视觉选择性注意的神经机制
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摘要
大脑信息加工容量的有限性使得个体每时每刻均只能选择少部分信息输入进行有效加工,这主要源于注意选择,即选择性注意。选择性注意是指个体对复杂外部环境中的少量信息进行优先加工的认知过程。关于选择性注意的研究存在两个核心问题:一是注意选择的是什么?根据注意选择的目标或对象,选择性注意可分为基于空间、特征和客体的注意。二是注意选择如何产生?根据注意选择产生的方向,选择性注意可分为自上而下和自下而上注意。本文围绕上述两个核心问题,系统地探讨视觉选择性注意的神经机制。
Because of a limited capacity of information processing in the brain, the efficient processing of visual information requires selecting only a very small fraction of visual inputs at any given moment in time. Attention is the main mechanism that controls this selection process, namely selective attention. Selective attention is the mechanism by which the subset of incoming information is preferentially processed from the complex external environment. Research on selective attention has two key issues. One is what targets(inputs) are selected by attention. There are three different types of selective attention according to its selected target: spacebased, feature-based, and object-based attention. Another issue is how selective attention is generated. There are two different types of selective attention according to its generating source: top-down and bottom-up attention. In this review, these two issues are introduced to systematically discuss the neural mechanism of visual selective attention.
Because of a limited capacity of information processing in the brain, the efficient processing of visual information requires selecting only a very small fraction of visual inputs at any given moment in time. Attention is the main mechanism that controls this selection process, namely selective attention. Selective attention is the mechanism by which the subset of incoming information is preferentially processed from the complex external environment. Research on selective attention has two key issues. One is what targets(inputs) are selected by attention. There are three different types of selective attention according to its selected target: spacebased, feature-based, and object-based attention. Another issue is how selective attention is generated. There are two different types of selective attention according to its generating source: top-down and bottom-up attention. In this review, these two issues are introduced to systematically discuss the neural mechanism of visual selective attention.
引文
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24 Chun MM,Golomb JD,Turk-Browne NB.A taxonomy of external and internal attention.Annu Rev Psychol 2011;62:73-101.
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26 Zhang XL(张喜淋),Fang F.Neural mechanisms of bottom-up attention.Chin J Appl Psychol(应用心理学)2017;23(2):99-109(in Chinese with English abstract).
27 Yantis S,Serences JT.Cortical mechanisms of space-based and object-based attentional control.Curr Opin Neurobiol2003;13:187-193.
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34 Connor CE,Gallant JL,Preddie DC,Van Essen DC.Responses in area V4 depend on the spatial relationship between stimulus and attention.J Neurophysiol 1996;75:1306-1308.
35 Downing CJ,Pinker S.The spatial structure of visual attention.In:Posner MI,Marin OS(Eds.).Attention and Performance XI:Mechanisms of Attention.Hillsdale,NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum,1985,171-187.
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37 Baluch F,Itti L.Mechanisms of top-down attention.Trends Neurosci 2011;34(4):210-224.
38 Botvinick MM,Braver TS,Barch DM,Carter CS,Cohen JD.Conflict monitoring and cognitive control.Psychol Rev2001;108(3):624-652.
39 Kastner S,Ungerleider LG.Mechanisms of visual attention in the human cortex.Annu Rev Neurosci 2000;23:315-341.
40 Serences JT,Yantis S.Selective visual attention and perceptual coherence.Trends Cogn Sci 2006;10:38-45.
41 Zhang X,Japee S,Safiullah Z,Mlynaryk N,Ungerleider LG.A normalization framework for emotional attention.PLoS Biol 2016;14(11):e1002578.
42 Hopfinger JB,Buonocore MH,Mangun GR.The neural mechanisms of top-down attentional control.Nat Neurosci2000;3(3):284-291.
43 Corbetta M,Kincade JM,Ollinger JM,McAvoy MP,Shulman GL.Voluntary orienting is dissociated from target detection in human posterior parietal cortex.Nat Neurosci2000;3(3):292-297.
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46 Itti L,Koch C,Niebur E.A model of saliency-based visual attention for rapid scene analysis.IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach 1998;20(11):1254-1259.
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51 White BJ,Kan JY,Levy R,Itti L,Munoz DP.Superior colliculus encodes visual saliency before the primary visual cortex.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017;114(35):9451-9456.
52 White BJ,Berg DJ,Kan JY,Marino RA,Itti L,Munoz DP.Superior colliculus neurons encode a visual saliency map during free viewing of natural dynamic video.Nat Commun2017;8:14263.
53 Basso MA,Wurtz RH.Neuronal activity in substantia nigra pars reticulata during target selection.J Neurosci 2002;22(5):1883-1894.
54 Asplund CL,Todd JJ,Snyder AP,Marois R.A central role for the lateral prefrontal cortex in goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention.Nat Neurosci 2010;13(4):507-512.
55 Shipp S.The brain circuitry of attention.Trends Cogn Sci2004;8:223-230.
56 Bogler C,Bode S,Haynes J.Decoding successive computational stages of saliency processing.Curr Biol 2011;21(19):1667-1671.
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