两种造礁石珊瑚对海水酸化和溶解有机碳加富的响应
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摘要
文章选择鹿回头近岸海域常见的板叶角蜂巢珊瑚(Favites complanata)和十字牡丹珊瑚(Pavona decussata)为研究对象,采用室内连续培养的方法,探究两种不同造礁石珊瑚对酸化和溶解有机碳(DOC)加富的响应。结果表明:酸化(p H7.6)并不会影响两种珊瑚的钙化速率和生长速率;但DOC加富(524.03±78.42μmol?L-1)使两种珊瑚的钙化速率分别降低67%和47%、生长速率降低59%和40%。当二者共同作用时,两种珊瑚的钙化速率降低30%和11%、生长速率降低46%和59%,大多没有DOC单独作用时强烈,表现出一定的拮抗作用。两种珊瑚共生虫黄藻叶绿素荧光指数(Fv/Fm)均升高后降低,板叶角蜂巢珊瑚Fv/Fm最先降低。实验表明,这两种珊瑚虽然对海洋酸化的敏感度不高,但是对有机物加富有不同的响应,板叶角蜂巢珊瑚更为敏感,可能导致这两种珊瑚在未来环境变化中有不同命运。
Two common reef-building coral species in Luhuitou offshore areas, Favites complanata and Pavona decussata, were selected in our experiments. Continuous culture experiments(21 days) were conducted to evaluate the effects of acidification and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) enrichment on coral physiology. The results showed that: 1) acidification(pH 7.6) did not significantly affect the calcification rates and growth rates of these two coral species. However, in the treatment of DOC enrichment(524.03±78.42μmol×L~(-1)), the coral calcification rates decreased by 67% and 47%, respectively; the growth rates decreased by 59% and 40%, respectively. In the combined effects of acidification and organic matter enrichment, the calcification rates decreased by 67% and 47%, respectively; the growth rates decreased by 59% and 40%, respectively, but the reduction was less than DOC enrichment alone. To some degree, these results reflected some antagonistic action. The maximum quantum efficiency(Fv/Fm) of these two corals all increased in the early, meanwhile; Fv/Fm of Favites complanata decreased first. 2) Favites complanata and Pavona decussata responded differently to acidification and organic matter enrichment, indicating the species would have different fates in a changing environment in future.
Two common reef-building coral species in Luhuitou offshore areas, Favites complanata and Pavona decussata, were selected in our experiments. Continuous culture experiments(21 days) were conducted to evaluate the effects of acidification and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) enrichment on coral physiology. The results showed that: 1) acidification(pH 7.6) did not significantly affect the calcification rates and growth rates of these two coral species. However, in the treatment of DOC enrichment(524.03±78.42μmol×L~(-1)), the coral calcification rates decreased by 67% and 47%, respectively; the growth rates decreased by 59% and 40%, respectively. In the combined effects of acidification and organic matter enrichment, the calcification rates decreased by 67% and 47%, respectively; the growth rates decreased by 59% and 40%, respectively, but the reduction was less than DOC enrichment alone. To some degree, these results reflected some antagonistic action. The maximum quantum efficiency(Fv/Fm) of these two corals all increased in the early, meanwhile; Fv/Fm of Favites complanata decreased first. 2) Favites complanata and Pavona decussata responded differently to acidification and organic matter enrichment, indicating the species would have different fates in a changing environment in future.
引文
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李元超,黄晖,董志军,等,2008.珊瑚礁生态修复研究进展[J].生态学报,28(10):5047-5054.LI YUANCHAO,HUANGHUI,DONG ZHIJUN,et al,2008.Headway of study on coral reefs ecological restoration[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,28(10):5047-5054(in Chinese with English abstract).
王丽荣,赵焕庭,2001.珊瑚礁生态系的一般特点[J].生态学杂志,20(6):41-45.WANG LIRONG,ZHAO HUANTING,2001.The general characteristics of the coral reef ecosystem[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,20(6):41-45(in Chinese with English abstract).
