近60a来洞庭湖水位演变特征及其影响因素
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摘要
基于1956-2015年洞庭湖主要控制站实测水文数据,运用Mann-Kendall检验法、主成分分析法对比分析了近60a来洞庭湖东、南、西三个湖区水位演变特征及其影响因素。结果表明:从调弦口堵口至葛洲坝截流后,南咀和城陵矶站同流量下水位均升高,但南咀站平均水位受三口分流能力减弱而下降(0.03 m),城陵矶站平均水位受湖盆泥沙淤积和长江干流顶托作用而上升(1.33 m);三峡水库运行后,湖盆冲淤基本持平,湖泊同流量下水位基本不变,由于该时段长江流域整体为相对枯水期,因而与葛洲坝截流后相比湖泊年平均水位下降约0.31~0.58 m。近60 a来南咀站平均水位呈显著下降趋势(p<0.05),而城陵矶站水位呈显著上升趋势(p<0.01),说明湖泊水位影响因素作用存在空间异质性。洞庭湖年内水位存在涨(4-5月)~丰(6-9月)~退(10-11月)~枯(12月-次年3月)的变化特征,葛洲坝运行期丰水期水位上涨明显,三峡运行期各月水位均有下降,受水库调度方式影响7-10月水位降幅最大。洞庭湖流域降水量、四水入湖和出湖径流大小以及长江干流水情是洞庭湖水位变化的主要影响因素,三口来沙变异条件下的洞庭湖冲淤量变化是湖泊水位变化的次要因素。
The associated driving factors for the variations of the water level of Lake Dongting were investigated based on observed hydrological series from 1956 to 2015 for the major gauging stations in the Lake Dongting watershed.Our results indicated that:(1) After the curving cut-off of the lower Jingjiang River and the closure of the mainriver at Gezhouba,the contribution percentages of the discharge of Three Outlets to the total inflow discharge to Lake Dongting decreased,resulting in a decreased water level of Lake Dongting at Nanzui.The increase of draining capability of the lower Jingjiang River,together with the increased sediment deposition in Lake Dongting,resulted in increased water levels at Chenglingji.After the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR),rainfall in the lake watershed decreased notably and sediment erosion rate overrode that of deposition rate,water levels in Lake Dongting drop 0.31 ~ 0.58 meters compared with that during the period after the closure of the main river at Gezhouba.(2) Water level in Nanzui during the past 60 years decreased significantly(p < 0.05),while water level at Chenglingji station showed a significant increasing trend(p < 0.05),indicating driving factors of water level have different impacts on different lake regions.(3) Water level of Lake Dongting rose in April-May,remained in high level in June-September,decreased in October-November,and remained in low level in December-March.During the period after the closure of the mainriver at Gezhouba,water level of Lake Dongting during flood period rose notably,and decreased during the post-TGR period,and this is especially pronounced during July-October owe to flood-storage dispatch of TGR.(4) The rainfall in the lake Dongting watershed,the runoff of the four rivers into Lake Dongting,and the discharge of Yangtze River have been the main driving forces of the water level variations of Lake Dongting during the past 60 years.The suspended sediment deposition rate in Dongting Lake basin,resulting from the runoff and sediment discharge of the Three Outlet,is a secondary factor of the long-term variations of water level of Lake Dongting.
