钱江源国家公园体制试点区功能分区对黑麂保护的有效性评估
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摘要
功能分区是统一协调国家公园不同保护管理目标的主要措施,对于国家公园的有效管理有重要意义。钱江源国家公园是我国首批国家公园体制试点区之一,被分为核心保护区、生态保育区、游憩展示区和传统利用区4个部分,对应不同的保护管理措施。本研究分析了钱江源国家公园体制试点区现有功能分区与其首要保护对象黑麂(Muntiacus crinifrons)的适宜栖息地之间的空间关系。在红外相机调查获取的94个黑麂分布点的基础上,结合海拔、地形、植被特征、人为活动干扰等15个环境特征变量,采用MaxEnt模型预测国家公园内黑麂适宜栖息地的空间分布。结果表明,黑麂倾向于出现在森林较为原始和道路密度较低的区域,其适宜栖息地面积42.5 km~2,占国家公园总面积的16.9%。其中,69.3%的黑麂适宜栖息地位于核心保护区,30.4%位于生态保育区,表明国家公园现有功能分区能很好地满足黑麂栖息地保护的需求。此结果也证明黑麂可以作为其分布范围内保存较好的亚热带森林生态系统的指示性物种。通过生境恢复、廊道建设和跨省共建促进黑麂栖息地的完整性保护,是加强该区域黑麂栖息地保护的关键措施。
Functional zoning is a method of classifying areas to define human use and is of great significance for the effective management of protected areas. Qianjiangyuan National Park is one of the ten national park pilot sites in China and is divided into four functional zones, the core protection zone, ecological conservation zone, recreation zone and traditional utilization zone. Each zone is assigned a different level of protection and corresponding management measures. This study examined the spatial overlap of existing functional zones in Qianjiangyuan and suitable habitats for its target conservation species, the endangered black muntjac(Muntiacus crinifrons). We constructed distribution models based on 94 occurrence locations obtained from camera-trapping surveys from 2014–2018 using MaxEnt. Fifteen covariates related to altitude,topography, vegetative characteristics and human disturbance were used in the Max Ent models to predict suitable habitats for the black muntjac. The results showed that the black muntjac tended to inhabit areas with intact forest and low road density. We identified 42.5 km~2 of suitable habitat, which accounted for 16.9% of the land in Qianjiangyuan National Park. Of this suitable habitat, 69.3% and 30.4% were located in the core protection zone and ecological conservation zone, respectively, which indicated that the existing zone designations can protect black muntjac habitat appropriately. These results also indicated that the black muntjac may serve as an indicator species of the subtropical primary forests where it lives. Promoting habitat integrity for the black muntjac by restoring habitat, constructing corridors and managing across provinces will be key to strengthening the protection of the black muntjac in the region.
Functional zoning is a method of classifying areas to define human use and is of great significance for the effective management of protected areas. Qianjiangyuan National Park is one of the ten national park pilot sites in China and is divided into four functional zones, the core protection zone, ecological conservation zone, recreation zone and traditional utilization zone. Each zone is assigned a different level of protection and corresponding management measures. This study examined the spatial overlap of existing functional zones in Qianjiangyuan and suitable habitats for its target conservation species, the endangered black muntjac(Muntiacus crinifrons). We constructed distribution models based on 94 occurrence locations obtained from camera-trapping surveys from 2014–2018 using MaxEnt. Fifteen covariates related to altitude,topography, vegetative characteristics and human disturbance were used in the Max Ent models to predict suitable habitats for the black muntjac. The results showed that the black muntjac tended to inhabit areas with intact forest and low road density. We identified 42.5 km~2 of suitable habitat, which accounted for 16.9% of the land in Qianjiangyuan National Park. Of this suitable habitat, 69.3% and 30.4% were located in the core protection zone and ecological conservation zone, respectively, which indicated that the existing zone designations can protect black muntjac habitat appropriately. These results also indicated that the black muntjac may serve as an indicator species of the subtropical primary forests where it lives. Promoting habitat integrity for the black muntjac by restoring habitat, constructing corridors and managing across provinces will be key to strengthening the protection of the black muntjac in the region.
引文
Ball IR,Possingham H(2000)Marxan(V1.8.2):Marine Reserve Design Using Spatially Explicit Annealing.http://courses.washington.edu/cfr590/software/Marxan1810/marxan_manual_1_8_2.pdf.(accessed on 2019-01-01)
Bao YX,Zheng X,Ge BM(2006)An assessment and protective strategy of black muntjac(Muntiacus crinifrons)habitat in Zhejiang Province.Acta Ecologica Sinica,26,2425-2431.(in Chinese with English abstract)[鲍毅新,郑祥,葛宝明(2006)浙江黑麂栖息地评价及保护对策.生态学报,26,2425-2431.]
Chen LD,Fu BJ,Liu XH(2000)Landscape pattern design and wildlife conservation in nature reserve-Case study of Wolong Nature Reserve.Journal of Nature Resources,15,164-169.(in Chinese with English abstract)[陈利顶,傅伯杰,刘雪华(2000)自然保护区景观结构设计与物种保护--以卧龙自然保护区为例.自然资源学报,15,164-169.]
Chen SW,Yu JP,Chen XN,Shen XL,Li S,Ma KP(2016)Camera-trapping survey on the diversity of mammal and pheasant species in Gutianshan National Nature Reserve,Zhejiang Province.Acta Theriologica Sinica,36,292-301.(in Chinese with English abstract)[陈声文,余建平,陈小南,申小莉,李晟,马克平(2016)利用红外相机网络调查古田山自然保护区的兽类及雉类多样性.兽类学报,36,292-301.]
