选择性注意的发生机制及影响因素
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摘要
选择性注意是受众的一种重要的心理现象,可以被分解为选择性接触、选择性理解、选择性记忆三个层次。本文界定了选择性注意的概念后,先回顾认知心理学中关于选择性注意的研究,总结以往研究中关于其发生机制的一致观点和矛盾之处,然后从信息特征、个人特征及情境因素三大方面梳理其影响因素。未来的研究可以结合选择性注意机制和遗忘机制进行探索,并讨论不同影响因素下选择性注意的效用差异,从而完善选择性注意的研究体系。
Selective attention is a kind of important psychological phenomenon which includes three aspects in total: selective exposure,selective apprehension,and selective retention. After defining the concept of selective attention,this paper first reviews the research on selective attention in cognitive psychology,so that to summarize consistency and contradiction of their views on its mechanism in previous research,then summarizes the impact on selective attention from three aspects: information characteristics,personal characteristics and situational factors. Future research can be combined with selective attention mechanism and forgetting mechanism,and discuss the utility difference of selective attention under different factors,so as to improve the research system of selective attention.
Selective attention is a kind of important psychological phenomenon which includes three aspects in total: selective exposure,selective apprehension,and selective retention. After defining the concept of selective attention,this paper first reviews the research on selective attention in cognitive psychology,so that to summarize consistency and contradiction of their views on its mechanism in previous research,then summarizes the impact on selective attention from three aspects: information characteristics,personal characteristics and situational factors. Future research can be combined with selective attention mechanism and forgetting mechanism,and discuss the utility difference of selective attention under different factors,so as to improve the research system of selective attention.
引文
柴江霞,赵笑梅(2015).积极情绪对注意范围和思维活动序列的影响.心理与行为研究,13(1),31-36.
范玲霞,齐森青,郭仁露,黄博,杨东(2014).奖励影响注意选择的认知加工机制.心理科学进展,22(10),1573-1584.
顾吉有,吕勇(2016).选择性注意和分配性注意对多感觉整合的不同影响.心理与行为研究,14(2),202-206.
广陵(1996).传播学的选择性理论.新闻爱好者,(7),16-17.
拉扎斯菲尔德,贝雷尔森,高德特著(2011).人民的选择(唐茜译).北京:中国人民大学出版社.
李秀君,石文典(2016).选择性注意对听觉内隐学习的影响.心理学报,48(3),221-229.
钱莹莹,王福兴,段朝辉,周宗奎(2016).动画速度和学习者经验对多媒体学习的影响.心理发展与教育,32(2),191-197.
石文典,李秀君,王维,严文华(2013).多通道与单通道的内隐学习效应比较.心理学报,45(12),1313-1323.
王福兴,段朝辉,周宗奎,陈珺(2015).邻近效应对多媒体学习中图文整合的影响:线索的作用.心理学报,47(2),224-233.
王建军,张锋,何亚芸(2007).自我概念影响选择性记忆的理论模型与研究.应用心理学,13(3),271-278.
王敬欣,贾丽萍,黄培培,白学军(2014).情绪场景图片的注意偏向:眼动研究.心理科学,37(6),1291-1295.
王英英,朱子建,吴艳红(2016).记忆的动态变化:记忆的编码、巩固和遗忘.科学通报,61(1),12-19.
魏萍,周晓林(2005).从知觉负载理论来理解选择性注意.心理科学进展,13(4),413-420.
谢和平,王福兴,周宗奎,吴鹏(2016).多媒体学习中线索效应的元分析.心理学报,48(5),540-555.
徐洁,周宁(2010).认知需求对个体信息加工倾向性的影响.心理科学进展,18(4),685-690.
徐晓波,庞维国(2016).中小学生数学学习粗心现象与注意能力的关系.心理与行为研究,14(1),80-86.
尹非凡,王詠(2013).消费行为领域中的调节定向.心理科学进展,21(2),347-357.
