特朗普政府的太空战略
摘要
特朗普政府的太空战略强调"美国优先",确保美国太空领导地位,维持以实力求和平的太空军事霸权。与以往政策相比,特朗普政府的太空战略特点鲜明,旨在促进美国太空技术发展与经济繁荣,可能促使美国提出太空资源利用的规则倡议、修改《外层空间条约》。特朗普政府的太空战略将加剧太空治理赤字、和平赤字与发展赤字,国际社会应对此高度警惕,防止太空利用的失序和太空军事化。
引文
[1]“President Donald J.Trump is Unveiling an America First National Space Strategy,”March23,2018,https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-unveiling-americafirst-national-space-strategy/.(上网时间:2018年4月6日)
[1]UCS Satellite Database,https://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear-weapons/space-weapons/satellitedatabase#.W4s73ek9Jjo.(上网时间:2018年12日1日)
[2]Office of the Director of National Intelligence,The National Intelligence Strategy of the United States of America,January 2019,p.4,https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/National_Intelligence_Strategy_2019.pdf.(上网时间:2019年1月28日)
[3]Scott Maucione,“Air Force has Long to-do List for Space Operations,Wilson Says,”October5,2017,https://federalnewsnetwork.com/air-force/2017/10/air-force-has-long-to-do-list-for-spaceoperations-wilson-says/.(上网时间:2018年11月28日)
[1]Marcia Smith,“Gerstenmaier:U.S.Leadership in Space is‘Ours to Lose’if Direction Changes Too Many Times,”March 5,2018,https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/gerstenmaier-u-s-leadershipin-space-is-ours-to-lose-if-direction-changes-too-many-times/.(上网时间:2018年12月8日)
[2]Lee Billings,“Q&A:Plotting U.S.Space Policy with White House Adviser Scott Pace,”November 6,2017,https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/q-a-plotting-u-s-space-policy-withwhite-house-adviser-scott-pace/.(上网时间:2018年12月20日)
[3]Sandra Erwin,“Kitay,U.S.Leadership in Space Requires‘Whole of Government’Strategy,”April 17,2018,https://spacenews.com/kitay-u-s-leadership-in-space-requires-whole-ofgovernment-strategy/.(上网时间:2018年12月20日)
[4]Vidvuds Beldavs,“The National Space Council for American Leadership in Space Industries,”The Space Review,August 28,2017.
[5]Office of the Director of National Intelligence,2018 Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S.Intelligence Community,February 13,2018,https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Testimonies/2018-ATA---Unclassified-SSCI.pdf.(上网时间:2018年12月6日)
[6]Office of the Director of National Intelligence,The National Intelligence Strategy of the United States of America,p.4.
[1]“U.S.Must Move Faster or Risk Losing Lead in Space,”December 2,2017,https://dod.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1386361/us-must-move-faster-or-risk-losing-lead-in-space/.(上网时间:2018年12月6日)
[2]U.S.Defense Intelligence Agency,Challenges to Security in Space,February 2019,p.7,p.33,http://www.dia.mil/Portals/27/Documents/News/Military%20Power%20Publications/Space_Threat_V14_020119_sm.pdf.(上网时间2019年2月12日)
[3]Zachary Keck,“China Will Soon Be Able to Destroy Every Satellite in Space,”July30,2018,https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/china-will-soon-be-able-destroy-every-satellitespace-27182.(上网时间:2018年11月28日)
[4]Todd Harrison,Kaitlyn Johnson,Thomas G.Roberts,Space Threat Assessment 2018,April2018,pp.8-15,https://aerospace.csis.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Harrison_SpaceThreatAssessment_FULL_WEB.pdf.(上网时间:2018年10月25日)
[1]Jerry Hendrix and Adam Routh,A Space Policy for the Trump Administration,October 2017,https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/documents/Space-Policy-for-the-Trump-Administration.pdf?mtime=20171023110127.(上网时间:2018年12月28日)
[2]Don Reisinger,“New White House Aide Memoir Reveals Trump Wanted to Send NASAto Mars During First Term,”January 23,2019,http://fortune.com/2019/01/23/trump-mars-first-termnasa-trip/.(上网时间:2019年1月28日)
[1]Jeff Foust,“Is the Gateway the Right Way to the Moon?,”December 25,2018,https://spacenews.com/is-the-gateway-the-right-way-to-the-moon/.(上网时间:2019年1月20日)
[2]Leonard David,“Private Space Station Coming Soon?Company Aiming for 2020 Launch,”January 28,2017,http://www.space.com/35488-private-space-station-2020-axiom-space.html.(上网时间:2018年11月28日)
[3]“Remarks by the President Signing an Executive Order on the National Space Council,”June 30,2017,https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-signingexecutive-order-national-space-council.(上网时间:2018年12月18日)
[4]Noah Poponak,Space:The Next Investment Frontier,The Goldman Sachs Group,Inc.,April 2017.