张成龙,黄晖,黄良民,等,2012.海洋酸化对珊瑚礁生态系统的影响研究进展[J].生态学报,32(5):1606-1615.ZHANGCHENGLONG,HUANG HUI,HUANG LIANGMIN,et al,2012.Research progress on the effects of ocean acidification on coral reef ecosystems[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,32(5):1606-1615(in Chinese with English abstract).
郑新庆,郭富雯,刘昕明,等,2015.海洋酸化没有显著影响成体鹿角杯形珊瑚的钙化作用和光合能力[J].海洋学报,37(10):59-68.ZHENG XINQING,GUO FUWEN,LIUXINMING,et al,2015.Ocean acidification does not significantly affect the calcification and photosynthesis capacity of hermatypic coral Pocillopora damicornis[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,37(10):59-68(in Chinese with English abstract).
ALFIAN K,ADZIS A,AMRI A Y,et al,2009.Effective and maximum quantum yield of the lace coral Pocillopora damicornis(Anthozoa:Scleractinia:Pocilloporidae)in Pulau Tioman,Malaysia[J].Journal of Science and Technology in the Tropics,5(1):13-17.
ALONGI D M,MCKINNON A D,2005.The cycling and fate of terrestrially-derived sediments and nutrients in the coastal zone of the Great Barrier Reef shelf[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,51(1/2/3/4):239-252.
ANTHONY K R N,KLINE D I,DIAZ-PULIDO G,et al,2008.Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,105(45):17442-17446.
ANTHONY K R N,KLEYPAS J A,GATTUSO J P,2011.Coral reefs modify their seawater carbon chemistry-implications for impacts of ocean acidification[J].Global Change Biology,17(12):3655-3666.
BORELL E M,BISCHOF K,2008.Feeding sustains photosynthetic quantum yield of a scleractinian coral during thermal stress[J].Oecologia,157(4):593-601.
BREWER P G,1997.Ocean chemistry of the fossil fuel CO2 signal:the haline signal of“business as usual”[J].Geophysical Research Letters,24(11):1367-1369.
BURRIS J E,PORTER J W,LAING W A,1983.Effects of carbon dioxide concentration on coral photosynthesis[J].Marine Biology,75(2/3):113-116.
CHAUVIN A,DENIS V,CUET P,2011.Is the response of coral calcification to seawater acidification related to nutrient loading?[J].Coral Reefs,30(4):911-923.
COMEAU S,CARPENTER R C,NOJIRI Y,et al,2014a.Pacific-wide contrast highlights resistance of reef calcifiers to ocean acidification[J].Proceedings Biological Sciences,281(1790):625-636.
COMEAU S,EDMUNDS P J,SPINDEL N B,et al,2013.The responses of eight coral reef calcifiers to increasing partial pressure of CO2 do not exhibit a tipping point[J].Limnology and Oceanography,58(1):388-398.
COMEAU S,EDMUNDS P J,SPINDEL N B,et al,2014b.Fast coral reef calcifiers are more sensitive to ocean acidification in short-term laboratory incubations[J].Limnology and Oceanography,59(3):1081-1091.
CROOK E D,COHEN A L,REBOLLEDO-VIEYRA M,et al,2013.Reduced calcification and lack of acclimatization by coral colonies growing in areas of persistent natural acidification[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,110(27):11044-11049.
DANIEL M H B,MONTEBELO A A,BERNARDES M C,et al,2002.Effects of urban sewage on dissolved oxygen,dissolved inorganic and organic carbon,and electrical conductivity of small streams along a gradient of urbanization in the Piracicaba river basin[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,136(1/2/3/4):189-206.
DAVIES P S,1989.Short-term growth measurements of corals using an accurate buoyant weighing technique[J].Marine Biology,101(3):389-395.
DICKSON A G,SABINE C L,CHRISTIAN J R,2007.Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements[M].PICESSpecial Publication,Sidney,Canada:North Pacific Marine Science Organization:67-81.
DUBINSKY Z,JOKIEL P L,1994.Ratio of energy and nutrient fluxes regulates symbiosis between zooxanthellae and corals[J].Pacific Science,48(3):313-324.
