对抗的道德,融合的生命——论尼采的道德哲学与戈尔丁的《继承者》
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摘要
威廉·戈尔丁的小说《继承者》讲述了原始社会新人部落对尼安德特人部落的屠杀和灭绝。在尼采道德哲学的观照下,尼安德特人的爱、福乐和无辜体现了基督教道德,带来了生命意志的消亡;新人的主体建构性、能动性和侵略性,代表了主人道德对生命的保存和赞助。新人对尼安德特人的角逐和杀戮,体现了充盈强大生命力的主人道德对软弱服从的基督教道德的征服。不仅如此,《继承者》超越了尼采对两种道德的阐释,通过新人收养尼安德特人"小家伙"这一举动,指出了新人和尼安德特人共同建构人类命运共同体的愿景。
The Inheritors by William Golding represents the New Men's brutal slaughter and genocide of the Neanderthals during the prehistoric period.Nietzsche's moral philosophy seems to have reinforced the view that love,comfort and innocence,the three basic principles of Christian morality,bring an end to the Neanderthals' life; conversely,the New Men's selfconstruction,initiative,and aggressiveness epitomize the preservation and endorsement of life from master morality.The New Men's rivalry with and massacre of Neanderthals embody the conquest of the "vulnerable and subservient" Christian morality by the extremely vigorous "master morality".In addition,The Inheritors offers much more beyond Nietzsche's analysis of these two kinds of moralities.Through the New Men's adoption of "little Neanderthal baby",the novel advocates their joint effort to construct a future for the mankind with a shared destiny.
The Inheritors by William Golding represents the New Men's brutal slaughter and genocide of the Neanderthals during the prehistoric period.Nietzsche's moral philosophy seems to have reinforced the view that love,comfort and innocence,the three basic principles of Christian morality,bring an end to the Neanderthals' life; conversely,the New Men's selfconstruction,initiative,and aggressiveness epitomize the preservation and endorsement of life from master morality.The New Men's rivalry with and massacre of Neanderthals embody the conquest of the "vulnerable and subservient" Christian morality by the extremely vigorous "master morality".In addition,The Inheritors offers much more beyond Nietzsche's analysis of these two kinds of moralities.Through the New Men's adoption of "little Neanderthal baby",the novel advocates their joint effort to construct a future for the mankind with a shared destiny.
引文
Alterman,Peter S.“Aliens in Golding’s The Inheritors.”Science Fiction Studies,vol.5,no.1,Mar.1978,pp.3-10.
Babb,H.S.The Novels of William Golding.Ohio State UP,1970.
Bergonzi,Bernard.The Situation of the Novel.The Macmillan Press Ltd.,1979.
Boyd,S.J.The Novels of William Golding.Harvester,1990.
C.S.路易斯:《痛苦的奥秘》。林菡译,华东师范大学出版社,2013年。[Lewis,C.S.The Problem of Pain.Translated by Lin Han,East China Normal UP,2013.]
Carey,John.William Golding:The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies.Free P,2009.
Crawford,Paul.Politics and History in William Golding:The World Turned Upside Down.U of Missouri P,1984.
Gibson,Marion.“Melting the Ice Gods:The Creation and Destruction of Old and New Gods in British Fiction 1880-1955.”Preternature:Critical and Historical Studies on the Preternatural,vol.3,no.2,Penn State UP,2014,pp.339-66.
威廉·戈尔丁:《继承者》。刁俊春译,浙江文艺出版社,2016年。[Golding,William.The Inheritors.Translated by Diao Junchun,Zhejiang Literature and Art Publishing House,2016.]
Golding,William,and James R.Baker.“An Interview with William Golding.”Twentieth Century Literature,vol.28,no.2,William Golding Issue,Duke UP,1982,pp.130-70.
Haffenden,John.“William Golding.”Novelists in Interview.Methuen&Co.,1985.
Halliday,M.A.K.“Linguistic Function and Literary Style:An Inquiry into the Language of William Golding’s The Inheritors.”Essays in Modern Stylistics,edited by Donald C.Freeman,Methuen,1981,pp.325-60.
