海南岛周边海域造礁石珊瑚的群落结构及其分布
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摘要
基于形态学分类鉴定,并辅以分子标记,我们于2014–2015年调查分析了海南岛文昌云龙湾、万宁大洲岛、儋州磷枪石岛、昌江沙鱼塘村、三亚鹿回头海域造礁石珊瑚的种类组成和分布。结果表明,海南造礁石珊瑚的分布较为广泛,共鉴定出10科17属55种,其中鹿角珊瑚科、滨珊瑚科和蜂巢珊瑚科为优势科。各海域造礁石珊瑚的群落结构不同:南部三亚鹿回头海域以分枝状鹿角珊瑚为主,东部文昌云龙湾和万宁大洲岛海域分别以叶片状和分枝状蔷薇珊瑚为主,而西部儋州磷枪石岛和昌江沙鱼塘村则分别以团块状滨珊瑚和蜂巢珊瑚为主。不同的地理环境使海南岛周边海域珊瑚礁群落呈现出不同的演替型,具有明显的地域性分布特点。5个不同海域造礁石珊瑚的覆盖率和多样性指数依次为:三亚鹿回头>文昌云龙湾>昌江沙鱼塘村>万宁大洲岛>儋州磷枪石岛,覆盖率和多样性指数具有明显的正相关性。与2005–2010年的调查结果相比,文昌云龙湾和万宁大洲岛保护区造礁石珊瑚的覆盖率和多样性指数有所上升,昌江沙鱼塘村和三亚鹿回头相对稳定,儋州磷枪石岛则下降比较明显。死亡率较高的是昌江沙鱼塘村邻近海域,且多为最近半年内死亡。人类活动(保护性或破坏性)极大地影响着造礁石珊瑚的多样性、覆盖率和死亡率。
Based on the classical morphological and molecular taxonomy, 55 scleractinian coral species, belonging to 17 genera and 10 families, were recorded in five different coastal areas(Yunlong Bay, Wenchang; Dazhou Island, Wanning; Linqiangshi Island, Danzhou; Shayutang Village, Changjiang; Luhuitou, Sanya) of Hainan between 2014 and 2015. The dominant families included Acroporidae, Poritadae and Faviidae. The community structures of coral reefs in the five coastal areas were different. In Sanya, located in the south of Hainan, branching Acropora corals dominated the coral communities. In Wenchang and Wanning, on the eastern coast of Hainan, the laminar and branching Montipora corals were the dominant groups. In contrast, the mass corals Poritadae and Faviidae dominated the western coast in Danzhou and Changjiang. Analyses of community structure indicated that different geographic environments regulated successional differences. Coverage rates and diversity index values had a positive correlation and were as follows: Sanya > Wenchang > Changjiang > Wanning > Danzhou. Compared with the data obtained between 2005 and 2010, the coverage rates and diversity index values increased in Wenchang and Wanning and were relatively stable in Sanya and Changjiang, but showed an obvious decrease in Danzhou. However, the death rate of scleractinian corals was the highest in Changjiang, and most of the corals died within the last six months of 2015. In our opinion, human activities(including both protective and destructive activities) greatly affected coverage rates, death rates and diversity of the coral reefs.
Based on the classical morphological and molecular taxonomy, 55 scleractinian coral species, belonging to 17 genera and 10 families, were recorded in five different coastal areas(Yunlong Bay, Wenchang; Dazhou Island, Wanning; Linqiangshi Island, Danzhou; Shayutang Village, Changjiang; Luhuitou, Sanya) of Hainan between 2014 and 2015. The dominant families included Acroporidae, Poritadae and Faviidae. The community structures of coral reefs in the five coastal areas were different. In Sanya, located in the south of Hainan, branching Acropora corals dominated the coral communities. In Wenchang and Wanning, on the eastern coast of Hainan, the laminar and branching Montipora corals were the dominant groups. In contrast, the mass corals Poritadae and Faviidae dominated the western coast in Danzhou and Changjiang. Analyses of community structure indicated that different geographic environments regulated successional differences. Coverage rates and diversity index values had a positive correlation and were as follows: Sanya > Wenchang > Changjiang > Wanning > Danzhou. Compared with the data obtained between 2005 and 2010, the coverage rates and diversity index values increased in Wenchang and Wanning and were relatively stable in Sanya and Changjiang, but showed an obvious decrease in Danzhou. However, the death rate of scleractinian corals was the highest in Changjiang, and most of the corals died within the last six months of 2015. In our opinion, human activities(including both protective and destructive activities) greatly affected coverage rates, death rates and diversity of the coral reefs.