曾祥星,杜娟,王凯欣,郑希付(2015).记忆再巩固的时间动态性及其生物学机制.心理科学进展,23(4),582-590.
张学民,舒华,高薇(2003).视觉选择性注意加工的优先效应与加工模式.心理科学,26(2),358-359.
张玥,刘越月,石加男(2015).积极情绪强度对广告外显和内隐记忆的影响.心理与行为研究,13(4),541-546.
周详,沈德立(2006).高效率学习的选择性注意研究.心理科学,29(5),1159-1163.
Anderson,B.A.(2016).Social reward shapes attentional biases.Cognitive Neuroscience,7,30-36.
Anderson,B.A.,&Yantis,S.(2012).Value-driven oculomotor capture.Journal of Vision,12(9),372-372.
Broadbent,D.E.(1958).Perception and communication.United States:Pergamon Press.
Deutsch,J.A.,&Deutsch,D.(1963).Attention:some theoretical considerations.Psychological Review,70,80-90.
Eitel,A.,Scheiter,K.,&Schüler,A.(2013).How inspecting a picture affects processing of text in multimedia learning.Applied Cognitive Psychology,27(4),451-461.
Fischer,S.,&Schwan,S.(2010).Comprehending animations:effects of spatial cueing versus temporal scaling.Learning&Instruction,20(6),465-475.
Grol,M.,Koster,E.,Bruyneel,L.,&Raedt,R.(2014).Effects of positive mood on attention broadening for self-related information.Psychological Research,78(4),566-573.
Jamet,E.(2014).An eye-tracking study of cueing effects in multimedia learning.Computers in Human Behavior,32(1),47-53.
Johnson,C.I.,&Mayer,R.E.(2012).An eye movementanalysis of the spatial contiguity effect in multimedia learning.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Applied,18(2),178-191.
Kahneman,D.(1973).Attention and effort.Englewood Cliffs,N.J:Prentice-Hall.
Kirmani,A.,&Zhu,R.(2007).Vigilant against manipulation:the effect of regulatory focus on the use of persuasion knowledge.Journal of Marketing Research,44(4),688-701.
Klapper,J.T.(1960).The effects of mass communication.Glencoe,Ill.:Free Press.
Krishna,A.,Lwin,M.O.,&Morrin,M.(2010).Product scent and memory.Journal of Consumer Research,37(1),57-67.
Kuo,J.C.,Horng,D.J.,Lin,C.L.,&Lee,S.H.(2012).The causal relationship between need for cognition and advertising recall.Social Behavior&Personality:an International Journal,40(6),1025-1032.
Laurent,P.A.,Hall,M.G.,Anderson,B.A.,&Yantis,S.(2015).Valuable orientations capture attention.Visual Cognition,23,133-146.
Lavie,N.(1995).Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention.Journal of Experimental Psychology,21(3),451-468.
Meyer,K.,Rasch,T.,&Schnotz,W.(2010).Effects of animation's speed of presentation on perceptual processing and learning.Learning&Instruction,20(2),136-145.
Olsen,L.E.,Samuelsen,B.M.,&Gaustad,T.(2014).Same service,different ad claims:the moderating role of need for cognition.Psychology&Marketing,31(12),1064-1073.
Ozcelik,E.,Arslan-Ari,I.,&Cagiltay,K.(2010).Why does signaling enhance multimedia learning?evidence from eye movements.Computers in Human Behavior,26(1),110-117.
Ryu,G.,Suk,K.,Yoon,S.O.,&Park,J.(2014).The underlying mechanism of self-regulatory focus impact on compromise choice.Journal of Business Research,67(10),2056-2063.
Schmidt-Weigand,F.,Kohnert,A.,&Glowalla,U.(2010).Explaining the modality and contiguity effects:New insightsfrom investigating students'viewing behaviour.Applied Cognitive Psychology,24(2),226-237.