FABRICIUS K E,2005.Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs:review and synthesis[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,50(2):125-146.
GOIRAN C,AL-MOGHRABI S,ALLEMAND D,et al,1996.Inorganic carbon uptake for photosynthesis by the symbiotic coral/dinoflagellate association I.Photosynthetic performances of symbionts and dependence on sea water bicarbonate[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,199(2):207-225.
HOEGH-GULDBERG O,MUMBY P J,HOOTEN A J,et al,2007.Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification[J].Science,318(5857):1737-1742.
HUANG HUI,YUAN XIANGCHENG,CAI WENJUN,et al,2014.Positive and negative responses of coral calcification to elevated 2COp:case studies of two coral species and the implications of their responses[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,502:145-156.
KANIEWSKA P,CAMPBELL P R,KLINE D I,et al,2012.Major cellular and physiological impacts of ocean acidification on a reef building coral[J].PLo S One,7(4):e34659.
KLEYPAS J A,FEELY R A,FABRY V J,et al,2005.Impacts of ocean acidification on coral reefs and other marine calcifiers:
a guide for future research[R].St Petersburg:NSF,NOAA,and the US Geological Survey:88-88.
LANGDON C,ATKINSON M J,2005.Effect of elevated 2COp on photosynthesis and calcification of corals and interactions with seasonal change in temperature/irradiance and nutrient enrichment[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,110(C9):C09S07.
LI XIUBAO,TITLYANOV E A,ZHANG JING,et al,2016.Macroalgal assemblage changes on coral reefs along a natural gradient from fish farms in southern Hainan Island[J].Aquatic Ecosystem Health&Management,19(1):74-82.
MARUBINI F,BARNETT H,LANGDON C,et al,2001.Dependence of calcification on light and carbonate ion concentration for the hermatypic coral Porites compressa[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,220:153-162.
MCCULLOCH M,FALTER J,TROTTER J,et al,2012.Coral resilience to ocean acidification and global warming through p H up-regulation[J].Nature Climate Change,2(8):623-627.
MEYER F W,VOGEL N,DIELE K,et al,2016.Effects of high dissolved inorganic and organic carbon availability on the physiology of the hard coral Acropora millepora from the great barrier reef[J].PLo S One,11(3):e0149598.
MOYA A,TAMBUTTéS,TAMBUTTéE,et al,2006.Study of calcification during a daily cycle of the coral Stylophora pistillata:implications for“light-enhanced calcification”[J].Journal of Experimental Biology,209(17):3413-3419.
RIES J B,2011.A physicochemical framework for interpreting the biological calcification response to CO2-induced ocean acidification[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,75(14):4053-4064.
RINKEVICH B,LOYA Y,1984.Does light enhance calcification in hermatypic corals?[J].Marine Biology,80(1):1-6.
SCHNEIDER K,EREZ J,2006.The effect of carbonate chemistry on calcification and photosynthesis in the hermatypic coral Acropora eurystoma[J].Limnology and Oceanography,101(3):1284-1293.
SZMANT A M,2002.Nutrient enrichment on coral reefs:Is it a major cause of coral reef decline?[J].Estuaries,25(4):743-766.
TAKAHASHI A,KURIHARA H,2013.Ocean acidification does not affect the physiology of the tropical coral Acropora digitifera during a 5-week experiment[J].Coral Reefs,32(1):305-314.
UTHICKE S,FURNAS M,L?NBORG C,2014.Coral reefs on the edge?Carbon chemistry on inshore reefs of the great barrier reef[J].PLo S One,9(10):e109092.
VOGEL N,MEYER F W,WILD C,et al,2015.Decreased light availability can amplify negative impacts of ocean acidification on calcifying coral reef organisms[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,521:49-61.
李元超,黄晖,董志军,等,2008.珊瑚礁生态修复研究进展[J].生态学报,28(10):5047-5054.LI YUANCHAO,HUANGHUI,DONG ZHIJUN,et al,2008.Headway of study on coral reefs ecological restoration[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,28(10):5047-5054(in Chinese with English abstract).