NIV Holy Bible.Zondervan,2011.
伊曼努尔·康德:《历史理性批判文集》。何兆武译,商务印书馆,1996年。[Kant,Immanuel.Criticism on Historical Rationality.Translated by He Zhaowu,The Commercial Press,1996.]
--:《实用人类学》。邓晓芒译,上海人民出版社,2012年。[---.Practical Anthropology.Translated by Deng Xiaomang,Shanghai People’s Publishing House,2012.]
Kinkead-Weeks,Mark,and Ian Gregor.“Approaches to The Inheritors.”William Golding:Novels,edited by Norman Page,Macmillan Publishers Ltd.,1985,pp.122-25.
Lodge,David.The Art of Fiction.Penguin Books Ltd.,1992.
Lup?a,Marinela.“The Repeated Falland the Utopia of Innocence:Lord of the Flies.”From Francis Bacon to William Golding:Utopias and Dystopias of Today and of Yore,edited by Ligia Tomoiagǎet al.,Cambridge Scholars Publishing,2012,pp.178-91.
Medcalf,Stephen.William Golding.Longman Group Ltd.,1975.
尼采:《超善恶--未来哲学序曲》。张念东译,中央编译出版社,2005年。[Nietzsche,Friedrich.Beyond Good and Evil:Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future.Translated by Zhang Niandong,Central Compilation&Translation Press,2005.]
--:《论道德的谱系》。赵千帆译,商务印书馆,2016年。[---.The Genealogy of Morals.Translated by Zhao Qianfan,The Commercial Press,2016.]
--:《查拉图斯特拉如是说》。杨震译,中国社会科学出版社,2009年。[---.Thus Spoke Zarathustra.Translated by Yang Zhen,China Social Sciences Press,2009.]
--:《偶像的黄昏》。卫茂平译,华东师范大学出版社,2007年。[---.Twilight of the Idols.Translated by Wei Maoping,East China Normal UP,2007.]
尼采:《权力意志》下卷。孙周兴译,商务印书馆,2007年。[---.The Will to Power.vol.2.Translated by Sun Zhouxing,The Commercial Press,2007.]
让·雅克·卢梭:《论人类不平等的起源和基础》。高煜译,广西师范大学出版社,2009年。[Rousseau,Jean Jacques.A Discourse on Inequality.Translated by Gao Yu,Guangxi Normal UP,2009.]
Steiner,Rudolf.Preface.Friedrich Nietzsche:Fighter for Freedom,Rudolf Steiner Publications Inc.,1960,pp.1-2.
Stone,Frances Tisdale.William Golding,A Pessimistic Moralist:A Study of His Novels.PhD Dissertation,Uof Massachusetts,1980.
赫·乔·韦尔斯:《世界史纲:生物和人类的简明史》。吴文藻等译,人民出版社,1982年。[Wells,H.G.The Outline of History:Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind.Translated by Wu Wenzao et al.,People’s Publishing House,1982.]
Youssef,Sayed Mohammed.“William Golding’s Iconoclastic Views about the Neanderthal Man in The Inheritors.”Advances in Language and Literary Studies,vol.7,no.3,Jun.2016,pp.211-19.
Babb,H.S.The Novels of William Golding.Ohio State UP,1970.
Bergonzi,Bernard.The Situation of the Novel.The Macmillan Press Ltd.,1979.
Boyd,S.J.The Novels of William Golding.Harvester,1990.
C.S.路易斯:《痛苦的奥秘》。林菡译,华东师范大学出版社,2013年。[Lewis,C.S.The Problem of Pain.Translated by Lin Han,East China Normal UP,2013.]
Carey,John.William Golding:The Man Who Wrote Lord of the Flies.Free P,2009.
Crawford,Paul.Politics and History in William Golding:The World Turned Upside Down.U of Missouri P,1984.
