Vol.68,No.1,Winter,2015,pp.47-69.
(56)“India-Australia-Japan-U.S.Consultations on Indo-Pacific,” Ministry of External Affairs,Government of India,November 11,2017,https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/29110/.
(57)“Text of Prime Minister’s Keynote Address at Shangri La Dialogue,” Press Information Bureau,Government of India,Prime Minister’s Office,June 1,2018,at http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=179711.
(58)“Japan-India Vision Statement”,Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan,October 29,2018,https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000413507.pdf.
(59)许少民:《澳大利亚“印太”战略观:内涵、动因和前景》,载《当代亚太》2018年第3期。
(60)Charissa Yong,“Singapore not joining US,Japan-led free and open Indo-Pacific for now:Vivian Balakrishnan,” May 14,2018,https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-not-joining-us-japan-led-free-and-open-indo-pacific-for-now-vivian-balakrishnan.
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(62)“韩总理出席博鳌亚洲论坛首尔会议”,韩联社,2018年11月20日,https://cn.yna.co.kr/view/ACK20181120004900881 section=search。
(63)Mercy A.Kuo,“What the EU Thinks of the US ‘Indo-Pacific’ Strategy:Insights from Bernt Berger,” January 31,2018,https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/what-the-eu-thinks-of-the-us-indo-pacific-strategy/.
(64)Michael D.Swaine,“Creating an Unstable Asia:the U.S.‘Free and Open Indo-Pacific’ Strategy,” March 2,2018,Foreign Affairs,https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/03/02/creating-unstable-asia-u.s.-free-and-open-indo-pacific-%20strategy-pub-75720.
(65)Jeffrey D.Wilson,“Rescaling to the Indo-Pacific:From Economic to Security-Driven Regionalism in Asia,” East Asia:An International Quarterly,Vol.35,Iss.2,Jun.2018,pp.177-196.
(66)Troy Lee-Brown,“Asia’s Security Triangles:Maritime Min-ilateralism in the Indo-Pacific,” East Asia:An International Quarterly,Vol.35,Iss.2,Jun.2018,pp.163-176.
(67)Rory Medcalf,“Whose Indo-Pacific?China,India and the United States in the Regional Maritime Security Order,” May 21,2013,http://lowyinstitute.org/publications/whose-indo-pacific-china-india-and-united-states-regional-maritime-security-order.
(68)Eric Heginbotham and Richard J.Samuels,“Japan’s Dual Hedge,” Foreign Affairs,New York,Vol.8,No.5,Sep/Oct.2002,pp.110-121.
(69)Tsuneo Watanabe,“Japan’s Security Strategy toward the Rise of China:From a Friendship Paradigm to a Mix of Engagement and Hedging,” The Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research,April 6,2015,http://www.tokyofoundation.org/en/articles/2015/security-strategy-toward-rise-of-china/?searchterm=Japan’s Security Strategy toward the Rise of China.关于日本对华战略选择的模式,美国学者迈克·望月提出“合作性接触的软对冲”“竞争性接触的硬对冲”“平衡和遏制”及“战略适应”四种模式。参见Mike M.Mochizuki,“Japan’s Shifting Strategy toward the Rise of China,” The Journal of Strategic Studies,Vol.30,Iss.4/5,Aug.2007,pp.739-776.
(70)Hiroyuki Akita,“Can Japan and China move beyond a tactical détente?” East Asia Forum Quarterly,Vol.10,No.3,July-September 2018.
(71)“安倍内阁总理大臣在第23届国际交流会议‘亚洲的未来’晚餐会上的演讲”,2017年6月5日,https://www.kantei.go.jp/cn/97_abe/statement/201706/1222916_11524.html。
(72)[美]格雷厄姆·艾利森:《注定一战:中美能避免修昔底德陷阱吗?》,上海人民出版社2019年版,推荐序第3页。
(73)郑永年:《海盗、航海家与亚洲秩序》,联合早报网,2019年2月12日,http://www.zaobao.com/forum/views/opinion/story20190212-931160。
(74)Rory Medcalf,“Goodbye Asia-Pacific.But Why the Sudden Buzz over Indo-Pacific?” South China Morning Post,December 31,2017,http://www.scmp.com/week-asia/geopolitics/article/2126210/goodbye-asia-pacific-why-sudden-buzz-over-indo-pacific;Rory Medcalf,“Australia’s Foreign Policy White Paper Navigating Uncertainty in the Indo-Pacific,” Security Challenges,Vol.14,No.1,2018,pp.33-39.
(75)He Baogang,“Chinese Expanded Perception of the Region and Its Changing Attitudes Toward the Indo-Pacific:a Hybrid Vision of the Institutionalization of the Indo-Pacific,” East Asia:An International Quarterly,Vol.35,Iss.2,Jun.2018,pp.117-132.
(76)郑永年:《如何构建开放的亚洲秩序?》,联合早报网,2018年6月12日,http://www.zaobao.com/forum/views/opinion/story20180612-866533。
(77)宋伟:《从印太地区到印太体系:演进中的战略格局》,载《太平洋学报》2018年第11期。
(78)He Kai,“Three Faces of the Indo-Pacific:Understanding the ‘Indo-Pacific’ from an IR Theory Perspective,” East Asia:An International Quarterly,Vol.35,Iss.2,Jun.2018,pp.149-161.
(79)G.V.C.Naidu,“‘Indo-Pacific’ as a New Template of Analysis,” Indian Foreign Journal,Vol.9,Iss.2,Apr-Jun.2014,pp.106-111.
(80)Rory Medcalf,“Goodbye Asia-Pacific.But Why the Sudden Buzz over Indo-Pacific?” South China Morning Post,December 31,2017,http://www.scmp.com/week-asia/geopolitics/article/2126210/goodbye-asia-pacific-why-sudden-buzz-over-indo-pacific.