引文
Arrigoni R,Stefani F,Pichon M,Galli P,Benzoni F(2012)Molecular phylogeny of the robust clade(Faviidae,Mussidae,Merulinidae,and Pectiniidae):an Indian Ocean perspective.Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,65,183–193.
Belaoussoff S,Kevan PG,Murphy S,Swanton C(2003)Assessing tillage disturbance on assemblages of ground beetles(Coleoptera:Carabidae)by using a range of ecological indices.Biodiversity and Conservation,12,851–882.
Bruno JF,Edmunds PJ(1997)Clonal variation for phenotypic plasticity in the coral Madracis mirabilis.Ecology,78,2177–2190.
Done TJ(1999)Coral community adaptability to environmental change at the scales of regions,reefs and reef zones.American Zoologist,39,66–79.
Dong ZJ,Huang H,Huang LM,Li YC,Shi X(2009)Symbiotic algae in two scleractinian corals:molecular phylogeny and their response to elevated temperatures.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,31,141–148.(in Chinese with English abstract)[董志军,黄晖,黄良民,李元超,时翔(2009)两种造礁石珊瑚共生藻分子系统分类及其对水温升高的响应研究.海洋学报,31,141–148.]
Forsman ZH,Concepcion GT,Haverkort RD,Shaw RW,Maragos JE,Toonen RJ(2010)Ecomorph or endangered coral?DNA and microstructure reveal Hawaiian species complexes:Montipora dilatata/flabellata/turgescens&M.patula/verrilli.PLo S ONE,5,e15021.
Fukami H,Budd AF,Paulay G,Solé-Cava A,Chen CA,Iwao K,Knowlton N(2004)Conventional taxonomy obscures deep divergence between Pacific and Atlantic corals.Nature,427,832–835.
Huang H,You F,Lian JS,Zhang CL,Yang JH,Li XB,Yuan T,Dong ZJ(2012)Composition and distribution of scleractinian coral in the northwest of Hainan Island.MarineSciences,36,64–74.(in Chinese with English abstract)[黄晖,尤丰,练健生,张成龙,杨剑辉,李秀保,袁涛,董志军(2012)海南岛西北部海域珊瑚礁造礁石珊瑚种类组成与分布.海洋科学,36,64–74.]
Hughes TP,Baird AH,Bellwood DR,Card M,Connolly SR,Folke C,Grosberg R,Hoegh-Guldberg O,Jackson JBC,Kleypas J,Lough JM,Marshall P,Nystr?m M,Palumbi SR,Pandolfi JM,Rosen B,Roughgarden J(2003)Climate change,human impacts,and the resilience of coral reefs.Science,301,929–933.
LüBQ,Wang GZ,Quan SQ(1984)The characteristic of fringing reefs of Hainan Island.Geographical Research,3,1 –16.(in Chinese with English abstract)[吕炳全,王国忠,全松青(1984)海南岛珊瑚岸礁的特征.地理研究,3,1 –16.]
Niu WT,Xu XZ,Lin RC,Huang DY(2010a)Effects of sedimentation on coral reefs and reef organisms.Marine Science Bulletin,29,106–112.(in Chinese with English abstract)[牛文涛,徐宪忠,林荣澄,黄丁勇(2010a)沉积物对珊瑚礁及礁区生物的影响.海洋通报,29,106–112.]
Niu WT,Zhang XX,Lin RC,Wang CS(2010b)Diversity and distribution of coral species along the Changjiang coastal waters,Hainan Province.Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait,29,389–393.(in Chinese with English abstract)[牛文涛,张潇娴,林荣澄,王初升(2010b)海南昌江沿岸海域石珊瑚的物种多样性及其分布.台湾海峡,29,389 –393.]
Romano SL,Palumbi SR(1996)Evolution of scleractinian corals inferred from molecular systematics.Science,271,640 –642.
Schl?der C,D’Croz L(2004)Responses of massive and branching coral species to the combined effects of water temperature and nitrate enrichment.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,313,255–268.
