碳纤维增强复合材料微观烧蚀行为数值模拟
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摘要
碳纤维增强复合材料已广泛应用于烧蚀热防护系统中,其微观结构直接影响材料的烧蚀行为,因此材料微观烧蚀机制分析对材料设计和制备具有重要意义.本文采用有限体积法并引入固体相体积分数与界面重构技术,建立了碳纤维增强复合材料微观烧蚀数值模型.利用该微观烧蚀数值模型对碳基体包裹单根碳纤维进行烧蚀模拟,将数值模拟的烧蚀形貌与解析解结果进行对比,验证了数值求解方法的正确性.对单向碳纤维增强复合材料在不同碳纤维倾斜角下的微观烧蚀行为进行了模拟分析,得到了碳纤维倾斜角对微观烧蚀行为的影响规律.研究发现:对于碳纤维的抗氧化性能比基体强的情况,当氧扩散速率远远大于碳氧反应速率时,碳纤维将出现"笋尖"状的烧蚀形貌;当碳氧反应速率远远大于氧扩散速率时,纤维和基体将以相同速率烧蚀.当碳纤维的抗氧化性能比基体强时,纤维倾斜角会对材料微观烧蚀行为产生较大影响;相反,则影响不显著.
Carbon fiber reinforced composites are widely used in ablative thermal protection systems(TPS). The microstructures of the composites are greatly related with the ablation behavior. Thus, the study of micro-ablation mechanisms of the composites is significant for the material design and manufacturing. A mathematic micro-ablation model is developed by using the finite-volume-method(FVM) combing with the piecewise linear interface calculation(PLIC)method. Comparing with the analytical results, the numerical method is validated by calculating the ablation morphologies for single fiber embedded in carbon matrix. The effect of carbon fiber inclination on the microscopic ablation behavior is studied for the unidirectional carbon reinforced composites with different carbon fiber inclination. The results are found that the ablation morphology for carbon fiber is bamboo shoot shape if the oxygen diffusion rate is far greater than that of carbon oxygen reaction when the oxidation resistance of carbon fibers is stronger than that of matrix. If the carbon oxygen reaction rate is far greater than that of oxygen diffusion, carbon fiber and matrix will be ablated at the same rate.When the oxidation resistance of carbon fiber is stronger than that of the matrix, the inclination angle of the carbon fiber has a great influence on the micro-ablation behavior of the material. On the contrary, the effect is not significant.
Carbon fiber reinforced composites are widely used in ablative thermal protection systems(TPS). The microstructures of the composites are greatly related with the ablation behavior. Thus, the study of micro-ablation mechanisms of the composites is significant for the material design and manufacturing. A mathematic micro-ablation model is developed by using the finite-volume-method(FVM) combing with the piecewise linear interface calculation(PLIC)method. Comparing with the analytical results, the numerical method is validated by calculating the ablation morphologies for single fiber embedded in carbon matrix. The effect of carbon fiber inclination on the microscopic ablation behavior is studied for the unidirectional carbon reinforced composites with different carbon fiber inclination. The results are found that the ablation morphology for carbon fiber is bamboo shoot shape if the oxygen diffusion rate is far greater than that of carbon oxygen reaction when the oxidation resistance of carbon fibers is stronger than that of matrix. If the carbon oxygen reaction rate is far greater than that of oxygen diffusion, carbon fiber and matrix will be ablated at the same rate.When the oxidation resistance of carbon fiber is stronger than that of the matrix, the inclination angle of the carbon fiber has a great influence on the micro-ablation behavior of the material. On the contrary, the effect is not significant.
引文
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4 Han JC,He XD,Du SY.Oxidation and ablation of 3D carbon-carbon composite at up to 3000℃.Carbon,1995,33(4):473-478
5 Paglia L,Tirill J,Marra F,et al.Carbon-phenolic ablative materials for re-entry space vehicles:Plasma wind tunnel test and finite element modeling.Materials&Design,2016,90(11):70-80
6 Tran H,Johnson C,Rasky AD,et al.Phenolic impregnated carbon ablators(PICA)for discovery class missions//Proceedings of the Thermophysics Conference,F,2013
7 Dimitrienko YI.Thermomechanics of Composite Structures under High Temperatures.Netherlands:Springer,2016
8 Edquist KT,Hollis BR,Johnston CO,et al.Mars science laboratory heatshield aerothermodynamics:Design and reconstruction//Proceedings of the AIAA Thermophysics Conference,F,2014
9 Kumar S,Kushwaha J,Mondal S,et al.Fabrication and ablation testing of 4D C/C composite at 10 MW/m2heat flux under a plasma arc heater.Materials Science and Engineering:A,2013,566:102-111
10 Moyer CB,Wool MR.Aerotherm Charring Material Thermal Response and Ablation Program,Version 3.Volume 1.Program Description and Sample Problems.Aerotherm Charring Material Thermal Response&Ablation Program Version,1970
11 Chen YK,Milos F,Rasky DJ.Fully implicit ablation and thermal response program for spacecraft heatshield analysis.Journal of Spacecraft&Rockets,1997,36(3):475-83
12 Lachaud J,Mansour NN.Porous-material analysis toolbox based on OpenFOAM and applications.Journal of Thermophysics&Heat Transfer,2014,28(2):191-202.