王丽荣,赵焕庭,2001.珊瑚礁生态系的一般特点[J].生态学杂志,20(6):41-45.WANG LIRONG,ZHAO HUANTING,2001.The general characteristics of the coral reef ecosystem[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,20(6):41-45(in Chinese with English abstract).
张成龙,黄晖,黄良民,等,2012.海洋酸化对珊瑚礁生态系统的影响研究进展[J].生态学报,32(5):1606-1615.ZHANGCHENGLONG,HUANG HUI,HUANG LIANGMIN,et al,2012.Research progress on the effects of ocean acidification on coral reef ecosystems[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,32(5):1606-1615(in Chinese with English abstract).
郑新庆,郭富雯,刘昕明,等,2015.海洋酸化没有显著影响成体鹿角杯形珊瑚的钙化作用和光合能力[J].海洋学报,37(10):59-68.ZHENG XINQING,GUO FUWEN,LIUXINMING,et al,2015.Ocean acidification does not significantly affect the calcification and photosynthesis capacity of hermatypic coral Pocillopora damicornis[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,37(10):59-68(in Chinese with English abstract).
ALFIAN K,ADZIS A,AMRI A Y,et al,2009.Effective and maximum quantum yield of the lace coral Pocillopora damicornis(Anthozoa:Scleractinia:Pocilloporidae)in Pulau Tioman,Malaysia[J].Journal of Science and Technology in the Tropics,5(1):13-17.
ALONGI D M,MCKINNON A D,2005.The cycling and fate of terrestrially-derived sediments and nutrients in the coastal zone of the Great Barrier Reef shelf[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,51(1/2/3/4):239-252.
ANTHONY K R N,KLINE D I,DIAZ-PULIDO G,et al,2008.Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,105(45):17442-17446.
ANTHONY K R N,KLEYPAS J A,GATTUSO J P,2011.Coral reefs modify their seawater carbon chemistry-implications for impacts of ocean acidification[J].Global Change Biology,17(12):3655-3666.
BORELL E M,BISCHOF K,2008.Feeding sustains photosynthetic quantum yield of a scleractinian coral during thermal stress[J].Oecologia,157(4):593-601.
BREWER P G,1997.Ocean chemistry of the fossil fuel CO2 signal:the haline signal of“business as usual”[J].Geophysical Research Letters,24(11):1367-1369.
BURRIS J E,PORTER J W,LAING W A,1983.Effects of carbon dioxide concentration on coral photosynthesis[J].Marine Biology,75(2/3):113-116.
CHAUVIN A,DENIS V,CUET P,2011.Is the response of coral calcification to seawater acidification related to nutrient loading?[J].Coral Reefs,30(4):911-923.
COMEAU S,CARPENTER R C,NOJIRI Y,et al,2014a.Pacific-wide contrast highlights resistance of reef calcifiers to ocean acidification[J].Proceedings Biological Sciences,281(1790):625-636.
COMEAU S,EDMUNDS P J,SPINDEL N B,et al,2013.The responses of eight coral reef calcifiers to increasing partial pressure of CO2 do not exhibit a tipping point[J].Limnology and Oceanography,58(1):388-398.
COMEAU S,EDMUNDS P J,SPINDEL N B,et al,2014b.Fast coral reef calcifiers are more sensitive to ocean acidification in short-term laboratory incubations[J].Limnology and Oceanography,59(3):1081-1091.
CROOK E D,COHEN A L,REBOLLEDO-VIEYRA M,et al,2013.Reduced calcification and lack of acclimatization by coral colonies growing in areas of persistent natural acidification[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,110(27):11044-11049.
DANIEL M H B,MONTEBELO A A,BERNARDES M C,et al,2002.Effects of urban sewage on dissolved oxygen,dissolved inorganic and organic carbon,and electrical conductivity of small streams along a gradient of urbanization in the Piracicaba river basin[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,136(1/2/3/4):189-206.
DAVIES P S,1989.Short-term growth measurements of corals using an accurate buoyant weighing technique[J].Marine Biology,101(3):389-395.
