东海PN断面透明胞外聚合颗粒物分布特征及来源研究
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摘要
透明胞外聚合颗粒物(TEP)是凝聚网的重要组成部分甚至核心,在微尺度范围上形成了水环境结构的重要梯度,对于元素地球化学生物循环、碳沉降以及食物网有着举足轻重的作用。本文研究了东海典型断面PN透明胞外聚合颗粒物的分布特征及来源。结果表明:东海典型断面PN透明胞外聚合颗粒物含量介于28~376μg Xeq./L之间,平均值为(115±67)μg Xeq./L;呈现出明显的夏季>冬季>秋季>春季的季节变化特征以及近岸>外海和底层>表层的分布趋势。通过对比透明胞外聚合颗粒物分布趋势和硅藻、甲藻分布趋势以及统计分析得出,东海典型断面PN透明胞外聚合颗粒物主要来源于硅藻,甲藻贡献不大;而外海TEP的来源可能主要由超微型浮游植物贡献。
Marine transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)is the core component in marine aggregation web.It is very important for gradient structure of water environment in microscale,which plays an important role in the marine food web and biogeochemical cycle,especially on the carbon sinking processes.This article firstly reports the TEP resources and its seasonal distribution along PN section in the East China Sea.Our results show that the concentration of TEP is between 28 and 376μg Xeq./L,and the mean value was(115±67)μg Xeq./L in the East China Sea.The seasonal change of TEP is abundant in turn of in summer,winter,autumn and spring,and in surface layer is greater than bottom layer,in near shore is abundant than in open ocean.According to the distribution patterns of TEP,the diatoms and dinoflagellates,it can be concluded that the main sources of TEP in PN section of the East China Sea were mainly come from the diatoms,and in the open ocean,the TEP is major from the picophytoplankton.
Marine transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)is the core component in marine aggregation web.It is very important for gradient structure of water environment in microscale,which plays an important role in the marine food web and biogeochemical cycle,especially on the carbon sinking processes.This article firstly reports the TEP resources and its seasonal distribution along PN section in the East China Sea.Our results show that the concentration of TEP is between 28 and 376μg Xeq./L,and the mean value was(115±67)μg Xeq./L in the East China Sea.The seasonal change of TEP is abundant in turn of in summer,winter,autumn and spring,and in surface layer is greater than bottom layer,in near shore is abundant than in open ocean.According to the distribution patterns of TEP,the diatoms and dinoflagellates,it can be concluded that the main sources of TEP in PN section of the East China Sea were mainly come from the diatoms,and in the open ocean,the TEP is major from the picophytoplankton.
引文
[1]Alldredge A L,Passow U,Logan B E.The abundance and significance of a class of large,transparent organic particles in the ocean[J].Deep-Sea Research PartⅠ:Oceanographic Research Papers,1993,40(6):1131-1140.
[2]Passow U,Shipe R F,Murray A,et al.The origin of transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)and their role in the sedimentation of particulate matter[J].Continental Shelf Research,2001,21(4):327-346.
[3]Alldredge A L,Passow U,Haddock H D.The characteristics and transparent exopolymer particle(TEP)content of marine snow formed from thecate dinoflagellates[J].Journal of Plankton Research,1998,20(3):393-406.
[4]Passow U.Transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)in aquatic environments[J].Progress in Oceanography,2002,55(3/4):287-333.
[5]Stoderegger K,Herndl G J.Production and release of bacterial capsular material and its subsequent utilization by marine bacterioplankton[J].Limnology&Oceanography,1998,43(5):877-884.
[6]Ramaiah N,Yoshikawa T,Furuya K.Temporal variations in transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)associated with a diatom spring bloom in a subarctic ria in Japan[J].Marine Ecology Progress,2001,212(1):79-88.
[7]Wild C.Effekte von“marine snow”—Sedimentation auf Steinkorallen(Hexacorallia,Scleractinia)des Great Barrier Reef,Australia[M].Bremen:University of Bremen,Dept of Biology and Chemistry,2000.
[8]Engel A.Carbon and nitrogen content of transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)in relation to their Alcian Blue adsorption[J].Marecolprogser,2001,219(8):1-10.
[9]Prairie J C,Kai Z,Arnosti C,et al.Delayed settling of marine snow at sharp density transitions driven by fluid entrainment and diffusion-limited retention[J].Marine Ecology-Progress Series,2013,487(1):185-200.