13 Li W,Huang H,Tian Y,et al.Nonlinear analysis on thermal behavior of charring materials with surface ablation.International Journal of Heat&Mass Transfer,2015,84(2):45-52
14中国人民解放军总装备部军事训练教材工作委员会.高超声速气动热和热防护.北京:国防工业出版社,2003(Working Committee on Military Training Textbooks of the General Armament Department of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army.Hypersonic Aerodynamic Thermal and Thermal Protection.Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,2003(in Chinese))
15姜贵庆,刘连元.高速气流传热与烧蚀热防护.北京:国防工业出版社,2003(Jiang Guiqing,Liu Lianyuan.High Speed Airstream Heat Transfer and Ablation Thermal Protection.Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,2003(in Chinese))
16姚承照,胡宝刚,冯志海等.三维整体编织碳/酚醛复合材料烧蚀表面状态测试与分析.宇航材料工艺,2001,31(6):72-76(Yao Chengzhao,Hu Baogang,Feng Zhihai,et al.Test and analysis of a blation surface of 3D braided carbon/phenolic resin composites.Aerospace Materials Technology,2001,31(6):72-76(in Chinese))
17姜贵庆,李鸿权.热化学烧蚀理论及其应用.高超声速前沿问题研讨班,2002(Jiang Guiqing,Li Hongquan.Thermochemical ablation theory and its application.Seminar on Advanced Hypersonic Problems,2002(in Chinese))
18 Duffa G,Vignoles GL,Goyh′en`eche JM,et al.Ablation of carbonbased materials:Investigation of roughness set-up from heterogeneous reactions.International Journal of Heat&Mass Transfer,2005,48(16):3387-3401
19 Aspa Y,Quintard M,Plazanet F,et al.Ablation of Carbon/Carbon Composites:Direct Numerical Simulation and Effective Behavior.John&Sons,Inc,2008
20 Vignoles GL,Aspa Y,Quintard M.Modelling of carbon-carbon composite ablation in rocket nozzles.Composites Science&Technology,2010,70(9):1303-1311
21 Lachaud J,Bertrand N,Vignoles GL,et al.A theoretical/experimental approach to the intrinsic oxidation reactivities of C/C composites and of their components.Carbon,2007,45(14):2768-2776
22 Lachaud J,Aspa Y,Vignoles GL.Analytical modeling of the steady state ablation of a 3D C/C composite.International Journal of Heat&Mass Transfer,2008,51(9):2614-2627
23 Lachaud J,Vignoles GL.A Brownian motion technique to simulate gasification and its application to C/C composite ablation.Computational Materials Science,2009,44(4):1034-1041
24黄飞,俞继军,李秀涛等.碳/碳材料细观尺度的氧扩散特性与烧蚀分析.宇航学报,2011,32(8):1848-1853(Huang Fei,Yu Jijun,Li Xiutao,et al.Oxygen diffusion characteristics and ablation analysis at mesoscale for carbon/carbon materials.Acta Astronautica Sinica,2011,32(8):1848-1853(in Chinese))
25 Deng D,Yu J,Yan X,et al.Engineering method for the thermal mechanical erosion of C/C composite with the mesoscale ablation model.Polymers&Polymer Composites,2014,22(2):181-6
26卞荫贵,徐立功.气动热力学.北京:中国科学技术大学出版社,2011(Bian Yingui,Xu Li Gong.Aerodynamics.Beijing:University of Science&Technology China Press,2011(in Chinese))
27易法军,梁军,孟松鹤等.防热复合材料的烧蚀机理与模型研究.固体火箭技术,2000,23(4):48-56(Yi Fajun,Liang Jun,Meng Songhe,et al.Study on ablation mechanism and model of thermalresistant composites.Solid Rocket Technology,2000,23(4):48-56(in Chinese))
28 Jamaluddin AS,Truelove JS,Wall TF.Intrinsic reactivity of carbons to oxygen.Fuel,1983,62(4):484-486