[5]Ledyard King,“Business in Space:Will Streamlined Rules Add Thrust to Commerce and Maintain Safety?,”May 24,2018,https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/05/24/trumpderegulation-agenda-extending-commercial-space-activity/640565002/.(上网时间:2018年12月26日)
[1]Tim Fernholz,“Space Tourism Companies are Going to Write Their Own Safety Rules Because the US Government Can’t,”March 20,2017,https://qz.com/932023/jeff-bezos-blue-originisnt-waiting-on-the-government-to-fly-humans-to-space/.(上网时间:2019年1月5日)
[2]Mark Whittington,“President Trump Gets How to Commercialize Space-Does NASA?,”March 12,2018,https://thehill.com/opinion/technology/377958-president-trump-gets-howto-commercialize-space-does-nasa.(上网时间:2018年12月28日)
[3]Christian Davenport,“The Trump Administration Wants to Turn the International Space Station into a Commercially Run Venture,NASA Document Shows,”The Washington Post,February11,2018.
[4]Jeff Foust,“NASA Funds Commercial Technology Development and Market Studies,”August 10,2018,https://spacenews.com/nasa-funds-commercial-technology-development-andmarket-studies/.(上网时间:2018年12月24日)
[5]“Space Policy Directive-2,Streamlining Regulations on Commercial Use of Space,”May24,2018,https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/space-policy-directive-2-streamliningregulations-commercial-use-space/.(上网时间:2019年1月18日)
[1]Office of the Secretary of Defense,Missile Defense Review 2019,https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Interactive/2018/11-2019-Missile-Defense-Review/The%202019%20MDR_Executive%20Summary.pdf.(上网时间:2019年1月20日)
[2]Joint Chiefs of Staff,“Space Operations:Joint Publication 3-14,”April 10,2018,p.4,https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp3_14.pdf.(上网时间:2018年12月26日)
[3]The White House National Science and Technology,Fact Sheet:National Space Policy,September 1996,https://fas.org/spp/military/docops/national/nstc-8.htm;The Office of Science and Technology Policy,U.S.National Space Policy,August 2006,https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/space.html;White House,National Space Policy of the United States of America,June 2010,https://history.nasa.gov/national_space_policy_6-28-10.pdf.(上网时间:2019年1月22日)
[1]Ellen Mitchill,“Trump Directs Pentagon to Create‘Space Force’,”June 18,2018,https://thehill.com/policy/defense/392799-trump-directs-pentagon-to-create-space-force.(上网时间:2019年1月22日)
[2]DoD,FACT SHEET:DoD Strategy for Deterrence in Space,http://archive.defense.gov/home/features/2011/0111_nsss/docs/DoD%20Strategy%20for%20Deterrence%20in%20Space.pdf.(上网时间:2019年2月1日)
[1]“Space Policy Directive-3,National Space Traffic Management Policy,”June 18,2018,https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/space-policy-directive-3-national-space-trafficmanagement-policy/.(上网时间:2018年12月15日)
[2]侯勤:“美国航天领域军民融合发展新态势”,《中国航天报》2017年11月22日。
[1]Eric Berger,“The Trump Administration has Unleashed a Lunar Gold Rush,”March 4,2017,https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/03/the-trump-administration-has-unleashed-a-lunar-goldrush/.(上网时间:2019年1月2日)
[1]Jon Lockett,“Donald Trump Wants to Put Astronauts‘Back on the Moon by 2020 and Claim It for America’,”February 10,2017,https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/2831486/donald-trumpnasa-moon/.(上网时间:2019年1月5日)
[2]Gerald Black,“The Moonrush has Begun,”March 4,2019,http://www.thespacereview.com/article/3668/1.(上网时间:2019年3月9日)
[3]Scott Pace,“Final for Delivery and Public Distribution Embargoed before Delivery of Remarks,”December 13,2017,https://spacepolicyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/ScottPace-to-Galloway-FINAL.pdf?utm_content=buffer66778&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer.(上网时间:2019年1月6日)
[1]何奇松:“大国太空防务态势及其影响”,《现代国际关系》2018年第2期,第30-32页。
