溶氧胁迫对异育银鲫感染鲫造血器官坏死症的影响
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摘要
随着异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)养殖密度的增大,其主要养殖区爆发了以鳃部出血为典型特征的疾病,经确诊为鲫造血器官坏死症(Crucian Carp Hematopoietic Necrosis);引起该病的首要诱因为鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(CyHV-2),给异育银鲫养殖造成了巨大的经济损失。溶氧是水生生物生存的必要条件之一,溶氧条件的改变直接影响水生生物的各项生理机能,在溶氧胁迫状态下,水生生物会表现出应激及免疫力下降,从而导致疾病的发生。为了探究溶氧浓度对异育银鲫感染CyHV-2及发生鲫造血器官坏死症的影响,将健康的异育银鲫与已感染CyHV-2的病鱼混合饲养,结合鲫的最低生存氧浓度,设定溶氧浓度分别为7、6、5、4、3mg/L,不同溶氧浓度均设立对照组,在相同的饲养条件下,通过控制不同溶氧浓度,测定CyHV-2感染数及死亡数,分析不同溶氧浓度条件下鲫CyHV-2感染率及鲫造血器官坏死症的发病率。结果表明,随着溶氧浓度的降低,CyHV-2的感染率和死亡率都随之升高,当溶氧浓度为7、6、5、4mg/L时,对照组均未出现感染及死亡状况;当溶氧浓度为3mg/L时,实验组感染率为100%并且对照组也出现了死亡,充分肯定了溶氧胁迫会增加异育银鲫对CyHV-2的感染率及死亡率。研究结果对异育银鲫的大规模养殖及造血器官坏死症防控具有重要的意义。
In recent years,as breeding density has increased,Carassius auratus gibelio hemorrhagic disease has broken out on a large scale in the main breeding area of Jiangsu Province and caused severe economic losses in aquaculture.The disease was diagnosed as Crucian Carp Hematopoietic Necrosis and characterized by bleeding from gills and muscles.Research has shown that Cyprinid herpesvirusⅡ(CyHV-2)is the primary virus responsible for the disease and identifying the factors that lead to outbreaks is important.Dissolved oxygen(DO)is essential for aquatic life and low DO stress could suppress the immune response.We hypothesized that DO was an important factor in the occurrence of Crucian Carp Hematopoietic Necrosis and the effect of varying DO on the infection rate and mortality of C.auratus gibelioinfected with CyHV-2 was investigated.Healthy C.auratus gibelio(body weight,550-620 g;length,22-26 cm)were acclimated in an indoor circulating aquaculture system for a week.The DO stress experiment was carried out in aquaria(80 cm×65 cm×60 cm)at five DO treatment levels:7 mg/L,6 mg/L,5 mg/L,4 mg/L and 3 mg/L,based on the minimum DO requirement of crucian carp.Each treatment group was composed of twenty healthy C.auratus gibelio and two C.auratus gibelio infected with CyHV-2 and there was a control group for each DO treatment with 22 healthy test fish.All fish were cultured at the same temperature(27.0±0.5)℃and pH(7.2±0.2).The test lasted 14 days and the number of dead fish and fish presenting symptoms of infection were recorded each day.After the test,all fish were tested for CyHV-2,including fish that died during the experiment.The infection rate and mortality of C.auratus gibelioincreased as DO decreased.No infection occurred in any of the control groups,but there was mortality in the lowest DO control group(3 mg/L),due to hypoxia.In conclusion,DO stress increases the infection rate and mortality of C.auratus gibelio exposed to CyHV-2.The results will be useful in preventing and controlling Crucian Carp Hematopoietic Necrosis and support intensive breeding of C.auratus gibelio.
In recent years,as breeding density has increased,Carassius auratus gibelio hemorrhagic disease has broken out on a large scale in the main breeding area of Jiangsu Province and caused severe economic losses in aquaculture.The disease was diagnosed as Crucian Carp Hematopoietic Necrosis and characterized by bleeding from gills and muscles.Research has shown that Cyprinid herpesvirusⅡ(CyHV-2)is the primary virus responsible for the disease and identifying the factors that lead to outbreaks is important.Dissolved oxygen(DO)is essential for aquatic life and low DO stress could suppress the immune response.We hypothesized that DO was an important factor in the occurrence of Crucian Carp Hematopoietic Necrosis and the effect of varying DO on the infection rate and mortality of C.auratus gibelioinfected with CyHV-2 was investigated.Healthy C.auratus gibelio(body weight,550-620 g;length,22-26 cm)were acclimated in an indoor circulating aquaculture system for a week.The DO stress experiment was carried out in aquaria(80 cm×65 cm×60 cm)at five DO treatment levels:7 mg/L,6 mg/L,5 mg/L,4 mg/L and 3 mg/L,based on the minimum DO requirement of crucian carp.Each treatment group was composed of twenty healthy C.auratus gibelio and two C.auratus gibelio infected with CyHV-2 and there was a control group for each DO treatment with 22 healthy test fish.All fish were cultured at the same temperature(27.0±0.5)℃and pH(7.2±0.2).The test lasted 14 days and the number of dead fish and fish presenting symptoms of infection were recorded each day.After the test,all fish were tested for CyHV-2,including fish that died during the experiment.The infection rate and mortality of C.auratus gibelioincreased as DO decreased.No infection occurred in any of the control groups,but there was mortality in the lowest DO control group(3 mg/L),due to hypoxia.In conclusion,DO stress increases the infection rate and mortality of C.auratus gibelio exposed to CyHV-2.The results will be useful in preventing and controlling Crucian Carp Hematopoietic Necrosis and support intensive breeding of C.auratus gibelio.