Shannon EC,Weaver W(1949)The Mathematical Theory of Communication.Urbana University of Illinois Press,Illinois.
Spalding MD,Ravilious C,Creen EP(2001)World Atlas of Coral Reefs,pp.9–28.University of California Press,Berkeley.
Todd PA(2008)Morphological plasticity in scleractinian corals.Biological Reviews,83,315–337.
Veron JEN(2000)Corals of the World.Australian Institute of Marine Science Press,Townsville.
Wang DR,Wang HJ,Li YC,Yang Y,Liang W(2011)Preliminary study of coral larvae supplementary source around Leizhou Peninsula.Journal of Tropical Oceanography,30,26 –32.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王道儒,王华接,李元超,杨毅,梁文(2011)雷州半岛珊瑚幼虫补充来源初步研究.热带海洋学报,30,26–32.]
Wang LR,Zhao HT(2001)The general characteristics of the coral reef ecosystem.Chinese Journal of Ecology,20,41 –45.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王丽荣,赵焕庭(2001)珊瑚礁生态系的一般特点.生态学杂志,20,41 –45.]
Wu ZJ,Chen SQ,Chen M,Li YC,Wang Q,Wang DR(2013)Preliminary survey and analysis of the resources of hermatypic corals in Hainan Island.Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,35(2),44–50.(in Chinese with English abstract)[吴钟解,陈石泉,陈敏,李元超,王茜,王道儒(2013)海南岛造礁石珊瑚资源初步调查与分析.海洋湖沼通报,35(2),44–50.]
Wu ZJ,Li CP,Chen M,Zhang GX,Li YC(2012)Investigation of marine resources and the study of conservation strategies in Dazhou Island Ocean-ecology National Nature Reserves.Ocean Development and Management,29,97–100.(in Chinese)[吴钟解,李成攀,陈敏,张光星,李元超(2012)大洲岛国家级自然保护区海洋资源调查及其管理保护机制探讨.海洋开发与管理,29,97–100.]
Yang C,Yang YH,Song PX,Li HW(2011)Diversity of coral species along the Yunlong Bay coastal waters in Longlou Town of Wenchang City.Journal of Hainan Normal University(Natural Science),24,201–203.(in Chinese with English abstract)[杨晨,杨亚辉,宋培学,李洪武(2011)海南省文昌市龙楼镇云龙湾石珊瑚的物种多样性调查.海南师范大学学报(自然科学版),24,201–203.]
Yu DP,Zou RL(1995)General situation,problems and prospects of studies on scleratinian coral community structure.Chinese Biodiversity,3,26–30.(in Chinese with English abstract)[于登攀,邹仁林(1995)造礁石珊瑚群落结构研究的概况、问题和前景.生物多样性,3,26–30.]
Yu DP,Zou RL(1996)Current situation and dynamics of spe-cies diversity in hermatypic coral community on Luhuito fringing reef.Acta Ecologica Sinica,16,559–564.(in Ch nese with English abstract)[于登攀,邹仁林(1996)鹿回头造礁石珊瑚群落多样性的现状及动态.生态学报,16559 –564.]
Zhao MX,Yu KF,Zhang QM,Shi Q(2009)Evolution and its environmental significance of coral diversity on Luhuitou fringing reef,Sanya.Marine Environmental Science,28,125 –130.(in Chinese with English abstract)[赵美霞,余克服,张乔民,施祺(2009)近50 a来三亚石珊瑚物种多样性的演变特征及其环境意义.海洋环境科学,28,125 –130.]
Zhao MX,Yu KF,Zhang QM,Shi Q(2011)Evaluating the sustainability of coral reefs in Sanya of Hainan Island using marine ecological footprint.Journal of Tropical Oceanography,30,74–80.(in Chinese with English abstract)[赵美霞,余克服,张乔民,施祺(2011)应用海洋生态足迹评价三亚珊瑚礁资源的可持续利用.热带海洋学报,30,74–80.]
Zhou ZG(2004)The research status and conservation strategy of coral reefs in Hainan.Ocean Development and Management,21(6),48–51.(in Chinese)[周祖光(2004)海南珊瑚礁的现状与保护对策.海洋开发与管理,21(6),48–51.]