[10]孙军.海洋中的凝集网与透明胞外聚合颗粒物[J].生态学报,2005,25(5):1191-1198.Sun Jun.Transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)and aggregation web in marine environments[J].Aata Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(5):1191-1198.
[11]Jenkinson I R,Wyatt T.Selection and control of Deborah numbers in plankton ecology[J].Journal of Plankton Research,1992,39(14):1697-1721.
[12]Jenkinson I R.Bulk-phase viscoelastic properties of seawater[J].Oceanologica Acta,1993,16(4):317-334.
[13]Sherr E B.Direct use of high molecular weight polysaccharide by heterotrophic flagellates[J].Nature,1988,335(6188):348-351.
[14]Shimeta J.Diffusional encounter of submicrometer particles and small cells by suspension feeders[J].Limnology&Oceanography,1993,38(2):456-465.
[15]Prieto L,Sommer F,Stibor H,et al.Effects of Planktonic Copepods on Transparent Exopolymeric Particles(TEP)Abundance and Size Spectra[J].Journal of Plankton Research,2001,23(5):515-525.
[16]Donald C.Gordon J.A microscopic study of organic particles in the North Atlantic ocean[J].Deep-Sea Research&Oceanographic Abstracts,1970,17(1):175-185.
[17]Passow U,Alldredge A L.A dye-binding assay for the spectrophotometric measurement of transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)[J].Limnology&Oceanography,1995,40(7):1326-1335.
[18]Zhou J,Mopper K,Passow U.The role of surface-active carbohydrates in the formation of transparent exopolymer particles by bubble adsorption of seawater[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1998,43(8):1860-1871.
[19]Mari X.Carbon content and C∶N ratio of transparent exopolymeric particles(TEP)produced by bubbling exudates of diatoms[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,1999,183(3):59-71.
[20]Mari X,Beauvais S,Lemee R,et al.Non-Redfield C∶N ratio of transparent exopolymeric particles in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2001,46(7):1831-1836.
[21]Engel A.Distribution of transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)in the northeast Atlantic Ocean and their potential significance for aggregation processes[J].Deep-Sea Research PartⅠ:Oceanographic Research Papers,2004,51(1):83-92.
[22]Berman-frank I,Rosenberg G,Levitan O,et al.Coupling between autocatalytic cell death and transparent exopolymeric particle production in the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium,Environ[J].Microbiol,2007,9(6):1415-1422.
[23]Fukao T,Kimoto K,Kotani Y.Production of transparent exopolymer particles by four diatom species[J].Fisheries Science,2010,76(5):755-760.
[24]Ceballos-Romero E,le Moigne F A C,Henson S,et al.Influence of bloom dynamics on Particle Export Efficiency in the North Atlantic:a comparative study of radioanalytical techniques and sediment traps[J].Marine Chemistry,2016,186:198-210.
[25]Mari X,Passow U,Migon C,et al.Transparent exopolymer particles:Effects on carbon cycling in the ocean[J].Progress in Oceanography,2017,151:13-37.
[26]彭安国,黄奕普.九龙江河口区TEP及其与铀、钍、钋同位素相关性的研究[J].厦门大学学报:自然科学版,2007,46(A01):38-42.Peng Anguo,Huang Yipu.Study on TEP and its relationships with Uranium,Thorium,Poloium isotopes in Jiulong estuary[J].Journal of Xiamen University:Natural Science,2007,46(A01):38-42.
[27]孙翠慈,王友绍,吴梅林,等.夏季珠江口透明胞外聚合颗粒物分布特征[J].热带海洋学报,2010,29(5):81-7.Sun Cuici,Wang Youshao,Wu Meilin,et al.Distribution of transparent exopolymer particles in the Pearl River Estuary in summer[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2010,29(5):81-7.
[28]马丽丽,陈敏,郭劳动,等.北白令海透明胞外聚合颗粒物的含量与来源[J].海洋学报,2012,34(5):81-90.Ma Lili,Chen Min,Guo Laodong,et al.Distribution and source of transparent exopolymer particles in the northern bering Sea[J].Haiyang Xuebao,2012,34(5):81-90.
[29]孙军,刘东艳.一种海洋浮游植物定量研究分析方法—Uterm9hl方法的介绍及其改进[J].黄渤海海洋,2002,20(2):105-112.Sun Jun,Liu Dongyan.A quantative research and analysis methods for marine phytoplankton:an introdution to Uterm9hl method and its modification[J].Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai and Bohai Sea,2002,20(2):105-112.
