基于DEM数据的地形效应经验预测模型研究
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摘要
采用基于透射边界的有限元—有限差分计算方法,以凸起地形为研究对象,利用地形对地震动峰值加速度以及不同控制周期点反应谱的放大倍数描述地形效应。首先研究输入地震动类型、输入地震波波型、(SV、SH)、入射角度、地形几何参数(宽度、高度、坡角等)、介质阻尼、相邻地形相互动力作用等不同因素对地形效应的影响。由于地形坡度是影响地形放大效应的重要参数,而且,在数字化地形数据(DEM)中,地形的坡度也是最容易获取的几何参数。因此,选择地形坡度作为地形对地震动反应谱放大效应经验预测模型的参数。在坡度固定的条件下,考虑上述不同因素均对最终所得预测模型的不确定性影响,最终采用分位数的方式给出相应于不同地震动参数的地形放大倍数经验预测模型,并利用实际观测数据对该模型的计算结果进行校验。最后,利用该模型,基于数字化地形数据(DEM)给出南北地震带不同地点对应不同地震动参数的地形放大倍数,以期为工程抗震设计提供参考并为特大地震风险评估工作中合理地考虑地形效应提供依据。
The explicit finite element analysis method is used to evaluate the terrain effects on ground motion,including the peak acceleration, the response spectrum magnification description topographic effect of different control period etc. A variety of different factors on the terrain effects, including the type of input ground motions,type of input seismic wave and the incident angle, terrain width, height and slope angle, position, and adjacent terrain output power interaction effects, are studied. The terrain slope is the most important parameter affecting the amplification effect of the terrain, and it is also the most possible one to be gotten in the digital terrain data(DEM), so it is determined as the parameter to determine the empirical prediction model of terrain effects. Taking the fixed slope and considering different factors affect the final resulting uncertainty of the prediction model,terrain magnification model corresponding to different ground motion parameters is given by the quantile method. The calculation results for the model using actual observations data were verified. Terrain magnification corresponding to different ground motion parameters of the North-South seismic belt are given, which can provide basis for earthquake risk assessment work considering the terrain effects reasonably.
The explicit finite element analysis method is used to evaluate the terrain effects on ground motion,including the peak acceleration, the response spectrum magnification description topographic effect of different control period etc. A variety of different factors on the terrain effects, including the type of input ground motions,type of input seismic wave and the incident angle, terrain width, height and slope angle, position, and adjacent terrain output power interaction effects, are studied. The terrain slope is the most important parameter affecting the amplification effect of the terrain, and it is also the most possible one to be gotten in the digital terrain data(DEM), so it is determined as the parameter to determine the empirical prediction model of terrain effects. Taking the fixed slope and considering different factors affect the final resulting uncertainty of the prediction model,terrain magnification model corresponding to different ground motion parameters is given by the quantile method. The calculation results for the model using actual observations data were verified. Terrain magnification corresponding to different ground motion parameters of the North-South seismic belt are given, which can provide basis for earthquake risk assessment work considering the terrain effects reasonably.