29 Teigen KE,Li X,Lowengrub J,et al.A diffuse-interface approach for modeling transport,diffusion and adsorption/desorption of material quantities on a deformable interface.Communications in Mathematical Sciences,2009,4(7):1009
30 Gueyffier D,Li J,Nadim A,et al.Volume-of-fluid interface tracking with smoothed surface stress methods for three-dimensional flows.Journal of Computational Physics,1999,152(2):423-456
31杨云军,崔尔杰,周伟江.细长三角翼摇滚运动数值研究.空气动力学学报,2007,25(1):34-44(Yang Yunjun,Cui Erjie,Zhou Weijiang.Numerical study of rock and roll movement of slender delta wing.Journal of Aerodynamics,2007,25(1):34-44(in Chinese))
32 Farhat C,Zee KGVD,Geuzaine P.Provably second-order timeaccurate loosely-coupled solution algorithms for transient nonlinear computational aeroelasticity.Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics&Engineering,2006,195(17):1973-2001
33许阳阳.低密度碳/酚醛复合材料烧蚀条件下的热-化学耦合分析.[硕士论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2016(Xu Yangyang.Thermal-chemical coupling analysis of low density carbon/phenolic composites under ablation condition.[Master Thesis].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2016(in Chinese))
2赵金山,张志刚,石义雷等.高超声速飞行器气动热关联换算方法研究.力学学报,2018,50(5):1235-1243(Zhao Jinshan,Zhang Zhigang,Shi Yilei,et al.Research on the conversion method of aeroheating environment of hypersonic vehicle.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2018,50(5):1235-1243(in Chinese))
3费庆国,姜东,陈素芳等.高温下编织复合材料热相关参数识别方法研究.力学学报,2018,50(3):497-507(Fei Qingguo,Jiang Dong,Chen Sufang,et al.Thermal-related parameter identification of braided composites at high temperature.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2018,50(3):497-507(in Chinese))
4 Han JC,He XD,Du SY.Oxidation and ablation of 3D carbon-carbon composite at up to 3000℃.Carbon,1995,33(4):473-478
5 Paglia L,Tirill J,Marra F,et al.Carbon-phenolic ablative materials for re-entry space vehicles:Plasma wind tunnel test and finite element modeling.Materials&Design,2016,90(11):70-80
6 Tran H,Johnson C,Rasky AD,et al.Phenolic impregnated carbon ablators(PICA)for discovery class missions//Proceedings of the Thermophysics Conference,F,2013
7 Dimitrienko YI.Thermomechanics of Composite Structures under High Temperatures.Netherlands:Springer,2016
8 Edquist KT,Hollis BR,Johnston CO,et al.Mars science laboratory heatshield aerothermodynamics:Design and reconstruction//Proceedings of the AIAA Thermophysics Conference,F,2014
9 Kumar S,Kushwaha J,Mondal S,et al.Fabrication and ablation testing of 4D C/C composite at 10 MW/m2heat flux under a plasma arc heater.Materials Science and Engineering:A,2013,566:102-111
10 Moyer CB,Wool MR.Aerotherm Charring Material Thermal Response and Ablation Program,Version 3.Volume 1.Program Description and Sample Problems.Aerotherm Charring Material Thermal Response&Ablation Program Version,1970
11 Chen YK,Milos F,Rasky DJ.Fully implicit ablation and thermal response program for spacecraft heatshield analysis.Journal of Spacecraft&Rockets,1997,36(3):475-83
12 Lachaud J,Mansour NN.Porous-material analysis toolbox based on OpenFOAM and applications.Journal of Thermophysics&Heat Transfer,2014,28(2):191-202.
