永兴岛及七连屿造礁石珊瑚近10年变化分析
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摘要
根据2007—2016年珊瑚礁监测数据,永兴岛及七连屿共调查到造礁石珊瑚11科113种,常见种有鹿角杯形珊瑚Pocillopora damicornis、疣状杯形珊瑚Pocillopora Verrucosa、粗野鹿角珊瑚Acropora humilis、澄黄滨珊瑚Porites lutea、丛生盔形珊瑚Galaxea fascicularis、梳状菊花珊瑚Goniastrea pectinata及锯齿刺星珊瑚Cyphastrea serailia等。研究区域内造礁石珊瑚种类近10年(2007—2016年)来下降明显,其中永兴岛从39种下降到18种,下降率为53.85%;北岛从23种下降到17种,下降率为26.09%;赵述岛从46种下降到12种,下降率为73.91%;西沙洲从51种下降到15种,下降率为70.59%。群体形态群落中皮壳状种类数最为稳定,分枝类下降了59.26%;叶片状下降了75.00%;圆盘状下降了87.50%;团块状下降了57.14%。通过对研究区域造礁石珊瑚种类组成及群落形态等方面的变化分析可见,人为活动、长棘海星、珊瑚病害、台风及全球升温等因素逐渐影响到西沙海域的珊瑚礁生态系统。
According to monitoring data of coral reefs from 2007 to 2016,there are 11 families and 113 species of hermatypic corals in Yongxing Islands and Qilianyu Islands,in which Pocillopora damicornis,P.verrucosa,Acropora humilis,Porites lutea,Galaxea fascicularis,Goniastrea pectinata and Cyphastrea serailia were common species.In nearly a decade(2007-2016),species number of hermatypic corals significantly declined in survey area,and 53.85%reduction in species number from 39 to 19 was recorded in Yongxing Island,26.09%reduction from 23 to 17 in Bei Island,73.91%reduction from 46 to 12 in Zhaoshu Island,and 70.59%reduction from 51 to19 in Xishazhou Island.Analysis showed that the crusting hermatypic corals were stable in species number in nearly a decade,but other type of hermatypic corals showed a sharp decrease,59.26%for branching corals,75.0%for those with thin plate,87.50%for free-living Fungiidae corals and 57.14%for massive corals.The coral ecosystem in the Xisha Sea was gradually affected by anthropogenic activities,outbreak of crown-of-thorns starfish,coral disease,typhoons and global warming,based on the analysis of the changes of coral species composition and community forms in the study area.
According to monitoring data of coral reefs from 2007 to 2016,there are 11 families and 113 species of hermatypic corals in Yongxing Islands and Qilianyu Islands,in which Pocillopora damicornis,P.verrucosa,Acropora humilis,Porites lutea,Galaxea fascicularis,Goniastrea pectinata and Cyphastrea serailia were common species.In nearly a decade(2007-2016),species number of hermatypic corals significantly declined in survey area,and 53.85%reduction in species number from 39 to 19 was recorded in Yongxing Island,26.09%reduction from 23 to 17 in Bei Island,73.91%reduction from 46 to 12 in Zhaoshu Island,and 70.59%reduction from 51 to19 in Xishazhou Island.Analysis showed that the crusting hermatypic corals were stable in species number in nearly a decade,but other type of hermatypic corals showed a sharp decrease,59.26%for branching corals,75.0%for those with thin plate,87.50%for free-living Fungiidae corals and 57.14%for massive corals.The coral ecosystem in the Xisha Sea was gradually affected by anthropogenic activities,outbreak of crown-of-thorns starfish,coral disease,typhoons and global warming,based on the analysis of the changes of coral species composition and community forms in the study area.
引文
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[14]李元超,吴钟解,陈石泉,等.永兴岛及七连屿浅水礁区珊瑚礁鱼类多样性探讨[J].海洋环境科学,2017,36(4):354-361.Li Yuanchao,Wu Zhongjie,Chen Shiquan,et al.Discussion of the diversity of the coral reef fish in the shallow reefs along the Yongxing and Qilianyu Island[J].Marine Environmental Science,2017,36(4):354-361.