Sedikides,C.(1992).Changes in the valence of the self as a function of mood.Personality&Social Psychology Review,14,271-311.
Sedikides,C.,&Green,J.D.(2000).On the self-protective nature of inconsistency-negativity management:Using the person memory paradigm to examine self-referent memory.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,79(6),906-922.
Shen,H.,&Sengupta,J.(2014).The crossmodal effect of attention on preferences:facilitation versus impairment.Journal of Consumer Research,40(5),885-903.
Tafarodi,R.W.,&Milne,A.B.(2002).Decomposing global self-esteem.Journal of Personality,70(4),443-483.
Tafarodi,R.W.,Marshall,T.C.,&Milne,A.B.(2003).Self-esteem and memory.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,84(1),29-45.
Yoon,Y.,Sarial-Abi,G.,&Gürhan-Canli,Z.(2012).Effect of regulatory focus on selective information processing.Journal of Consumer Research,39(1),93-110.
范玲霞,齐森青,郭仁露,黄博,杨东(2014).奖励影响注意选择的认知加工机制.心理科学进展,22(10),1573-1584.
顾吉有,吕勇(2016).选择性注意和分配性注意对多感觉整合的不同影响.心理与行为研究,14(2),202-206.
广陵(1996).传播学的选择性理论.新闻爱好者,(7),16-17.
拉扎斯菲尔德,贝雷尔森,高德特著(2011).人民的选择(唐茜译).北京:中国人民大学出版社.
李秀君,石文典(2016).选择性注意对听觉内隐学习的影响.心理学报,48(3),221-229.
钱莹莹,王福兴,段朝辉,周宗奎(2016).动画速度和学习者经验对多媒体学习的影响.心理发展与教育,32(2),191-197.
石文典,李秀君,王维,严文华(2013).多通道与单通道的内隐学习效应比较.心理学报,45(12),1313-1323.
王福兴,段朝辉,周宗奎,陈珺(2015).邻近效应对多媒体学习中图文整合的影响:线索的作用.心理学报,47(2),224-233.
王建军,张锋,何亚芸(2007).自我概念影响选择性记忆的理论模型与研究.应用心理学,13(3),271-278.
王敬欣,贾丽萍,黄培培,白学军(2014).情绪场景图片的注意偏向:眼动研究.心理科学,37(6),1291-1295.
王英英,朱子建,吴艳红(2016).记忆的动态变化:记忆的编码、巩固和遗忘.科学通报,61(1),12-19.
魏萍,周晓林(2005).从知觉负载理论来理解选择性注意.心理科学进展,13(4),413-420.
谢和平,王福兴,周宗奎,吴鹏(2016).多媒体学习中线索效应的元分析.心理学报,48(5),540-555.
徐洁,周宁(2010).认知需求对个体信息加工倾向性的影响.心理科学进展,18(4),685-690.
徐晓波,庞维国(2016).中小学生数学学习粗心现象与注意能力的关系.心理与行为研究,14(1),80-86.
尹非凡,王詠(2013).消费行为领域中的调节定向.心理科学进展,21(2),347-357.
曾祥星,杜娟,王凯欣,郑希付(2015).记忆再巩固的时间动态性及其生物学机制.心理科学进展,23(4),582-590.
张学民,舒华,高薇(2003).视觉选择性注意加工的优先效应与加工模式.心理科学,26(2),358-359.
张玥,刘越月,石加男(2015).积极情绪强度对广告外显和内隐记忆的影响.心理与行为研究,13(4),541-546.
周详,沈德立(2006).高效率学习的选择性注意研究.心理科学,29(5),1159-1163.
Anderson,B.A.(2016).Social reward shapes attentional biases.Cognitive Neuroscience,7,30-36.
Anderson,B.A.,&Yantis,S.(2012).Value-driven oculomotor capture.Journal of Vision,12(9),372-372.
Broadbent,D.E.(1958).Perception and communication.United States:Pergamon Press.