Gibson,Marion.“Melting the Ice Gods:The Creation and Destruction of Old and New Gods in British Fiction 1880-1955.”Preternature:Critical and Historical Studies on the Preternatural,vol.3,no.2,Penn State UP,2014,pp.339-66.
威廉·戈尔丁:《继承者》。刁俊春译,浙江文艺出版社,2016年。[Golding,William.The Inheritors.Translated by Diao Junchun,Zhejiang Literature and Art Publishing House,2016.]
Golding,William,and James R.Baker.“An Interview with William Golding.”Twentieth Century Literature,vol.28,no.2,William Golding Issue,Duke UP,1982,pp.130-70.
Haffenden,John.“William Golding.”Novelists in Interview.Methuen&Co.,1985.
Halliday,M.A.K.“Linguistic Function and Literary Style:An Inquiry into the Language of William Golding’s The Inheritors.”Essays in Modern Stylistics,edited by Donald C.Freeman,Methuen,1981,pp.325-60.
NIV Holy Bible.Zondervan,2011.
伊曼努尔·康德:《历史理性批判文集》。何兆武译,商务印书馆,1996年。[Kant,Immanuel.Criticism on Historical Rationality.Translated by He Zhaowu,The Commercial Press,1996.]
--:《实用人类学》。邓晓芒译,上海人民出版社,2012年。[---.Practical Anthropology.Translated by Deng Xiaomang,Shanghai People’s Publishing House,2012.]
Kinkead-Weeks,Mark,and Ian Gregor.“Approaches to The Inheritors.”William Golding:Novels,edited by Norman Page,Macmillan Publishers Ltd.,1985,pp.122-25.
Lodge,David.The Art of Fiction.Penguin Books Ltd.,1992.
Lup?a,Marinela.“The Repeated Falland the Utopia of Innocence:Lord of the Flies.”From Francis Bacon to William Golding:Utopias and Dystopias of Today and of Yore,edited by Ligia Tomoiagǎet al.,Cambridge Scholars Publishing,2012,pp.178-91.
Medcalf,Stephen.William Golding.Longman Group Ltd.,1975.
尼采:《超善恶--未来哲学序曲》。张念东译,中央编译出版社,2005年。[Nietzsche,Friedrich.Beyond Good and Evil:Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future.Translated by Zhang Niandong,Central Compilation&Translation Press,2005.]
--:《论道德的谱系》。赵千帆译,商务印书馆,2016年。[---.The Genealogy of Morals.Translated by Zhao Qianfan,The Commercial Press,2016.]
--:《查拉图斯特拉如是说》。杨震译,中国社会科学出版社,2009年。[---.Thus Spoke Zarathustra.Translated by Yang Zhen,China Social Sciences Press,2009.]
--:《偶像的黄昏》。卫茂平译,华东师范大学出版社,2007年。[---.Twilight of the Idols.Translated by Wei Maoping,East China Normal UP,2007.]
尼采:《权力意志》下卷。孙周兴译,商务印书馆,2007年。[---.The Will to Power.vol.2.Translated by Sun Zhouxing,The Commercial Press,2007.]
让·雅克·卢梭:《论人类不平等的起源和基础》。高煜译,广西师范大学出版社,2009年。[Rousseau,Jean Jacques.A Discourse on Inequality.Translated by Gao Yu,Guangxi Normal UP,2009.]
Steiner,Rudolf.Preface.Friedrich Nietzsche:Fighter for Freedom,Rudolf Steiner Publications Inc.,1960,pp.1-2.
Stone,Frances Tisdale.William Golding,A Pessimistic Moralist:A Study of His Novels.PhD Dissertation,Uof Massachusetts,1980.
赫·乔·韦尔斯:《世界史纲:生物和人类的简明史》。吴文藻等译,人民出版社,1982年。[Wells,H.G.The Outline of History:Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind.Translated by Wu Wenzao et al.,People’s Publishing House,1982.]
Youssef,Sayed Mohammed.“William Golding’s Iconoclastic Views about the Neanderthal Man in The Inheritors.”Advances in Language and Literary Studies,vol.7,no.3,Jun.2016,pp.211-19.