Zou RL(2001)Fauna Sinica:Invertebrata Coelenterata,Anthozoa,Scleractinian,Hermatypic Coral.Science Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)[邹仁林(2001)中国动物志腔肠动物门珊瑚虫纲石珊瑚目造礁石珊瑚.科学出版社,北京.]
Belaoussoff S,Kevan PG,Murphy S,Swanton C(2003)Assessing tillage disturbance on assemblages of ground beetles(Coleoptera:Carabidae)by using a range of ecological indices.Biodiversity and Conservation,12,851–882.
Bruno JF,Edmunds PJ(1997)Clonal variation for phenotypic plasticity in the coral Madracis mirabilis.Ecology,78,2177–2190.
Done TJ(1999)Coral community adaptability to environmental change at the scales of regions,reefs and reef zones.American Zoologist,39,66–79.
Dong ZJ,Huang H,Huang LM,Li YC,Shi X(2009)Symbiotic algae in two scleractinian corals:molecular phylogeny and their response to elevated temperatures.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,31,141–148.(in Chinese with English abstract)[董志军,黄晖,黄良民,李元超,时翔(2009)两种造礁石珊瑚共生藻分子系统分类及其对水温升高的响应研究.海洋学报,31,141–148.]
Forsman ZH,Concepcion GT,Haverkort RD,Shaw RW,Maragos JE,Toonen RJ(2010)Ecomorph or endangered coral?DNA and microstructure reveal Hawaiian species complexes:Montipora dilatata/flabellata/turgescens&M.patula/verrilli.PLo S ONE,5,e15021.
Fukami H,Budd AF,Paulay G,Solé-Cava A,Chen CA,Iwao K,Knowlton N(2004)Conventional taxonomy obscures deep divergence between Pacific and Atlantic corals.Nature,427,832–835.
Huang H,You F,Lian JS,Zhang CL,Yang JH,Li XB,Yuan T,Dong ZJ(2012)Composition and distribution of scleractinian coral in the northwest of Hainan Island.MarineSciences,36,64–74.(in Chinese with English abstract)[黄晖,尤丰,练健生,张成龙,杨剑辉,李秀保,袁涛,董志军(2012)海南岛西北部海域珊瑚礁造礁石珊瑚种类组成与分布.海洋科学,36,64–74.]
Hughes TP,Baird AH,Bellwood DR,Card M,Connolly SR,Folke C,Grosberg R,Hoegh-Guldberg O,Jackson JBC,Kleypas J,Lough JM,Marshall P,Nystr?m M,Palumbi SR,Pandolfi JM,Rosen B,Roughgarden J(2003)Climate change,human impacts,and the resilience of coral reefs.Science,301,929–933.
LüBQ,Wang GZ,Quan SQ(1984)The characteristic of fringing reefs of Hainan Island.Geographical Research,3,1 –16.(in Chinese with English abstract)[吕炳全,王国忠,全松青(1984)海南岛珊瑚岸礁的特征.地理研究,3,1 –16.]
Niu WT,Xu XZ,Lin RC,Huang DY(2010a)Effects of sedimentation on coral reefs and reef organisms.Marine Science Bulletin,29,106–112.(in Chinese with English abstract)[牛文涛,徐宪忠,林荣澄,黄丁勇(2010a)沉积物对珊瑚礁及礁区生物的影响.海洋通报,29,106–112.]
Niu WT,Zhang XX,Lin RC,Wang CS(2010b)Diversity and distribution of coral species along the Changjiang coastal waters,Hainan Province.Journal of Oceanography in Taiwan Strait,29,389–393.(in Chinese with English abstract)[牛文涛,张潇娴,林荣澄,王初升(2010b)海南昌江沿岸海域石珊瑚的物种多样性及其分布.台湾海峡,29,389 –393.]
Romano SL,Palumbi SR(1996)Evolution of scleractinian corals inferred from molecular systematics.Science,271,640 –642.
Schl?der C,D’Croz L(2004)Responses of massive and branching coral species to the combined effects of water temperature and nitrate enrichment.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,313,255–268.
Shannon EC,Weaver W(1949)The Mathematical Theory of Communication.Urbana University of Illinois Press,Illinois.
Spalding MD,Ravilious C,Creen EP(2001)World Atlas of Coral Reefs,pp.9–28.University of California Press,Berkeley.