13 Li W,Huang H,Tian Y,et al.Nonlinear analysis on thermal behavior of charring materials with surface ablation.International Journal of Heat&Mass Transfer,2015,84(2):45-52
14中国人民解放军总装备部军事训练教材工作委员会.高超声速气动热和热防护.北京:国防工业出版社,2003(Working Committee on Military Training Textbooks of the General Armament Department of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army.Hypersonic Aerodynamic Thermal and Thermal Protection.Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,2003(in Chinese))
15姜贵庆,刘连元.高速气流传热与烧蚀热防护.北京:国防工业出版社,2003(Jiang Guiqing,Liu Lianyuan.High Speed Airstream Heat Transfer and Ablation Thermal Protection.Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,2003(in Chinese))
16姚承照,胡宝刚,冯志海等.三维整体编织碳/酚醛复合材料烧蚀表面状态测试与分析.宇航材料工艺,2001,31(6):72-76(Yao Chengzhao,Hu Baogang,Feng Zhihai,et al.Test and analysis of a blation surface of 3D braided carbon/phenolic resin composites.Aerospace Materials Technology,2001,31(6):72-76(in Chinese))
17姜贵庆,李鸿权.热化学烧蚀理论及其应用.高超声速前沿问题研讨班,2002(Jiang Guiqing,Li Hongquan.Thermochemical ablation theory and its application.Seminar on Advanced Hypersonic Problems,2002(in Chinese))
18 Duffa G,Vignoles GL,Goyh′en`eche JM,et al.Ablation of carbonbased materials:Investigation of roughness set-up from heterogeneous reactions.International Journal of Heat&Mass Transfer,2005,48(16):3387-3401
19 Aspa Y,Quintard M,Plazanet F,et al.Ablation of Carbon/Carbon Composites:Direct Numerical Simulation and Effective Behavior.John&Sons,Inc,2008
20 Vignoles GL,Aspa Y,Quintard M.Modelling of carbon-carbon composite ablation in rocket nozzles.Composites Science&Technology,2010,70(9):1303-1311
21 Lachaud J,Bertrand N,Vignoles GL,et al.A theoretical/experimental approach to the intrinsic oxidation reactivities of C/C composites and of their components.Carbon,2007,45(14):2768-2776
22 Lachaud J,Aspa Y,Vignoles GL.Analytical modeling of the steady state ablation of a 3D C/C composite.International Journal of Heat&Mass Transfer,2008,51(9):2614-2627
23 Lachaud J,Vignoles GL.A Brownian motion technique to simulate gasification and its application to C/C composite ablation.Computational Materials Science,2009,44(4):1034-1041
24黄飞,俞继军,李秀涛等.碳/碳材料细观尺度的氧扩散特性与烧蚀分析.宇航学报,2011,32(8):1848-1853(Huang Fei,Yu Jijun,Li Xiutao,et al.Oxygen diffusion characteristics and ablation analysis at mesoscale for carbon/carbon materials.Acta Astronautica Sinica,2011,32(8):1848-1853(in Chinese))
25 Deng D,Yu J,Yan X,et al.Engineering method for the thermal mechanical erosion of C/C composite with the mesoscale ablation model.Polymers&Polymer Composites,2014,22(2):181-6
26卞荫贵,徐立功.气动热力学.北京:中国科学技术大学出版社,2011(Bian Yingui,Xu Li Gong.Aerodynamics.Beijing:University of Science&Technology China Press,2011(in Chinese))
27易法军,梁军,孟松鹤等.防热复合材料的烧蚀机理与模型研究.固体火箭技术,2000,23(4):48-56(Yi Fajun,Liang Jun,Meng Songhe,et al.Study on ablation mechanism and model of thermalresistant composites.Solid Rocket Technology,2000,23(4):48-56(in Chinese))
28 Jamaluddin AS,Truelove JS,Wall TF.Intrinsic reactivity of carbons to oxygen.Fuel,1983,62(4):484-486
29 Teigen KE,Li X,Lowengrub J,et al.A diffuse-interface approach for modeling transport,diffusion and adsorption/desorption of material quantities on a deformable interface.Communications in Mathematical Sciences,2009,4(7):1009
30 Gueyffier D,Li J,Nadim A,et al.Volume-of-fluid interface tracking with smoothed surface stress methods for three-dimensional flows.Journal of Computational Physics,1999,152(2):423-456
31杨云军,崔尔杰,周伟江.细长三角翼摇滚运动数值研究.空气动力学学报,2007,25(1):34-44(Yang Yunjun,Cui Erjie,Zhou Weijiang.Numerical study of rock and roll movement of slender delta wing.Journal of Aerodynamics,2007,25(1):34-44(in Chinese))
32 Farhat C,Zee KGVD,Geuzaine P.Provably second-order timeaccurate loosely-coupled solution algorithms for transient nonlinear computational aeroelasticity.Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics&Engineering,2006,195(17):1973-2001
33许阳阳.低密度碳/酚醛复合材料烧蚀条件下的热-化学耦合分析.[硕士论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2016(Xu Yangyang.Thermal-chemical coupling analysis of low density carbon/phenolic composites under ablation condition.[Master Thesis].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2016(in Chinese))