The associated driving factors for the variations of the water level of Lake Dongting were investigated based on observed hydrological series from 1956 to 2015 for the major gauging stations in the Lake Dongting watershed.Our results indicated that:(1) After the curving cut-off of the lower Jingjiang River and the closure of the mainriver at Gezhouba,the contribution percentages of the discharge of Three Outlets to the total inflow discharge to Lake Dongting decreased,resulting in a decreased water level of Lake Dongting at Nanzui.The increase of draining capability of the lower Jingjiang River,together with the increased sediment deposition in Lake Dongting,resulted in increased water levels at Chenglingji.After the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR),rainfall in the lake watershed decreased notably and sediment erosion rate overrode that of deposition rate,water levels in Lake Dongting drop 0.31 ~ 0.58 meters compared with that during the period after the closure of the main river at Gezhouba.(2) Water level in Nanzui during the past 60 years decreased significantly(p < 0.05),while water level at Chenglingji station showed a significant increasing trend(p < 0.05),indicating driving factors of water level have different impacts on different lake regions.(3) Water level of Lake Dongting rose in April-May,remained in high level in June-September,decreased in October-November,and remained in low level in December-March.During the period after the closure of the mainriver at Gezhouba,water level of Lake Dongting during flood period rose notably,and decreased during the post-TGR period,and this is especially pronounced during July-October owe to flood-storage dispatch of TGR.(4) The rainfall in the lake Dongting watershed,the runoff of the four rivers into Lake Dongting,and the discharge of Yangtze River have been the main driving forces of the water level variations of Lake Dongting during the past 60 years.The suspended sediment deposition rate in Dongting Lake basin,resulting from the runoff and sediment discharge of the Three Outlet,is a secondary factor of the long-term variations of water level of Lake Dongting.
引文
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[2]Sun Zhandong,Huang Qun,Jiang Jiahu.Changes of major ecological and environmental issues in Dongting Lake region[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2011,20(9):1108-1113.[孙占东,黄群,姜加虎.洞庭湖主要生态环境问题变化分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2011,20(9):1108-1113.]
[3]Meng Xiong,Liao Xiaohong,Li Xichun.Study on characteristics of water level variation in Lake Dongting and its influences[J].Yangtze River,2014,45(13):17-21.[孟熊,廖小红,黎昔春.洞庭湖水位变化特性及影响研究[J].人民长江,2014,45(13):17-21.]
[4]Shi Xuan,Xiao Weihua,Wang Yong,et al.Characteristics and factors of water level variation in the Lake Dongting during the recent 50 years[J].South-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,2012,10(5):18-22.[史璇,肖伟华,王勇,等.近50年洞庭湖水位总体变化特征及成因分析[J].南水北调与水利科技,2012,10(5):18-22.]
[5]Cong Zhentao,Xiao Peng,Zhang Danwu,et al.Water stage at Chenglingji before and after the Three Gorges Project[J].Jourual of Hydroelectric Engineering,2014,33(3):23-28.[丛振涛,肖鹏,章诞武,等.三峡工程运行前后城陵矶水位变化及其原因分析[J].水力发电学报,2014,33(3):23-28.]
[6]Huang Qun,Sun Zhandong,Jiang Jiahu.Impact of the Three Gorges Reservoiron the lake water level of Lake Dongting[J].Journal of Lake Science,2011,23(3):424-428.[黄群,孙占东,姜加虎.三峡水库运行对洞庭湖水位影响分析[J].湖泊科学,2011,23(3):424-428.]
[7]Shi Xiurui,Xia Wei.Analysis of the relationship between water and sediment and water level in Chenglingji station[J].Yangtze River,2000,31(3):35-36.[施修端,夏薇.城陵矶站水沙及水位流量关系变化分析[J].人民长江,2000,31(3):35-36.]
[8]Duan Wenzhong,Zheng Yahui,Liu Jianjun.Causes of water level rising in Chenglingji-Luoshan reach of Changjiang River[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2001(2):29-34.[段文忠,郑亚慧,刘建军.长江城陵矶-螺山河段水位抬高及原因分析[J].水利学报,2001(2):29-34.]
[9]Wantzen K M,Rothhaupt K O,M9rtl M,et al.Ecological effects of water-level fluctuations in lakes:an urgent issue[J].Hydrobiologia,2008,613(1):1-4.
[10]Leira M,Cantonati M.Effects of water-level fluctuations on lakes:an annotated bibliography[J].Hydrobiologia,2008,613(1):171-184.
[11]Li Jingbao,Zhou Yongqiang,Ou Chaomin,et al.Evolution of water exchange ability between Dongting Lake and Yangtze River and its response to the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(1):108-117.[李景保,周永强,欧朝敏,等.洞庭湖与长江水体交换能力演变及对三峡水库运行的响应[J].地理学报,2013,68(1):108-117.]