[30]郭术津,孙军,汪岷.夏季东海PN断面浮游植物群集[J].海洋科学,2011,35(11):101-107.Guo Shujin,Sun Jun,Wang Min.Phytoplankton assemblages in PN section of East China Sea in summer[J].Marine Sciences,2011,35(11):101-107.
[31]山路勇.日本プランクトン図鑑[M].保育社,1962.Yamaji Yong.Japan plankton encyclopedia[M].Child Care Company,1962.
[32]Aminot A,Rey F.Standard procedure for the determination of chlorophyll aby spectroscopic methods[J].Techniques in Marine Environmental Sciences,2000,1-17.
[33]Thornton D C O.Formation of transparent exopolymeric particles(TEP)from macroalgal detritus[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2004,282(1):1-12.
[34]Riebesell U,Reigstad M,Wassmann P,et al.On the trophic fate of Phaeocystis pouchetii(hariot):Ⅵ.Significance of Phaeocystis-derived mucus for vertical flux[J].Netherlands Journal of Sea Research,1995,33(2):193-203.
[35]Hong Y,Smith W O.Studies on transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)produced in the Ross Sea(Antarctica)and by Phaeocystis antarctica(Prymnesiophyceae)[J].Journal of Phycology,2010,33(3):368-376.
[36]Engel A.Direct relationship between CO2uptake and transparent exopolymer particles production in natural phytoplankton[J].Journal of Plankton Research,2002,24(1):49-53.
[37]García C M,Prieto L,Vargas M,et al.Hydrodynamics and the spatial distribution of plankton and TEP in the Gulf of Cadiz(SW Iberian Peninsula)[J].Journal of Plankton Research,2002,24(8):817-833.
[38]Jennings M K,Passow U,Wozniak A S,et al.Distribution of transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)across an organic carbon gradient in the western North Atlantic Ocean[J].Marine Chemistry,2017,190:1-12.
[39]Prieto L,Navarro G,Cózar A,et al.Distribution of TEP in the euphotic and upper mesopelagic zones of the southern Iberian coasts[J].Deep-Sea Research PartⅡ:Topical Studies in Oceanography,2006,53(11/13):1314-1328.
[40]Wetz M S,Robbins M C,Paerl H W.Transparent Exopolymer Particles(TEP)in a River-Dominated Estuary:Spatial-Temporal Distributions and an Assessment of Controls upon TEP Formation[J].Estuaries and Coasts,2009,32(3):447-455.
[41]Passow U,Alldredge A L.Aggregation of a diatom bloom in a mesocosm:The role of transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)[J].Deep-Sea Research PartⅡ:Topical Studies in Oceanography,1995,42(1):99-109.
[42]Radi T,Kraus R,Fuks D,et al.Transparent exopolymeric particles'distribution in the northern adriatic and their relation to microphytoplankton biomass and composition[J].Science of the total environment,2005,353(1):151-161.
[43]Parinos C,Gogou A,Krasakopoulou E,et al.Transparent Exopolymer Particles(TEP)in the NE Aegean Sea frontal area:Seasonal dynamics under the influence of Black Sea water[J].Continental Shelf Research,2017,149:112-123.
[44]Grossart H P,Simon M,Logan B E.Formation of macroscopic organic aggregates(lake snow)in a large lake:The significance of transparent exopolymer particles,phytoplankton,and zooplankton[J].Limnology&Oceanography,1997,42(8):1651-1659.
[45]Passow U.Distribution,size,and bacterial colonization of transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)in the ocean[J].Mar Ecol Prog Ser,1994,113(1/2):185-198.
[46]Schuster S,Herndl G J.Formation and significance of transparent exopolymeric particles in the northern adriatic sea[J].Marine Ecology Progress,1995,124(1/3):227-236.
[2]Passow U,Shipe R F,Murray A,et al.The origin of transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)and their role in the sedimentation of particulate matter[J].Continental Shelf Research,2001,21(4):327-346.
[3]Alldredge A L,Passow U,Haddock H D.The characteristics and transparent exopolymer particle(TEP)content of marine snow formed from thecate dinoflagellates[J].Journal of Plankton Research,1998,20(3):393-406.
[4]Passow U.Transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)in aquatic environments[J].Progress in Oceanography,2002,55(3/4):287-333.
[5]Stoderegger K,Herndl G J.Production and release of bacterial capsular material and its subsequent utilization by marine bacterioplankton[J].Limnology&Oceanography,1998,43(5):877-884.
[6]Ramaiah N,Yoshikawa T,Furuya K.Temporal variations in transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)associated with a diatom spring bloom in a subarctic ria in Japan[J].Marine Ecology Progress,2001,212(1):79-88.