Deutsch,J.A.,&Deutsch,D.(1963).Attention:some theoretical considerations.Psychological Review,70,80-90.
Eitel,A.,Scheiter,K.,&Schüler,A.(2013).How inspecting a picture affects processing of text in multimedia learning.Applied Cognitive Psychology,27(4),451-461.
Fischer,S.,&Schwan,S.(2010).Comprehending animations:effects of spatial cueing versus temporal scaling.Learning&Instruction,20(6),465-475.
Grol,M.,Koster,E.,Bruyneel,L.,&Raedt,R.(2014).Effects of positive mood on attention broadening for self-related information.Psychological Research,78(4),566-573.
Jamet,E.(2014).An eye-tracking study of cueing effects in multimedia learning.Computers in Human Behavior,32(1),47-53.
Johnson,C.I.,&Mayer,R.E.(2012).An eye movementanalysis of the spatial contiguity effect in multimedia learning.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Applied,18(2),178-191.
Kahneman,D.(1973).Attention and effort.Englewood Cliffs,N.J:Prentice-Hall.
Kirmani,A.,&Zhu,R.(2007).Vigilant against manipulation:the effect of regulatory focus on the use of persuasion knowledge.Journal of Marketing Research,44(4),688-701.
Klapper,J.T.(1960).The effects of mass communication.Glencoe,Ill.:Free Press.
Krishna,A.,Lwin,M.O.,&Morrin,M.(2010).Product scent and memory.Journal of Consumer Research,37(1),57-67.
Kuo,J.C.,Horng,D.J.,Lin,C.L.,&Lee,S.H.(2012).The causal relationship between need for cognition and advertising recall.Social Behavior&Personality:an International Journal,40(6),1025-1032.
Laurent,P.A.,Hall,M.G.,Anderson,B.A.,&Yantis,S.(2015).Valuable orientations capture attention.Visual Cognition,23,133-146.
Lavie,N.(1995).Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention.Journal of Experimental Psychology,21(3),451-468.
Meyer,K.,Rasch,T.,&Schnotz,W.(2010).Effects of animation's speed of presentation on perceptual processing and learning.Learning&Instruction,20(2),136-145.
Olsen,L.E.,Samuelsen,B.M.,&Gaustad,T.(2014).Same service,different ad claims:the moderating role of need for cognition.Psychology&Marketing,31(12),1064-1073.
Ozcelik,E.,Arslan-Ari,I.,&Cagiltay,K.(2010).Why does signaling enhance multimedia learning?evidence from eye movements.Computers in Human Behavior,26(1),110-117.
Ryu,G.,Suk,K.,Yoon,S.O.,&Park,J.(2014).The underlying mechanism of self-regulatory focus impact on compromise choice.Journal of Business Research,67(10),2056-2063.
Schmidt-Weigand,F.,Kohnert,A.,&Glowalla,U.(2010).Explaining the modality and contiguity effects:New insightsfrom investigating students'viewing behaviour.Applied Cognitive Psychology,24(2),226-237.
Sedikides,C.(1992).Changes in the valence of the self as a function of mood.Personality&Social Psychology Review,14,271-311.
Sedikides,C.,&Green,J.D.(2000).On the self-protective nature of inconsistency-negativity management:Using the person memory paradigm to examine self-referent memory.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,79(6),906-922.
Shen,H.,&Sengupta,J.(2014).The crossmodal effect of attention on preferences:facilitation versus impairment.Journal of Consumer Research,40(5),885-903.
Tafarodi,R.W.,&Milne,A.B.(2002).Decomposing global self-esteem.Journal of Personality,70(4),443-483.
Tafarodi,R.W.,Marshall,T.C.,&Milne,A.B.(2003).Self-esteem and memory.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,84(1),29-45.
Yoon,Y.,Sarial-Abi,G.,&Gürhan-Canli,Z.(2012).Effect of regulatory focus on selective information processing.Journal of Consumer Research,39(1),93-110.