沃尔顿论辩理论的修辞学维度——道格拉斯·沃尔顿教授访谈录
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摘要
<正>问:沃尔顿教授,您好!在国际论辩研究界,您的大名可谓如雷贯耳。中国有一个成语,叫"著作等身"。就您所取得的学术成果的广度和深度以及极为罕见的多产性而言,用这个成语来形容您的研究生涯,大概一点不为过,完全名副其实。所以,第一个问题是,有这么多令人难以置信的研究成果,您希望给国际论辩研究留下什么样的学术遗产?答:就我个人而言,过多地谈论一个人在其学术研究领域的遗产这个话题,是一个错误。我只不过是在一个时期,致力解决论辩研究领域的一个问题。我的目标是找到有效的办法和
This interview with Douglas Walton is an inquiry into the rhetorical dimension of the Waltonian theory of argumentation,especially the future for a rhetorical model of argument with its focus on the role played by audience in argumentation. It covers a wide range of topics,from Walton's incredible prolificity in academic research to his view of informal logic,and from the role of argumentation studies in the development of artificial intelligence to the notion of"incommensurability"in intercultural argumentation,etc. It undertakes to single out an impossibly central theme among Walton's numerous academic works to help Chinese readers to grasp the gist of the Walton theory.
This interview with Douglas Walton is an inquiry into the rhetorical dimension of the Waltonian theory of argumentation,especially the future for a rhetorical model of argument with its focus on the role played by audience in argumentation. It covers a wide range of topics,from Walton's incredible prolificity in academic research to his view of informal logic,and from the role of argumentation studies in the development of artificial intelligence to the notion of"incommensurability"in intercultural argumentation,etc. It undertakes to single out an impossibly central theme among Walton's numerous academic works to help Chinese readers to grasp the gist of the Walton theory.
引文
武宏志、周建武、唐坚2009《非形式逻辑导论》,人民出版社。
Macagno,Fabrizio,Douglas Walton&Chris Reed 2017 Argumentation Scheme:History,Classifications and Computational Applications. IFCoLog Journal of Logics and Their Applications,4(8):1-4.
Walton,Douglas 1990 What is Reasoning? What is an Argument? Journal of Philosophy,87(8):399-419.
Walton,Douglas 1992a The Place of Emotion in Argument. University Park:The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Walton,Douglas 1992b Plausible Argument in Everyday Conversation. Albany:The State University of New York Press.
Walton,Douglas 1992c Slippery Slope Arguments. London:Clarendon Press.
Walton,Douglas 1995 A Pragmatic Theory of Fallacy. Studies in Rhetoric and Communication. Tuscaloosa and London:The University of Alabama Press.
Walton,Douglas 1996a Arguments from Ignorance. University Park:The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Walton,Douglas 1996b Argumentation Schemes for Presumptive Reasoning. Mahwah:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Walton,Douglas 1996c Fallacies Arising from Ambiguity. Dordrecht/Boston/London:Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Walton,Douglas 1998 Ad Hominem Arguments. Studies in Rhetoric and Communication. Tuscaloosa and London:The University of Alabama Press.
Walton,Douglas 2007 Media Argumentation:Dialectic,Persuasion,and Rhetoric. Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press.
Walton,Douglas,Chris Reed&Fabrizio Macagno 2008 Argumentation Schemes. Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press.
(1)在这篇文章中,沃尔顿所给出的论辩的定义如下:“论辩是一种社会性言语手段,旨在解决至少是克服双(或多)方之间业已存在的冲突或分歧。论辩必然涉及至少其中一方所提出的一个主张。”其英文是:“Argument is a social and verbal means of trying to resolve,or at least to contend with,a conflict or difference that has arisen or exists betw een tw o(or more)parties. An argument necessarily involves a claim that is advanced by at least one of the parties.”参阅Douglas Walton(1990)。
(2)武宏志等学者建议把argumentation scheme翻译为“论证型式”(武宏志等2009:433)。
(3)根据作者在这篇文献中所表达的意思,“论证型式”(argumentation scheme)是指一种“抽象的论辩结构”,其主要功能在于解决一个“前提”(premise)与一个“结论”(conclusion)之间的论证或推理(inference)或推导(warrant)关系,也就是说,论辩者是如何从一个前提推导出一个结论的,二者之间是一种什么逻辑或推理关系(见Macagno et al. 2017)。
Macagno,Fabrizio,Douglas Walton&Chris Reed 2017 Argumentation Scheme:History,Classifications and Computational Applications. IFCoLog Journal of Logics and Their Applications,4(8):1-4.
Walton,Douglas 1990 What is Reasoning? What is an Argument? Journal of Philosophy,87(8):399-419.
Walton,Douglas 1992a The Place of Emotion in Argument. University Park:The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Walton,Douglas 1992b Plausible Argument in Everyday Conversation. Albany:The State University of New York Press.
Walton,Douglas 1992c Slippery Slope Arguments. London:Clarendon Press.
Walton,Douglas 1995 A Pragmatic Theory of Fallacy. Studies in Rhetoric and Communication. Tuscaloosa and London:The University of Alabama Press.
Walton,Douglas 1996a Arguments from Ignorance. University Park:The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Walton,Douglas 1996b Argumentation Schemes for Presumptive Reasoning. Mahwah:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Walton,Douglas 1996c Fallacies Arising from Ambiguity. Dordrecht/Boston/London:Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Walton,Douglas 1998 Ad Hominem Arguments. Studies in Rhetoric and Communication. Tuscaloosa and London:The University of Alabama Press.
Walton,Douglas 2007 Media Argumentation:Dialectic,Persuasion,and Rhetoric. Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press.
Walton,Douglas,Chris Reed&Fabrizio Macagno 2008 Argumentation Schemes. Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press.
(1)在这篇文章中,沃尔顿所给出的论辩的定义如下:“论辩是一种社会性言语手段,旨在解决至少是克服双(或多)方之间业已存在的冲突或分歧。论辩必然涉及至少其中一方所提出的一个主张。”其英文是:“Argument is a social and verbal means of trying to resolve,or at least to contend with,a conflict or difference that has arisen or exists betw een tw o(or more)parties. An argument necessarily involves a claim that is advanced by at least one of the parties.”参阅Douglas Walton(1990)。
(2)武宏志等学者建议把argumentation scheme翻译为“论证型式”(武宏志等2009:433)。
(3)根据作者在这篇文献中所表达的意思,“论证型式”(argumentation scheme)是指一种“抽象的论辩结构”,其主要功能在于解决一个“前提”(premise)与一个“结论”(conclusion)之间的论证或推理(inference)或推导(warrant)关系,也就是说,论辩者是如何从一个前提推导出一个结论的,二者之间是一种什么逻辑或推理关系(见Macagno et al. 2017)。