[15]马克平.中国重点地区与类型生态系统多样性[M].浙江:浙江科学技术出版社,1999:225-268.Ma Keping.Ecosystem Diversity in Key Areas of China[M].Zhejiang:Zhejiang Science and Technology Press,1999:225-268.
[16]蔡泽富,陈石泉,吴钟解,等.海南岛东北部沿岸造礁石珊瑚时空分布特征[J].海洋湖沼通报,2015,37(3):78-86.Cai Zefu,Chen Shiquan,Wu Zhongjie,et al.The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of hermatypic corals in the coastal waters of Northeastern Hainan Island[J].Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,2015,37(3):78-86.
[17]Terence P H,Andrew B,David R B,et al.Climate change,human impacts,and the resilience of coral reefs[J].Science,2003,301:929-933.
[18]Yu Kefu,Zhao Jianxin,Shi Qi,et al.U-series dating of dead Porites corals in the South China Sea:evidence for episodic coral mortality over the past two centuries[J].Quaternary Geochronology,2006,1(2):129-141.
[19]Kent E C,Muhammad A,Greta A,et al.One-third of reef-building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts[J].Science,2008,321:560-563.
[20]廖彬彬.热带珊瑚岛礁生态系统风险评价与管理研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2013:52-56.Liao Binbin.Risk Assessment and Management of Tropical Coral Reef Ecosystems[D].Shanghai:East China Normal University,2013:52-56.
[21]Rachael Bale,林品竹,等.中国立法禁止南海开采砗磲保护珊瑚礁能否见效[EB/OL].http://www.uux.cn/viewnews-83348.html,2017-1-17.Rachael B,Lin Pinzu,et al.Whether the China's legislation can prohibited from excavation of giant clams and be used to protect coral reefs in south China sea[EB/OL].http://www.uux.cn/viewnews-83348.html,2017-1-17.
[22]李元超,韩有定,陈石泉,等.砗磲采挖对珊瑚礁生态系统的破坏——以西沙北礁为例[J].应用海洋学学报,2015,34(4):518-524.Li Yuanchao,Han Youding,Chen Shiquan,et al.The excavation of giant clams destroys the coral reef ecosystem in North Reef of Xisha Islands[J].Journal of Applied Oceanography,2015,34(4):518-524.
[23]Dixon I.Renewed crown-of-thorns threat[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,1996,32(3):252.
[24]Marine G,Yimnang G,Robert van W,et al.Impact of two sequential super typhoons on coral reef communities in Palau[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2015,540(26):73-85.
[25]Yang Hongqiang,Yu Kefu,Zhao Meixia,et al.Impact on the coral reefs at Yongle Atoll,Xisha Islands,South China Sea from a strong typhoon direct sweep:Wutip,September 2013[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2015,114(15):457-466.
[26]Robert V W,Peter H,Adelle L I,et al.Climate-change refugia in the sheltered bays of Palau:analogs of future reefs[J].Ecology and Evolution,2012,2(1):2474-2484.
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[28]Michael J E,Alistair J C,Hugh S,et al.Recovery from disturbance of coral and reef fish communities on the Great Barrier Reef,Australia[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2008,371:177-190.
[29]Christopher D,George R,Mirta Z,et al.Reef-scale failure of coral settlement following typhoon disturbance and macroalgal bloom in Palau,Western Pacific[J].Coral Reef,2014,33:613-623.
[30]Vimoksalehi L,Peter C,Gergely T,et al.The importance of coral larval recruitment for the recovery of reefs impacted by Cyclone Yasi in the central Great Barrier Reef[J].PLoS One,2013,8(6):1-11.
[31]University of Wisconsin-Madison,Space Science and Engineering Center.Sea Surface Temperatures[EB/OL].http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/data/sst/.
[32]Li Yuanchao,Zheng Xinqing,Chen Shiquan.Coral bleaching event happening in North Reef of China's Xisha Islands in 2014[J].BMC Ecology,2016,16(S2):3.
[2]邹仁林.中国动物志[M].第4卷.北京:科学出版社,2001:1-18.Zou Renlin.Zoography[M].Vol.4.Beijing:Science Press,2001:1-18.