[12]Li Jngbao,Chang Jiang,LüDianqing,et al.The hydrological effect between Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake during initial period of Three Gorges Project operation[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(11):1342-1352.[李景保,常疆,吕殿青,等.三峡水库调度运行初期荆江与洞庭湖区的水文效应[J].地理学报,2009,64(11):1342-1352.]
[13]Zhou Yongqiang,Li Jingbao,Zhang Yunlin,et al.Silting/scouring process responses of Dongting Lake basinto the operations of TGR and thresholds ofwater-sediment regulation[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(3):409-421.[周永强,李景保,张运林,等.三峡水库运行下洞庭湖盆冲淤过程响应与水沙调控阈值[J].地理学报,2014,69(3):409-421.]
[14]Sun Peng,Zhang Qiang,Chen Xiaohong,et al.Spatio-temporal patterns of sediment and runoff changes in the Poyang Lake basin and underlying causes[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2010,65(7):828-840.[孙鹏,张强,陈晓宏,等.鄱阳湖流域水沙时空演变特征及其机理[J].地理学报,2010,65(7):828-840.]
[15]Deng Zhimin,Zhang Xiang,Xiao Yang,et al.Study of evolution of water level in Poyang Lake and impact factors[J].Engineering Journal of Wuhan University,2015,48(5):615-621.[邓志民,张翔,肖洋,等.鄱阳湖水位演变及其影响因子分析[J].武汉大学学报:工学版,2015,48(5):615-621.]
[16]Mamattursun Eziz,Hamid Yimit,Ma Rong.Analazing the variation and driving forces of the runoff in Yanqi basin,Xinjiang during 1956-2010[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(3):670-677.[麦麦提吐尔逊·艾则孜,海米提·依米提,马蓉.1956-2010年新疆焉耆盆地径流变化特征及驱动力分析[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(3):670-677.]
[17]Yang Qili,He Zhengwei.Land use/land cover changes and their driving factors in Dunhuang City of Gansu Province during 2010-2013[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2016,38(2):558-566.[杨绮丽,何政伟.2000-2013年甘肃敦煌市土地利用变化及其驱动因素分析[J].冰川冻土,2016,38(2):558-566.]
[18]An Meiling,Zhang Bo,Sun Liwei,et al.Quantitative analysis of dynamic change of land use and its influencing factors in upper reaches of the Heihe River[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(2):355-363.[安美玲,张勃,孙力炜,等.黑河上游土地利用动态变化及影响因素的定量分析[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(2):355-363.]
[19]Li Jingbao,Zhang Zhaoqing,Ou Chaomin,et al.Responces of water regimes in Lake Dongting area under different dispatching modes during the running period of the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(9):1251-1260.[李景保,张照庆,欧超敏,等.三峡水库不同调度方式运行期洞庭湖区的水情响应[J].地理学报,2011,66(9):1251-1260.]
[20]Shi Chengxi.Introduction of Chinese lake[M].Beijing:Science Press,1989.[施成熙.中国湖泊概论[M].北京:科学出版社,1989.]
[21]Wang Guojie,Jiang Tong,Wang Yanjun,et al.Characteristics of climate change in the Lake Dongting basin(1961-2003)[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2006,18(5):470-475.[王国杰,姜彤,王艳君,等.洞庭湖流域气候变化特征(1961-2003年)[J].湖泊科学,2006,18(5):470-475.]
[22]Hu Guangwei,Mao Dehua,Li Zhengzui,et al.Analysis on the runoff characteristics in and out Lake Dongting in recent 60 years[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,34(1):89-96.[胡光伟,毛德华,李正最,等.60年来洞庭湖区进出湖径流特征分析[J].地理科学,2013,34(1):89-96.]
[23]Li Ying,Gao Ge,Ye Dianxiu,et al.Climatic characters over China in 2011[J].Meteorological Monthly,2012,38(4):464-471.[李莹,高歌,叶殿秀,等.2011年中国气候概况[J].气象,2012,38(4):464-471.]
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