引文
[1]Borcherdt R D.Effects of local geology on ground motion near San Francisco Bay[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1970,60:29-61
[2]Boore D M.A note on the effect of simple topography on seismic SH waves[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1972,62:275-284
[3]袁晓铭,廖振鹏.任意圆弧形凸起地形对平面SH波的散射[J].地震工程与工程振动,1996,16(2):1-13(Yuan Xiaoming,Liao Zhenpeng.Scattering of plane SHwaves by a cylindrical hill of circular arc cross-section[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,1996,16(2):1-13(in Chinese))
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[5]张郁山.圆弧状多层沉积谷地在Rayleigh波入射下动力响应的解析解[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(9):2129-2143(Zhang Yushan.Analytical solution to dynamic response of circular-arc-shaped multi-layered valley due to incidence of Rayleigh wave[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2010,53(9):2129-2143(in Chinese))
[6]Fuyuki M,Matsumoto Y.Finite difference analysis of Rayleigh wave scattering at atrench[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1980,70:2051-2069
[7]Zhang W,Chen X F.Traction image method for irregular free surface boundaries infinite difference seismic wave simulation[J].Geophysical Journal International,2006,167(1):337-353
[8]Ge Z X,Chen X F.An efficient approach for simulating wave propagation with the boundary element method in multi layered media with irregular interfaces[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2008,98(6):3007-3016
[9]林皋,关飞.用边界元法研究地震波在不规则地形处的散射问题[J].大连理工大学学报,1990,30(2):145-152.(Lin Gao,Guan Fei.Scattering of seismic waves at irregular topographies by boundary element method[J].Journal of Dalian University of Technology,1990,30(2):145-152(in Chinese))
[10]Zhou H,Chen X F.A new approach to simulate scattering of SH waves by an irregular topography[J].Geophysical Journal International,2006,164(2):449-459
[11]Zhou H,Chen X F.The localized boundary integral equation-discrete wave number method for simulating P-SV wave scattering by an irregular topography[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2008,98(1):265-279
[12]刘晶波.局部不规则地形对地震地面运动的影响[J].地震学报,1996,18(2):239-245(Liu Jingbo.Impact on earth quake ground motion by local irregular terrain[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1996,18(2):239-245(in Chinese))
[13]荣棉水,李小军.局部地形对入射P波谱特性的影响分析[J].西北地震学报,2007,29(4):297-302(Rong Mianshui,Li Xiaojun.Effect analysis of topography on the spectrum property of Incident P waves[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2007,29(4):297-302(in Chinese))
[14]李英民,王丽萍,赵耀.岩质坡地建筑设计水平地震动放大系数的确定[J].地震工程与工程振动,2010,30(4):11-17(Li Yingmin,Wang Liping,Zhao Yao.Amplification factors of design horizontal ground motions for structures on rocks lopes[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2010,30(4):11-17(in Chinese))
[15]李英民,王丽萍,赵耀.坡地地形对竖向地震动反应谱特性的影响分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,2010,30(5):156-161(Li Yingmin,Wang Liping,Zhao Yao.Influence of slope terrain on characteristics of vertical ground motion responsespectra[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2010,30(5):156-161(in Chinese))
[16]徐光兴,姚令侃,高召宁,等.边坡动力特性与动力响应的大型振动台模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(3):624-632(Xu Guangxing,Yao Lingkan,Gao Shaoning,et al.Lager-scale shaking table model test study on dynamic characteristics and dynamic responeses of slope[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(3):624-632(in Chinese))
[17]董金玉,杨国香,伍法权,等.地震作用下顺层岩质边坡动力响应和破坏模式大型振动台试验研究[J].岩土力学,2011,32(10):2977-2988(Dong Jinyu,Yang Guoxiang,Wu Faquan,et al.The Large-scale shaking table test study of dynamic response and faiure model of bedding rock slope under earthquake[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(10):2977-2988(in Chinese))
[18]Celebi M.Topographical and geological amplifications determined from strong-motion and aftershock records of the 3 March 1985 Chile earthquake[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1987,77(4):1147-1167
[19]田林,徐则民,张家明.局部地形下入射波散射效应对场地地震响应的影响[J].地球物理学进展,2012,27(1):0122-0130(Tian Lin,Xu Zemin,Zhang Jiaming.Seismic response for local landform subjected to scattering of incident wave[J].Progress in Geophys,2012,27(1):0122-0130(in Chinese))