[3]黄晖,尤丰,练健生,等.西沙群岛海域造礁石珊瑚物种多样性与分布特点[J].生物多样性,2011,19(6):710-715.Huang Hui,You Feng,Lian Jiansheng,et al.Species diversity and distribution of scleractinian coral at Xisha Islands,China[J].Biodiversity Science,2011,19(6):710-715.
[4]吴钟解,王道儒,涂志刚,等.西沙生态监控区造礁石珊瑚退化原因分析[J].海洋学报,2011,33(4):140-146.Wu Zhongjie,Wang Daoru,Tu Zhigang,et al.The analysis on the reason of hermatypic coral degradation in Xisha[J].Haiyang Xuebao,2011,33(4):140-146.
[5]庄启谦,李春生,陆保仁,等.西沙群岛金银岛和东岛礁平合的分带特点[J].海洋与湖沼,1981,12(4):341-348.Zhuang Qiqian,Li Chunsheng,Lu Baoren,et al.Zonation characteristics of the reef flat of the Xisha Islands,Guangdong Province,China[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,1981,12(4):341-348.
[6]邹仁林,朱袁智,王永川,等.西沙群岛珊瑚礁组成成份的分析和“海藻脊”的讨论[J].海洋学报,1979,1(2):292-298.Zou Renlin,Zhu Yuanzhi,Wang Yongchuan,et al.Analysis of biotic composition and discussion of“algalridge”on coral reefs of the Xisha Islands,Guangdong Province,China[J].Haiyang Xuebao,1979,1(2):292-298.
[7]李颖虹,黄小平,岳维忠,等.西沙永兴岛珊瑚礁与礁坪生物生态学研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2004,35(2):176-182.Li Yinghong,Huang Xiaoping,Yue Weizhong,et al.Ecological study on coral reef and intertidal benthos around Yongxing Island,South China Sea[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2004,35(2):176-182.
[8]沈建伟,杨红强,王月,等.西沙永兴岛珊瑚礁坪的群落动态和浅水碳酸盐沉积特征[J].中国科学:地球科学,2014,44(3):472-487.Shen Jianwei,Yang Hongqiang,Wang Yue,et al.Coral community dynamics and shallow-water carbonate deposition of the reef-flat around Yongxing Island,the Xisha Islands[J].Science China:Earth Sciences,2014,44(3):472-487.
[9]邹仁林.西沙群岛造礁石珊瑚群落结构的再分析[J].海洋学报,1980,2(3):98-110.Zou Renlin.Further analysis on the community structure of the hermatypic corals of the Xisha Qundao(Hsisha Islands),Guangdong Sheng(Kwantung Province),China[J].Haiyang Xuebao,1980,2(3):98-110.
[10]施祺,严宏强,张会领,等.西沙群岛永兴岛礁坡石珊瑚覆盖率的空间变化[J].热带海洋学报,2011,30(2):10-17.Shi Qi,Yan Hongqiang,Zhang Huiling,et al.Spatial variations of stony coral cover on the reef slope of Yongxing Island,Xisha Islands[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2011,30(2):10-17.
[11]Zhao Meixia,Yu Kefu,Shi Qi,et al.The coral communities of Yongle atoll:status,threats and conservation significance for coral reefs in South China Sea[J].Marine and Freshwater Research,2017,67(12):1888-1896.
[12]朱志雄,周永灿,柯韶文,等.西沙群岛造礁石珊瑚主要疾病调查与初步研究[J].海洋学报,2012,34(6):195-204.Zhu Zhixiong,Zhou Yongcan,Ke Shaowen,et al.The survey and preliminary research on main diseases of stony coral in Xisha Archipelago[J].Haiyang Xuebao,2012,34(6):195-204.
[13]Yang Hongqiang,Shen Jianwei,Fu Feixue,et al.Black band disease as a possible factor of the coral decline at the northern reef-flat of Yongxing Island,South China Sea[J].Science China:Earth Sciences,2014,57(4):569-578.
[14]李元超,吴钟解,陈石泉,等.永兴岛及七连屿浅水礁区珊瑚礁鱼类多样性探讨[J].海洋环境科学,2017,36(4):354-361.Li Yuanchao,Wu Zhongjie,Chen Shiquan,et al.Discussion of the diversity of the coral reef fish in the shallow reefs along the Yongxing and Qilianyu Island[J].Marine Environmental Science,2017,36(4):354-361.