Todd PA(2008)Morphological plasticity in scleractinian corals.Biological Reviews,83,315–337.
Veron JEN(2000)Corals of the World.Australian Institute of Marine Science Press,Townsville.
Wang DR,Wang HJ,Li YC,Yang Y,Liang W(2011)Preliminary study of coral larvae supplementary source around Leizhou Peninsula.Journal of Tropical Oceanography,30,26 –32.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王道儒,王华接,李元超,杨毅,梁文(2011)雷州半岛珊瑚幼虫补充来源初步研究.热带海洋学报,30,26–32.]
Wang LR,Zhao HT(2001)The general characteristics of the coral reef ecosystem.Chinese Journal of Ecology,20,41 –45.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王丽荣,赵焕庭(2001)珊瑚礁生态系的一般特点.生态学杂志,20,41 –45.]
Wu ZJ,Chen SQ,Chen M,Li YC,Wang Q,Wang DR(2013)Preliminary survey and analysis of the resources of hermatypic corals in Hainan Island.Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,35(2),44–50.(in Chinese with English abstract)[吴钟解,陈石泉,陈敏,李元超,王茜,王道儒(2013)海南岛造礁石珊瑚资源初步调查与分析.海洋湖沼通报,35(2),44–50.]
Wu ZJ,Li CP,Chen M,Zhang GX,Li YC(2012)Investigation of marine resources and the study of conservation strategies in Dazhou Island Ocean-ecology National Nature Reserves.Ocean Development and Management,29,97–100.(in Chinese)[吴钟解,李成攀,陈敏,张光星,李元超(2012)大洲岛国家级自然保护区海洋资源调查及其管理保护机制探讨.海洋开发与管理,29,97–100.]
Yang C,Yang YH,Song PX,Li HW(2011)Diversity of coral species along the Yunlong Bay coastal waters in Longlou Town of Wenchang City.Journal of Hainan Normal University(Natural Science),24,201–203.(in Chinese with English abstract)[杨晨,杨亚辉,宋培学,李洪武(2011)海南省文昌市龙楼镇云龙湾石珊瑚的物种多样性调查.海南师范大学学报(自然科学版),24,201–203.]
Yu DP,Zou RL(1995)General situation,problems and prospects of studies on scleratinian coral community structure.Chinese Biodiversity,3,26–30.(in Chinese with English abstract)[于登攀,邹仁林(1995)造礁石珊瑚群落结构研究的概况、问题和前景.生物多样性,3,26–30.]
Yu DP,Zou RL(1996)Current situation and dynamics of spe-cies diversity in hermatypic coral community on Luhuito fringing reef.Acta Ecologica Sinica,16,559–564.(in Ch nese with English abstract)[于登攀,邹仁林(1996)鹿回头造礁石珊瑚群落多样性的现状及动态.生态学报,16559 –564.]
Zhao MX,Yu KF,Zhang QM,Shi Q(2009)Evolution and its environmental significance of coral diversity on Luhuitou fringing reef,Sanya.Marine Environmental Science,28,125 –130.(in Chinese with English abstract)[赵美霞,余克服,张乔民,施祺(2009)近50 a来三亚石珊瑚物种多样性的演变特征及其环境意义.海洋环境科学,28,125 –130.]
Zhao MX,Yu KF,Zhang QM,Shi Q(2011)Evaluating the sustainability of coral reefs in Sanya of Hainan Island using marine ecological footprint.Journal of Tropical Oceanography,30,74–80.(in Chinese with English abstract)[赵美霞,余克服,张乔民,施祺(2011)应用海洋生态足迹评价三亚珊瑚礁资源的可持续利用.热带海洋学报,30,74–80.]
Zhou ZG(2004)The research status and conservation strategy of coral reefs in Hainan.Ocean Development and Management,21(6),48–51.(in Chinese)[周祖光(2004)海南珊瑚礁的现状与保护对策.海洋开发与管理,21(6),48–51.]
Zou RL(2001)Fauna Sinica:Invertebrata Coelenterata,Anthozoa,Scleractinian,Hermatypic Coral.Science Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)[邹仁林(2001)中国动物志腔肠动物门珊瑚虫纲石珊瑚目造礁石珊瑚.科学出版社,北京.]