[1]UCS Satellite Database,https://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear-weapons/space-weapons/satellitedatabase#.W4s73ek9Jjo.(上网时间:2018年12日1日)
[2]Office of the Director of National Intelligence,The National Intelligence Strategy of the United States of America,January 2019,p.4,https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/National_Intelligence_Strategy_2019.pdf.(上网时间:2019年1月28日)
[3]Scott Maucione,“Air Force has Long to-do List for Space Operations,Wilson Says,”October5,2017,https://federalnewsnetwork.com/air-force/2017/10/air-force-has-long-to-do-list-for-spaceoperations-wilson-says/.(上网时间:2018年11月28日)
[1]Marcia Smith,“Gerstenmaier:U.S.Leadership in Space is‘Ours to Lose’if Direction Changes Too Many Times,”March 5,2018,https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/gerstenmaier-u-s-leadershipin-space-is-ours-to-lose-if-direction-changes-too-many-times/.(上网时间:2018年12月8日)
[2]Lee Billings,“Q&A:Plotting U.S.Space Policy with White House Adviser Scott Pace,”November 6,2017,https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/q-a-plotting-u-s-space-policy-withwhite-house-adviser-scott-pace/.(上网时间:2018年12月20日)
[3]Sandra Erwin,“Kitay,U.S.Leadership in Space Requires‘Whole of Government’Strategy,”April 17,2018,https://spacenews.com/kitay-u-s-leadership-in-space-requires-whole-ofgovernment-strategy/.(上网时间:2018年12月20日)
[4]Vidvuds Beldavs,“The National Space Council for American Leadership in Space Industries,”The Space Review,August 28,2017.
[5]Office of the Director of National Intelligence,2018 Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S.Intelligence Community,February 13,2018,https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Testimonies/2018-ATA---Unclassified-SSCI.pdf.(上网时间:2018年12月6日)
[6]Office of the Director of National Intelligence,The National Intelligence Strategy of the United States of America,p.4.
[1]“U.S.Must Move Faster or Risk Losing Lead in Space,”December 2,2017,https://dod.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/1386361/us-must-move-faster-or-risk-losing-lead-in-space/.(上网时间:2018年12月6日)
[2]U.S.Defense Intelligence Agency,Challenges to Security in Space,February 2019,p.7,p.33,http://www.dia.mil/Portals/27/Documents/News/Military%20Power%20Publications/Space_Threat_V14_020119_sm.pdf.(上网时间2019年2月12日)
[3]Zachary Keck,“China Will Soon Be Able to Destroy Every Satellite in Space,”July30,2018,https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/china-will-soon-be-able-destroy-every-satellitespace-27182.(上网时间:2018年11月28日)
[4]Todd Harrison,Kaitlyn Johnson,Thomas G.Roberts,Space Threat Assessment 2018,April2018,pp.8-15,https://aerospace.csis.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Harrison_SpaceThreatAssessment_FULL_WEB.pdf.(上网时间:2018年10月25日)
[1]Jerry Hendrix and Adam Routh,A Space Policy for the Trump Administration,October 2017,https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.cnas.org/documents/Space-Policy-for-the-Trump-Administration.pdf?mtime=20171023110127.(上网时间:2018年12月28日)
[2]Don Reisinger,“New White House Aide Memoir Reveals Trump Wanted to Send NASAto Mars During First Term,”January 23,2019,http://fortune.com/2019/01/23/trump-mars-first-termnasa-trip/.(上网时间:2019年1月28日)
[1]Jeff Foust,“Is the Gateway the Right Way to the Moon?,”December 25,2018,https://spacenews.com/is-the-gateway-the-right-way-to-the-moon/.(上网时间:2019年1月20日)
[2]Leonard David,“Private Space Station Coming Soon?Company Aiming for 2020 Launch,”January 28,2017,http://www.space.com/35488-private-space-station-2020-axiom-space.html.(上网时间:2018年11月28日)
[3]“Remarks by the President Signing an Executive Order on the National Space Council,”June 30,2017,https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-signingexecutive-order-national-space-council.(上网时间:2018年12月18日)
[4]Noah Poponak,Space:The Next Investment Frontier,The Goldman Sachs Group,Inc.,April 2017.