[20]Eurocode 8.ENV 2000-5 Design provisions for earthquake resistance of structures-part 5:foundations,retaining structures and geotechnical aspects[S].Brussels:CEN European Committee for Standardisation
[21]GB 50011-2001建筑抗震设计规范[S].2008版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001(GB 50011-2010Code for seismic design of buildings[S].2008 Edition.Beijing:China Building Industry Press,2010)
[22]Mauffroya E,Cruz-Atienzab V M,Cottona F,et al.Frequecy-scaled curvature as a proxy for topographic site effect amplification and ground motion variability[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2015,105(1):354-367
[23]邢昊.边坡地形的地震动放大效应经验预测模型研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2012(Xing Hao.Modeling of response spectral amplification rations from slope topography[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiao tong University,2012(in Chinese))
[24]李小军,廖振鹏,杜修力.有阻尼体系动力问题的一种显式差分解法[J].地震工程与工程振动,1992,12(4):74-80(Li Xiaojun,Liao Zhenpeng,Du Xiuli.An explicit finite difference method for viscoelastic dynamic problem[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,1992,12(4):74-80(in Chinese))
[25]郝明辉,张郁山.凸起地形对地震动特性的影响分析[J].地震学报,2014,36(5):883-894(Hao Minghui,Zhang Yushan.Analysis of terrain effect on the properties of ground motion[J].Acta Sesimologica Sinica,2014,36(5):883-894(in Chinese))
[26]郝明辉,张郁山.相邻地形对地震动特性的影响分析[J].中国地震,2015,31(4):656-667(Hao Minghui,Zhang Yushan.Analysis of the influence of adjacent terrain on ground motion characteristics[J].Earthquake Research in China,2015,31(4):656-667(in Chinese))
[27]郝明辉,张郁山.SV波斜入射下凸起地形对地震动特性的影响分析[J].震害防御技术,2018,13(3):552-561(Hao Minghui,Zhang Yushan.Analysis of terrain effect on the properties of ground motion due to Inclined SVWave[J].Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention,2018,13(3):552-561(in Chinese))
[28]王海云,谢礼立.自贡市西山公园地形对地震动的影响[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(7):1631-1638(Wang Haiyun,Xie Lili.Effects of topography on ground motion in the Xishan Park,Zigong City[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2010,53(7):1631-1638(in Chinese))
[2]Boore D M.A note on the effect of simple topography on seismic SH waves[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1972,62:275-284
[3]袁晓铭,廖振鹏.任意圆弧形凸起地形对平面SH波的散射[J].地震工程与工程振动,1996,16(2):1-13(Yuan Xiaoming,Liao Zhenpeng.Scattering of plane SHwaves by a cylindrical hill of circular arc cross-section[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,1996,16(2):1-13(in Chinese))
[4]梁建文,张郁山,顾晓鲁,等.圆弧形层状凹陷地形对平面SH波的散射[J].振动工程学报,2003,16(2):158-165(Liang Jianwen,Zhang Yushan,Gu Xiaolu,et al.Scattering of plane SH waves by a circular-Arc layered canyon[J].Journal of Engineering Vibration,2003,16(2):158-165(in Chinese))
[5]张郁山.圆弧状多层沉积谷地在Rayleigh波入射下动力响应的解析解[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(9):2129-2143(Zhang Yushan.Analytical solution to dynamic response of circular-arc-shaped multi-layered valley due to incidence of Rayleigh wave[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2010,53(9):2129-2143(in Chinese))
[6]Fuyuki M,Matsumoto Y.Finite difference analysis of Rayleigh wave scattering at atrench[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1980,70:2051-2069
[7]Zhang W,Chen X F.Traction image method for irregular free surface boundaries infinite difference seismic wave simulation[J].Geophysical Journal International,2006,167(1):337-353
[8]Ge Z X,Chen X F.An efficient approach for simulating wave propagation with the boundary element method in multi layered media with irregular interfaces[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2008,98(6):3007-3016
[9]林皋,关飞.用边界元法研究地震波在不规则地形处的散射问题[J].大连理工大学学报,1990,30(2):145-152.(Lin Gao,Guan Fei.Scattering of seismic waves at irregular topographies by boundary element method[J].Journal of Dalian University of Technology,1990,30(2):145-152(in Chinese))
[10]Zhou H,Chen X F.A new approach to simulate scattering of SH waves by an irregular topography[J].Geophysical Journal International,2006,164(2):449-459
[11]Zhou H,Chen X F.The localized boundary integral equation-discrete wave number method for simulating P-SV wave scattering by an irregular topography[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2008,98(1):265-279