[7]Wild C.Effekte von“marine snow”—Sedimentation auf Steinkorallen(Hexacorallia,Scleractinia)des Great Barrier Reef,Australia[M].Bremen:University of Bremen,Dept of Biology and Chemistry,2000.
[8]Engel A.Carbon and nitrogen content of transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)in relation to their Alcian Blue adsorption[J].Marecolprogser,2001,219(8):1-10.
[9]Prairie J C,Kai Z,Arnosti C,et al.Delayed settling of marine snow at sharp density transitions driven by fluid entrainment and diffusion-limited retention[J].Marine Ecology-Progress Series,2013,487(1):185-200.
[10]孙军.海洋中的凝集网与透明胞外聚合颗粒物[J].生态学报,2005,25(5):1191-1198.Sun Jun.Transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)and aggregation web in marine environments[J].Aata Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(5):1191-1198.
[11]Jenkinson I R,Wyatt T.Selection and control of Deborah numbers in plankton ecology[J].Journal of Plankton Research,1992,39(14):1697-1721.
[12]Jenkinson I R.Bulk-phase viscoelastic properties of seawater[J].Oceanologica Acta,1993,16(4):317-334.
[13]Sherr E B.Direct use of high molecular weight polysaccharide by heterotrophic flagellates[J].Nature,1988,335(6188):348-351.
[14]Shimeta J.Diffusional encounter of submicrometer particles and small cells by suspension feeders[J].Limnology&Oceanography,1993,38(2):456-465.
[15]Prieto L,Sommer F,Stibor H,et al.Effects of Planktonic Copepods on Transparent Exopolymeric Particles(TEP)Abundance and Size Spectra[J].Journal of Plankton Research,2001,23(5):515-525.
[16]Donald C.Gordon J.A microscopic study of organic particles in the North Atlantic ocean[J].Deep-Sea Research&Oceanographic Abstracts,1970,17(1):175-185.
[17]Passow U,Alldredge A L.A dye-binding assay for the spectrophotometric measurement of transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)[J].Limnology&Oceanography,1995,40(7):1326-1335.
[18]Zhou J,Mopper K,Passow U.The role of surface-active carbohydrates in the formation of transparent exopolymer particles by bubble adsorption of seawater[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1998,43(8):1860-1871.
[19]Mari X.Carbon content and C∶N ratio of transparent exopolymeric particles(TEP)produced by bubbling exudates of diatoms[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,1999,183(3):59-71.
[20]Mari X,Beauvais S,Lemee R,et al.Non-Redfield C∶N ratio of transparent exopolymeric particles in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea[J].Limnology and Oceanography,2001,46(7):1831-1836.
[21]Engel A.Distribution of transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)in the northeast Atlantic Ocean and their potential significance for aggregation processes[J].Deep-Sea Research PartⅠ:Oceanographic Research Papers,2004,51(1):83-92.
[22]Berman-frank I,Rosenberg G,Levitan O,et al.Coupling between autocatalytic cell death and transparent exopolymeric particle production in the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium,Environ[J].Microbiol,2007,9(6):1415-1422.
[23]Fukao T,Kimoto K,Kotani Y.Production of transparent exopolymer particles by four diatom species[J].Fisheries Science,2010,76(5):755-760.
[24]Ceballos-Romero E,le Moigne F A C,Henson S,et al.Influence of bloom dynamics on Particle Export Efficiency in the North Atlantic:a comparative study of radioanalytical techniques and sediment traps[J].Marine Chemistry,2016,186:198-210.
[25]Mari X,Passow U,Migon C,et al.Transparent exopolymer particles:Effects on carbon cycling in the ocean[J].Progress in Oceanography,2017,151:13-37.
[26]彭安国,黄奕普.九龙江河口区TEP及其与铀、钍、钋同位素相关性的研究[J].厦门大学学报:自然科学版,2007,46(A01):38-42.Peng Anguo,Huang Yipu.Study on TEP and its relationships with Uranium,Thorium,Poloium isotopes in Jiulong estuary[J].Journal of Xiamen University:Natural Science,2007,46(A01):38-42.
[27]孙翠慈,王友绍,吴梅林,等.夏季珠江口透明胞外聚合颗粒物分布特征[J].热带海洋学报,2010,29(5):81-7.Sun Cuici,Wang Youshao,Wu Meilin,et al.Distribution of transparent exopolymer particles in the Pearl River Estuary in summer[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2010,29(5):81-7.