DICKSON A G,SABINE C L,CHRISTIAN J R,2007.Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements[M].PICESSpecial Publication,Sidney,Canada:North Pacific Marine Science Organization:67-81.
DUBINSKY Z,JOKIEL P L,1994.Ratio of energy and nutrient fluxes regulates symbiosis between zooxanthellae and corals[J].Pacific Science,48(3):313-324.
FABRICIUS K E,2005.Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs:review and synthesis[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,50(2):125-146.
GOIRAN C,AL-MOGHRABI S,ALLEMAND D,et al,1996.Inorganic carbon uptake for photosynthesis by the symbiotic coral/dinoflagellate association I.Photosynthetic performances of symbionts and dependence on sea water bicarbonate[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,199(2):207-225.
HOEGH-GULDBERG O,MUMBY P J,HOOTEN A J,et al,2007.Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification[J].Science,318(5857):1737-1742.
HUANG HUI,YUAN XIANGCHENG,CAI WENJUN,et al,2014.Positive and negative responses of coral calcification to elevated 2COp:case studies of two coral species and the implications of their responses[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,502:145-156.
KANIEWSKA P,CAMPBELL P R,KLINE D I,et al,2012.Major cellular and physiological impacts of ocean acidification on a reef building coral[J].PLo S One,7(4):e34659.
KLEYPAS J A,FEELY R A,FABRY V J,et al,2005.Impacts of ocean acidification on coral reefs and other marine calcifiers:
a guide for future research[R].St Petersburg:NSF,NOAA,and the US Geological Survey:88-88.
LANGDON C,ATKINSON M J,2005.Effect of elevated 2COp on photosynthesis and calcification of corals and interactions with seasonal change in temperature/irradiance and nutrient enrichment[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,110(C9):C09S07.
LI XIUBAO,TITLYANOV E A,ZHANG JING,et al,2016.Macroalgal assemblage changes on coral reefs along a natural gradient from fish farms in southern Hainan Island[J].Aquatic Ecosystem Health&Management,19(1):74-82.
MARUBINI F,BARNETT H,LANGDON C,et al,2001.Dependence of calcification on light and carbonate ion concentration for the hermatypic coral Porites compressa[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,220:153-162.
MCCULLOCH M,FALTER J,TROTTER J,et al,2012.Coral resilience to ocean acidification and global warming through p H up-regulation[J].Nature Climate Change,2(8):623-627.
MEYER F W,VOGEL N,DIELE K,et al,2016.Effects of high dissolved inorganic and organic carbon availability on the physiology of the hard coral Acropora millepora from the great barrier reef[J].PLo S One,11(3):e0149598.
MOYA A,TAMBUTTéS,TAMBUTTéE,et al,2006.Study of calcification during a daily cycle of the coral Stylophora pistillata:implications for“light-enhanced calcification”[J].Journal of Experimental Biology,209(17):3413-3419.
RIES J B,2011.A physicochemical framework for interpreting the biological calcification response to CO2-induced ocean acidification[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,75(14):4053-4064.
RINKEVICH B,LOYA Y,1984.Does light enhance calcification in hermatypic corals?[J].Marine Biology,80(1):1-6.
SCHNEIDER K,EREZ J,2006.The effect of carbonate chemistry on calcification and photosynthesis in the hermatypic coral Acropora eurystoma[J].Limnology and Oceanography,101(3):1284-1293.
SZMANT A M,2002.Nutrient enrichment on coral reefs:Is it a major cause of coral reef decline?[J].Estuaries,25(4):743-766.
TAKAHASHI A,KURIHARA H,2013.Ocean acidification does not affect the physiology of the tropical coral Acropora digitifera during a 5-week experiment[J].Coral Reefs,32(1):305-314.
UTHICKE S,FURNAS M,L?NBORG C,2014.Coral reefs on the edge?Carbon chemistry on inshore reefs of the great barrier reef[J].PLo S One,9(10):e109092.
VOGEL N,MEYER F W,WILD C,et al,2015.Decreased light availability can amplify negative impacts of ocean acidification on calcifying coral reef organisms[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,521:49-61.