[15]马克平.中国重点地区与类型生态系统多样性[M].浙江:浙江科学技术出版社,1999:225-268.Ma Keping.Ecosystem Diversity in Key Areas of China[M].Zhejiang:Zhejiang Science and Technology Press,1999:225-268.
[16]蔡泽富,陈石泉,吴钟解,等.海南岛东北部沿岸造礁石珊瑚时空分布特征[J].海洋湖沼通报,2015,37(3):78-86.Cai Zefu,Chen Shiquan,Wu Zhongjie,et al.The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of hermatypic corals in the coastal waters of Northeastern Hainan Island[J].Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,2015,37(3):78-86.
[17]Terence P H,Andrew B,David R B,et al.Climate change,human impacts,and the resilience of coral reefs[J].Science,2003,301:929-933.
[18]Yu Kefu,Zhao Jianxin,Shi Qi,et al.U-series dating of dead Porites corals in the South China Sea:evidence for episodic coral mortality over the past two centuries[J].Quaternary Geochronology,2006,1(2):129-141.
[19]Kent E C,Muhammad A,Greta A,et al.One-third of reef-building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts[J].Science,2008,321:560-563.
[20]廖彬彬.热带珊瑚岛礁生态系统风险评价与管理研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2013:52-56.Liao Binbin.Risk Assessment and Management of Tropical Coral Reef Ecosystems[D].Shanghai:East China Normal University,2013:52-56.
[21]Rachael Bale,林品竹,等.中国立法禁止南海开采砗磲保护珊瑚礁能否见效[EB/OL].http://www.uux.cn/viewnews-83348.html,2017-1-17.Rachael B,Lin Pinzu,et al.Whether the China's legislation can prohibited from excavation of giant clams and be used to protect coral reefs in south China sea[EB/OL].http://www.uux.cn/viewnews-83348.html,2017-1-17.
[22]李元超,韩有定,陈石泉,等.砗磲采挖对珊瑚礁生态系统的破坏——以西沙北礁为例[J].应用海洋学学报,2015,34(4):518-524.Li Yuanchao,Han Youding,Chen Shiquan,et al.The excavation of giant clams destroys the coral reef ecosystem in North Reef of Xisha Islands[J].Journal of Applied Oceanography,2015,34(4):518-524.
[23]Dixon I.Renewed crown-of-thorns threat[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,1996,32(3):252.
[24]Marine G,Yimnang G,Robert van W,et al.Impact of two sequential super typhoons on coral reef communities in Palau[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2015,540(26):73-85.
[25]Yang Hongqiang,Yu Kefu,Zhao Meixia,et al.Impact on the coral reefs at Yongle Atoll,Xisha Islands,South China Sea from a strong typhoon direct sweep:Wutip,September 2013[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2015,114(15):457-466.
[26]Robert V W,Peter H,Adelle L I,et al.Climate-change refugia in the sheltered bays of Palau:analogs of future reefs[J].Ecology and Evolution,2012,2(1):2474-2484.
[27]Claude B,Yolande B,Max L.Changes in the coastal fish communities following Hurricane Hugo in Guadelope Island(French West Indies)[J].Atoll Research Bull,1994,422:1-13.
[28]Michael J E,Alistair J C,Hugh S,et al.Recovery from disturbance of coral and reef fish communities on the Great Barrier Reef,Australia[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2008,371:177-190.
[29]Christopher D,George R,Mirta Z,et al.Reef-scale failure of coral settlement following typhoon disturbance and macroalgal bloom in Palau,Western Pacific[J].Coral Reef,2014,33:613-623.
[30]Vimoksalehi L,Peter C,Gergely T,et al.The importance of coral larval recruitment for the recovery of reefs impacted by Cyclone Yasi in the central Great Barrier Reef[J].PLoS One,2013,8(6):1-11.
[31]University of Wisconsin-Madison,Space Science and Engineering Center.Sea Surface Temperatures[EB/OL].http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/data/sst/.
[32]Li Yuanchao,Zheng Xinqing,Chen Shiquan.Coral bleaching event happening in North Reef of China's Xisha Islands in 2014[J].BMC Ecology,2016,16(S2):3.