[28]马丽丽,陈敏,郭劳动,等.北白令海透明胞外聚合颗粒物的含量与来源[J].海洋学报,2012,34(5):81-90.Ma Lili,Chen Min,Guo Laodong,et al.Distribution and source of transparent exopolymer particles in the northern bering Sea[J].Haiyang Xuebao,2012,34(5):81-90.
[29]孙军,刘东艳.一种海洋浮游植物定量研究分析方法—Uterm9hl方法的介绍及其改进[J].黄渤海海洋,2002,20(2):105-112.Sun Jun,Liu Dongyan.A quantative research and analysis methods for marine phytoplankton:an introdution to Uterm9hl method and its modification[J].Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai and Bohai Sea,2002,20(2):105-112.
[30]郭术津,孙军,汪岷.夏季东海PN断面浮游植物群集[J].海洋科学,2011,35(11):101-107.Guo Shujin,Sun Jun,Wang Min.Phytoplankton assemblages in PN section of East China Sea in summer[J].Marine Sciences,2011,35(11):101-107.
[31]山路勇.日本プランクトン図鑑[M].保育社,1962.Yamaji Yong.Japan plankton encyclopedia[M].Child Care Company,1962.
[32]Aminot A,Rey F.Standard procedure for the determination of chlorophyll aby spectroscopic methods[J].Techniques in Marine Environmental Sciences,2000,1-17.
[33]Thornton D C O.Formation of transparent exopolymeric particles(TEP)from macroalgal detritus[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2004,282(1):1-12.
[34]Riebesell U,Reigstad M,Wassmann P,et al.On the trophic fate of Phaeocystis pouchetii(hariot):Ⅵ.Significance of Phaeocystis-derived mucus for vertical flux[J].Netherlands Journal of Sea Research,1995,33(2):193-203.
[35]Hong Y,Smith W O.Studies on transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)produced in the Ross Sea(Antarctica)and by Phaeocystis antarctica(Prymnesiophyceae)[J].Journal of Phycology,2010,33(3):368-376.
[36]Engel A.Direct relationship between CO2uptake and transparent exopolymer particles production in natural phytoplankton[J].Journal of Plankton Research,2002,24(1):49-53.
[37]García C M,Prieto L,Vargas M,et al.Hydrodynamics and the spatial distribution of plankton and TEP in the Gulf of Cadiz(SW Iberian Peninsula)[J].Journal of Plankton Research,2002,24(8):817-833.
[38]Jennings M K,Passow U,Wozniak A S,et al.Distribution of transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)across an organic carbon gradient in the western North Atlantic Ocean[J].Marine Chemistry,2017,190:1-12.
[39]Prieto L,Navarro G,Cózar A,et al.Distribution of TEP in the euphotic and upper mesopelagic zones of the southern Iberian coasts[J].Deep-Sea Research PartⅡ:Topical Studies in Oceanography,2006,53(11/13):1314-1328.
[40]Wetz M S,Robbins M C,Paerl H W.Transparent Exopolymer Particles(TEP)in a River-Dominated Estuary:Spatial-Temporal Distributions and an Assessment of Controls upon TEP Formation[J].Estuaries and Coasts,2009,32(3):447-455.
[41]Passow U,Alldredge A L.Aggregation of a diatom bloom in a mesocosm:The role of transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)[J].Deep-Sea Research PartⅡ:Topical Studies in Oceanography,1995,42(1):99-109.
[42]Radi T,Kraus R,Fuks D,et al.Transparent exopolymeric particles'distribution in the northern adriatic and their relation to microphytoplankton biomass and composition[J].Science of the total environment,2005,353(1):151-161.
[43]Parinos C,Gogou A,Krasakopoulou E,et al.Transparent Exopolymer Particles(TEP)in the NE Aegean Sea frontal area:Seasonal dynamics under the influence of Black Sea water[J].Continental Shelf Research,2017,149:112-123.
[44]Grossart H P,Simon M,Logan B E.Formation of macroscopic organic aggregates(lake snow)in a large lake:The significance of transparent exopolymer particles,phytoplankton,and zooplankton[J].Limnology&Oceanography,1997,42(8):1651-1659.
[45]Passow U.Distribution,size,and bacterial colonization of transparent exopolymer particles(TEP)in the ocean[J].Mar Ecol Prog Ser,1994,113(1/2):185-198.
[46]Schuster S,Herndl G J.Formation and significance of transparent exopolymeric particles in the northern adriatic sea[J].Marine Ecology Progress,1995,124(1/3):227-236.