引文
白亚荣,刘存仁,张和平,2000.影响鱼吃食的原因及措施[J].现代农业,(7):33.
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王春琳,吴丹华,董天野,等,2008.曼氏无针乌贼耗氧率及溶氧胁迫对其体内酶活力的影响[J].应用生态学报,19(11):2420-2427.
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吴霆,丁正峰,朱春艳,等,2014.异育银鲫鳃出血病流行病学调查和研究[J].水产科学,33(5):283-287.
熊向英,黄国强,彭银辉,等,2016.低氧胁迫对鲻幼鱼生长、能量代谢和氧化应激的影响[J].水产学报,40(1):73-81.
张松,解绶启,朱晓鸣,等,2008.粪便收集时间和饲料中肉骨粉含量对异育银鲫消化率的影响[J].水生生物学报,12(1):79-90.
Doszploy A,Benko M,Csaba G,2011.Introduction of the family Alloherpesviridae:the first molecular detection of herpesviruses of cyprinid fish in Hungary[J].Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja,133(3):174-181.
Goodwin A E,Khoo L,Lapatra S E,2006.Goldfish hematopoietic necrosis herpesvirus(cyprinid herpesvirus 2)in the USA:molecular confirmation of isolates from diseased fish[J].Journal of Aquatic Animal Health,18(1):11-18.
Jung S J,Miyazak T,1995.Herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis of goldsh,Carassius auratus(L)[J].Journal of Fish Diseases,18(3):211-220.
Xu J,Zeng L B,Zhang H,et al,2013.Cyprinid herpesvirus2infection emerged in cultured gibel carp,Carassius auratus gibelio in China[J].Veterinary Microbiology,166:138-144.
Zhang L,Liu Y,Shen Y,et al,2010.Effect of limited artificial aeration on constructed wetland treatment of domestic wastewater[J].Desalination,250(3):915-920.
曹茂开,汪美先,1991.科赫氏法则在现代医学中的新思考[J].医学与哲学(人文社会医学版),(12):8-10.
陈宁生,施泉方,1955.饲养鱼窒息现象的研究[J].水生生物学集刊,(1):1-5.
李健,孙修涛,赵法麓,1993.温度、溶解氧含量对中国对虾消化速率的影响[J].海洋科学,(5):4-6.
刘海英,曲克明,马绍赛,2005.养殖水体中溶解氧的变化及收支平衡研究概况[J].海洋水产研究,26(2):79-84.
刘文枝,曾令兵,张辉,等,2013.异育银鲫感染鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型(CyHV-2)后血液生理生化指标变化的研究[J].上海海洋大学学报,22(6):928-934.
倪蒙,2015.放养密度和低氧对施氏鲟福利状况的影响及生理机制[D].青岛:中国海洋大学.
倪信岳,徐伯勤,2005.高容量鱼池初级生产力和产氧、耗氧值特点的初步研究[J].水产科技情报,(3):19-23.
潘腾飞,齐树亭,武洪庆,等,2010.影响池塘养殖水体溶解氧的主要因素分析[J].安徽农业科学,38(17):9155-9157.
师吉华,2003.养殖水体适宜理化因子分析[J].辽宁工学院学报,23(4):35-36.
王爱民,吕富,杨文平,等,2010.饲料脂肪水平对异育银鲫生长性能、体脂沉积、肌肉成分及消化酶活性的影响[J].动物营养学报,22(3):625-633.
王春琳,吴丹华,董天野,等,2008.曼氏无针乌贼耗氧率及溶氧胁迫对其体内酶活力的影响[J].应用生态学报,19(11):2420-2427.
王建国,王权,封琦,等,2016.溶氧胁迫下中华鳑鲏的呼吸和氮代谢生理研究[J].上海海洋大学学报,25(2):183-188.
吴霆,丁正峰,朱春艳,等,2014.异育银鲫鳃出血病流行病学调查和研究[J].水产科学,33(5):283-287.
熊向英,黄国强,彭银辉,等,2016.低氧胁迫对鲻幼鱼生长、能量代谢和氧化应激的影响[J].水产学报,40(1):73-81.
张松,解绶启,朱晓鸣,等,2008.粪便收集时间和饲料中肉骨粉含量对异育银鲫消化率的影响[J].水生生物学报,12(1):79-90.
Doszploy A,Benko M,Csaba G,2011.Introduction of the family Alloherpesviridae:the first molecular detection of herpesviruses of cyprinid fish in Hungary[J].Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja,133(3):174-181.
Goodwin A E,Khoo L,Lapatra S E,2006.Goldfish hematopoietic necrosis herpesvirus(cyprinid herpesvirus 2)in the USA:molecular confirmation of isolates from diseased fish[J].Journal of Aquatic Animal Health,18(1):11-18.
Jung S J,Miyazak T,1995.Herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis of goldsh,Carassius auratus(L)[J].Journal of Fish Diseases,18(3):211-220.
Xu J,Zeng L B,Zhang H,et al,2013.Cyprinid herpesvirus2infection emerged in cultured gibel carp,Carassius auratus gibelio in China[J].Veterinary Microbiology,166:138-144.
Zhang L,Liu Y,Shen Y,et al,2010.Effect of limited artificial aeration on constructed wetland treatment of domestic wastewater[J].Desalination,250(3):915-920.