算法的伦理问题及其解决进路
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摘要
算法作为强大的参与者介入甚至主导人类社会各领域。然而,日益复杂且自主的算法引发了透明性、公平性、算法歧视、自主性、隐私安全以及可责性等诸多伦理问题。从解决算法伦理问题的内部进路看,至少有算法的伦理设计和应用范围限定两种方式;从解决算法伦理问题的外部进路看,应该注重设计者的伦理责任与多领域合作、鼓励公众参与算法设计以及对算法进行监管。只有采取切实有效的措施解决算法的伦理问题,才能走向公平、透明、负责任的算法。
As a powerful actor,algorithms intervene and even dominate in a wide variety of domains.However,increasingly complex and autonomous algorithms pose such ethical issues as transparency,fairness,algorithm discrimination,autonomy,privacy security and accountability.From the internalist approach,there are at least two solutions:algorithm ethical design and application limits.From the externalist approach,designers' ethical responsibilities and multidisciplinary cooperation should be emphasized,and the public should be encouraged to participate in algorithm design and algorithm supervision.Only by taking effective measures to solve the ethical issues of algorithms can fair,transparent and accountable algorithms be obtained.
As a powerful actor,algorithms intervene and even dominate in a wide variety of domains.However,increasingly complex and autonomous algorithms pose such ethical issues as transparency,fairness,algorithm discrimination,autonomy,privacy security and accountability.From the internalist approach,there are at least two solutions:algorithm ethical design and application limits.From the externalist approach,designers' ethical responsibilities and multidisciplinary cooperation should be emphasized,and the public should be encouraged to participate in algorithm design and algorithm supervision.Only by taking effective measures to solve the ethical issues of algorithms can fair,transparent and accountable algorithms be obtained.
引文
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[2] Balkin J M.The Three Laws of Robotics in the Age of Big Data[J].Ohio State Law Journal,2017,78(5):1217-1241.
[3]清华大学中国科技政策研究中心.中国人工智能发展报告2018[EB/OL].(2018-08-02)[2018-10-22].https:∥www.sohu.com/a/244758046_673573.
[4] Rainie L,Anderson J.Code-dependent:Pros and Cons of the Algorithm Age[R].Washington,D.C.:Pew Research Center,2017.
[5] Gillespie T.Algorithm[draft][#digitalkeyword][EB/OL].[2018-10-22].http:∥culturedigitally.org/2014/06/algorithm-draft-digitalkeyword/.
[6] Ananny M.Toward an Ethics of Algorithms:Convening,Observation,Probability,and Timeliness[J].Science,Technology&Human Values,2016,41(1):93-117.
[7] Neyland D,M9llers N.Algorithmic IF...THEN Rules and the Conditions and Consequences of Power[J].Information,Communication&Society,2017,20(1):1-18.
[8] Ziewitz M.Governing Algorithms:Myth, Mess,and Methods[J].Science,Technology&Human Values,2015,41(1):3-16.
[9]张卫.技术伦理学何以可能?[J].伦理学研究,2017(2):79-83.
[10] NicholasD. Algorithmic-accountability:The Investigation of Black Boxes[EB/OL].[2018-10-22].https:∥www.cjr.org/tow_center_reports/algorithmic_accountability_on_the_investigation_of_black_boxes.php.
[11] Kraemer F,van Overveld K,Peterson M.Is There an Ethics of Algorithms?[J].Ethics and Information Technology,2011,13(3):251-260.
[12] Tutt A.An FDA for Algorithms[J].Administrative Law Review,2017,69(1):83-123.
[13] Bruno L,Oliver N,LetouzéE,et al.Fair,Transparent,and Accountable Algorithmic Decision-making Processes[J].Philosophy&Technology,2018,31(4):611-627.
[14] Goodman B,Flaxman S.European Union Regulations on Algorithmic Decision-making and a “Right to Explanation”[J].Ai Magazine,2016,38(3):1-9.
[15] Cheney-Lippold J.A New Algorithmic Identity:Soft Biopolitics and the Modulation of Control[J].Theory,Culture&Society,2011,28(6):164-181.
[16] Stahl B C,Timmermans J,Mittelstadt B D.The Ethics of Computing:ASurveyoftheComputing-oriented Literature[J].Acm Computing Surveys(CSUR),2016,48(4):1-38.
[17] Diakopoulos N.Algorithmic Accountability:Journalistic Investigation of Computational Power Structures[J].Digital Journalism,2015,3(3):398-415.
[18] Mittelstadt B D,Allo P,Taddeo M,et al.The Ethics of Algorithms:Mapping the Debate[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,2016,3(2):1-21.
[19] Latzer M,Hollnbuchner K,Just N,et al.The Economics of Algorithmic Selection on the Internet[M]∥Bauer J M,Latzer M.Handbook on the Economics of the Internet.Cheltenham:Edward Elgar,2016:395-425.
[20] Gillespie T.TheRelevance of Algorithms[M]∥Gillespie T,Boczkowski P,Foot K.Media Technologies:Essays on Communication, Materiality,and Society.Cambridge:MIT Press,2014:1-32.
[21] Lepri B,Staiano J,Sangokoya D,et al.The Tyranny of Data?The Bright and Dark Sides of Data-driven Decisionmaking for Social Good[M]∥Cerquitelli T,Quercia D,Pasquale F.Transparent Data Mining for Big and Small Data.Dordrecht:Springer,2017:3-24.
[22] Floridi L.Group Privacy:A Defence and an Interpretation[M]∥Taylor L,Floridi L,van der Sloot B.Group Privacy:NewChallengesofDataTechnologies.Dordrecht:Springer,2017:83-100.
[23] Taylor L,Floridi L,van der Sloot B.Introduction:A New Perspective on Privacy[M]∥Taylor L,Floridi L,van der Sloot B. Group Privacy:New Challenges of Data Technologies.Dordrecht:Springer,2017:1-12.
[24] Taylor L.Safety in Numbers?Group Privacy and Big Data Analytics in the Developing World[M]∥Taylor L,Floridi L,van der Sloot B.Group Privacy:New Challenges of Data Technologies.Dordrecht:Springer,2017:13-36.
[25] Eriks S.Designing for Accountability[C]∥Bertelsen O W,Bodker S.Proceedings of the Second Nordic Conference on Human-computerInteraction. NewYork:ACM,2002.
[26] Leben D.A Rawlsian Algorithm for Autonomous Vehicles[J].Ethics and Information Technology,2017,19(2):107-115.
[27]郭林生.论算法伦理[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),2018,32(2):40-45.
[28] Baumer E P.TowardHuman-centered Algorithm Design[J].Big Data&Society,2017,4(2):1-12.
[29] Rahwan I.Society-in-the-loop:Programming the Algorithmic Social Contract[J].Ethics and Information Technology,2018,20(1):5-14.
[30] Statement on Algorithmic Transparency and Accountability[R]. Washington D.C.:ACM U.S.Public Policy Council,2017.