[12]刘晶波.局部不规则地形对地震地面运动的影响[J].地震学报,1996,18(2):239-245(Liu Jingbo.Impact on earth quake ground motion by local irregular terrain[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1996,18(2):239-245(in Chinese))
[13]荣棉水,李小军.局部地形对入射P波谱特性的影响分析[J].西北地震学报,2007,29(4):297-302(Rong Mianshui,Li Xiaojun.Effect analysis of topography on the spectrum property of Incident P waves[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2007,29(4):297-302(in Chinese))
[14]李英民,王丽萍,赵耀.岩质坡地建筑设计水平地震动放大系数的确定[J].地震工程与工程振动,2010,30(4):11-17(Li Yingmin,Wang Liping,Zhao Yao.Amplification factors of design horizontal ground motions for structures on rocks lopes[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2010,30(4):11-17(in Chinese))
[15]李英民,王丽萍,赵耀.坡地地形对竖向地震动反应谱特性的影响分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,2010,30(5):156-161(Li Yingmin,Wang Liping,Zhao Yao.Influence of slope terrain on characteristics of vertical ground motion responsespectra[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2010,30(5):156-161(in Chinese))
[16]徐光兴,姚令侃,高召宁,等.边坡动力特性与动力响应的大型振动台模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(3):624-632(Xu Guangxing,Yao Lingkan,Gao Shaoning,et al.Lager-scale shaking table model test study on dynamic characteristics and dynamic responeses of slope[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(3):624-632(in Chinese))
[17]董金玉,杨国香,伍法权,等.地震作用下顺层岩质边坡动力响应和破坏模式大型振动台试验研究[J].岩土力学,2011,32(10):2977-2988(Dong Jinyu,Yang Guoxiang,Wu Faquan,et al.The Large-scale shaking table test study of dynamic response and faiure model of bedding rock slope under earthquake[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(10):2977-2988(in Chinese))
[18]Celebi M.Topographical and geological amplifications determined from strong-motion and aftershock records of the 3 March 1985 Chile earthquake[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1987,77(4):1147-1167
[19]田林,徐则民,张家明.局部地形下入射波散射效应对场地地震响应的影响[J].地球物理学进展,2012,27(1):0122-0130(Tian Lin,Xu Zemin,Zhang Jiaming.Seismic response for local landform subjected to scattering of incident wave[J].Progress in Geophys,2012,27(1):0122-0130(in Chinese))
[20]Eurocode 8.ENV 2000-5 Design provisions for earthquake resistance of structures-part 5:foundations,retaining structures and geotechnical aspects[S].Brussels:CEN European Committee for Standardisation
[21]GB 50011-2001建筑抗震设计规范[S].2008版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001(GB 50011-2010Code for seismic design of buildings[S].2008 Edition.Beijing:China Building Industry Press,2010)
[22]Mauffroya E,Cruz-Atienzab V M,Cottona F,et al.Frequecy-scaled curvature as a proxy for topographic site effect amplification and ground motion variability[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2015,105(1):354-367
[23]邢昊.边坡地形的地震动放大效应经验预测模型研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2012(Xing Hao.Modeling of response spectral amplification rations from slope topography[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiao tong University,2012(in Chinese))
[24]李小军,廖振鹏,杜修力.有阻尼体系动力问题的一种显式差分解法[J].地震工程与工程振动,1992,12(4):74-80(Li Xiaojun,Liao Zhenpeng,Du Xiuli.An explicit finite difference method for viscoelastic dynamic problem[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,1992,12(4):74-80(in Chinese))
[25]郝明辉,张郁山.凸起地形对地震动特性的影响分析[J].地震学报,2014,36(5):883-894(Hao Minghui,Zhang Yushan.Analysis of terrain effect on the properties of ground motion[J].Acta Sesimologica Sinica,2014,36(5):883-894(in Chinese))
[26]郝明辉,张郁山.相邻地形对地震动特性的影响分析[J].中国地震,2015,31(4):656-667(Hao Minghui,Zhang Yushan.Analysis of the influence of adjacent terrain on ground motion characteristics[J].Earthquake Research in China,2015,31(4):656-667(in Chinese))
[27]郝明辉,张郁山.SV波斜入射下凸起地形对地震动特性的影响分析[J].震害防御技术,2018,13(3):552-561(Hao Minghui,Zhang Yushan.Analysis of terrain effect on the properties of ground motion due to Inclined SVWave[J].Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention,2018,13(3):552-561(in Chinese))
[28]王海云,谢礼立.自贡市西山公园地形对地震动的影响[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(7):1631-1638(Wang Haiyun,Xie Lili.Effects of topography on ground motion in the Xishan Park,Zigong City[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2010,53(7):1631-1638(in Chinese))