[5]Ledyard King,“Business in Space:Will Streamlined Rules Add Thrust to Commerce and Maintain Safety?,”May 24,2018,https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/05/24/trumpderegulation-agenda-extending-commercial-space-activity/640565002/.(上网时间:2018年12月26日)
[1]Tim Fernholz,“Space Tourism Companies are Going to Write Their Own Safety Rules Because the US Government Can’t,”March 20,2017,https://qz.com/932023/jeff-bezos-blue-originisnt-waiting-on-the-government-to-fly-humans-to-space/.(上网时间:2019年1月5日)
[2]Mark Whittington,“President Trump Gets How to Commercialize Space-Does NASA?,”March 12,2018,https://thehill.com/opinion/technology/377958-president-trump-gets-howto-commercialize-space-does-nasa.(上网时间:2018年12月28日)
[3]Christian Davenport,“The Trump Administration Wants to Turn the International Space Station into a Commercially Run Venture,NASA Document Shows,”The Washington Post,February11,2018.
[4]Jeff Foust,“NASA Funds Commercial Technology Development and Market Studies,”August 10,2018,https://spacenews.com/nasa-funds-commercial-technology-development-andmarket-studies/.(上网时间:2018年12月24日)
[5]“Space Policy Directive-2,Streamlining Regulations on Commercial Use of Space,”May24,2018,https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/space-policy-directive-2-streamliningregulations-commercial-use-space/.(上网时间:2019年1月18日)
[1]Office of the Secretary of Defense,Missile Defense Review 2019,https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Interactive/2018/11-2019-Missile-Defense-Review/The%202019%20MDR_Executive%20Summary.pdf.(上网时间:2019年1月20日)
[2]Joint Chiefs of Staff,“Space Operations:Joint Publication 3-14,”April 10,2018,p.4,https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp3_14.pdf.(上网时间:2018年12月26日)
[3]The White House National Science and Technology,Fact Sheet:National Space Policy,September 1996,https://fas.org/spp/military/docops/national/nstc-8.htm;The Office of Science and Technology Policy,U.S.National Space Policy,August 2006,https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/space.html;White House,National Space Policy of the United States of America,June 2010,https://history.nasa.gov/national_space_policy_6-28-10.pdf.(上网时间:2019年1月22日)
[1]Ellen Mitchill,“Trump Directs Pentagon to Create‘Space Force’,”June 18,2018,https://thehill.com/policy/defense/392799-trump-directs-pentagon-to-create-space-force.(上网时间:2019年1月22日)
[2]DoD,FACT SHEET:DoD Strategy for Deterrence in Space,http://archive.defense.gov/home/features/2011/0111_nsss/docs/DoD%20Strategy%20for%20Deterrence%20in%20Space.pdf.(上网时间:2019年2月1日)
[1]“Space Policy Directive-3,National Space Traffic Management Policy,”June 18,2018,https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/space-policy-directive-3-national-space-trafficmanagement-policy/.(上网时间:2018年12月15日)
[2]侯勤:“美国航天领域军民融合发展新态势”,《中国航天报》2017年11月22日。
[1]Eric Berger,“The Trump Administration has Unleashed a Lunar Gold Rush,”March 4,2017,https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/03/the-trump-administration-has-unleashed-a-lunar-goldrush/.(上网时间:2019年1月2日)
[1]Jon Lockett,“Donald Trump Wants to Put Astronauts‘Back on the Moon by 2020 and Claim It for America’,”February 10,2017,https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/2831486/donald-trumpnasa-moon/.(上网时间:2019年1月5日)
[2]Gerald Black,“The Moonrush has Begun,”March 4,2019,http://www.thespacereview.com/article/3668/1.(上网时间:2019年3月9日)
[3]Scott Pace,“Final for Delivery and Public Distribution Embargoed before Delivery of Remarks,”December 13,2017,https://spacepolicyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/ScottPace-to-Galloway-FINAL.pdf?utm_content=buffer66778&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer.(上网时间:2019年1月6日)
[1]何奇松:“大国太空防务态势及其影响”,《现代国际关系》2018年第2期,第30-32页。