Huyan JQ,Xiao J,Yu BW,Xu WH(2014)Research progress in function zoning of nature reserves in China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,34,6391-6396.(in Chinese with English abstract)[呼延佼奇,肖静,于博威,徐卫华(2014)我国自然保护区功能分区研究进展.生态学报,34,6391-6396.]
Li S,Wang DJ,Xiao ZS,Li XH,Wang TM,Feng LM,Wang Y(2014)Camera-trapping in wildlife research and conservation in China:Review and outlook.Biodiversity Science,22,685-695.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李晟,王大军,肖治术,李欣海,王天明,冯利民,王云(2014)红外相机技术在我国野生动物研究与保护中的应用与前景.生物多样性,22,685-695.]
Li WJ,Wang ZJ,Ma ZJ,Tang HX(1999)Designing the core zone in a biosphere reserve based on suitable habitats:Yancheng Biosphere Reserve and the red crowned crane(Grus japonensis).Biological Conservation,90,167-173.
Liu XH,Li JH(2008)Scientific solutions for the functional zoning of nature reserves in China.Ecological Modelling,215,237-246.
Liu XJ,Trogisch S,He JS,Niklaus PA,Bruelheide H,Tang ZR,Erfmeier A,Scherer-Lorenzen M,Pietsch KA,Yang B,Kuhn P,Scholten T,Huang YY,Wang C,Staab M,Leppert KN,Wirth C,Schmid B,Ma KP(2018)Tree species richness increases ecosystem carbon storage in subtropical forests.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,285,20181240.
Mc Garigal K,Cushman SA,Neel MC,Ene E(2002)FRAG-STATS:Spatial pattern analysis program for categorical maps.www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html.(accessed on 2019-01-01)
Phillips SJ,Dudík M(2008)Modeling of species distributions with MaxEnt:New extensions and a comprehensive evaluation.Ecography,31,161-175.
Riley SJ(1999)Index that quantifies topographic heterogeneity.Intermountain Journal of Sciences,5,23-27.
Sheng HL(1987)China’s endemic species:Black muntjac.Chinese Journal of Zoology,52(2),48-51.(in Chinese)[盛和林(1987)中国特产动物--黑麂.动物学杂志,52(2),48-51.]
Shi JY,Ma LS,Yang KL,Fan JC,Shi RH(1998)Fuzzy division of functional areas in Wolong Nature Reserve.Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology,19,6-16.(in Chinese with English abstract)[史军义,马丽莎,杨克珞,范继才,史蓉红(1998)卧龙自然保护区功能区的模糊划分.四川林业科技,19,6-16.]
Tang FL,Wang MJ,Li GQ(2017)Discussion on zoning for national park function.Forest Construction,(6),1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)[唐芳林,王梦君,黎国强(2017)国家公园功能分区探讨.林业建设,(6),1-7.]
Tao J,Zang RG,Hua CL,Wen QZ(2012)Discussion on the functional zoning of forest ecosystem nature reserve.Forest Resources Management,(6),47-50,56.(in Chinese with English abstract)[陶晶,臧润国,华朝朗,温庆忠(2012)森林生态系统类型自然保护区功能区划探讨.林业资源管理,(6),47-50,56.]
Wang Y(2017)Practice and innovation for overarching institution design of China’s national park.Biodiversity Science,25,1037-1039.(in Chinese)[王毅(2017)中国国家公园顶层制度设计的实践与创新.生物多样性,25,1037-1039.]
Watts ME,Ball IR,Stewart RS,Klein CJ,Wilson K,Steinback C,Lourival R,Kircher L,Possingham HP(2009)Marxan with Zones:Software for optimal conservation based landand sea-use zoning.Environmental Modelling and Software,24,1513-1521.
Xu WH,Luo C,Ouyang ZY,Zhang L(2010)Designing regional nature reserves group:The case study of Qinling Mountain Range,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,30,1648-1654.(in Chinese with English abstract)[徐卫华,罗翀,欧阳志云,张路(2010)区域自然保护区群规划--以秦岭山系为例.生态学报,30,1648-1654.]
Xu WH,Vina A,Qi ZX,Ouyang ZY,Liu JG,Liu W,Wan H(2014)Evaluating conservation effectiveness of nature reserves established for surrogate species:Case of a giant panda nature reserve in Qinling Mountains,China.Chinese Geographical Science,24,60-70.
Yang R(2017)Conservation first,national representative,and commonwealth:The three concepts of China’s National Park System Construction.Biodiversity Science,25,1040-1041.(in Chinese)[杨锐(2017)生态保护第一、国家代表性、全民公益性--中国国家公园体制建设的三大理念.生物多样性,25,1040-1041.]
Yu H,Chen T,Zhong LS,Zhou R(2017)Functional zoning of the Qianjiangyuan National Park System Pilot Area.Resources Science,39,20-29.(in Chinese with English abstract)[虞虎,陈田,钟林生,周睿(2017)钱江源国家公园体制试点区功能分区研究.资源科学,39,20-29.]
Zheng X,Bao YX,Ge BM,Zheng RQ(2006)Seasonal changes in habitat use of black muntjac(Muntiacus crinifrons)in Zhejiang.Acta Theriologica Sinica,26,201-205.(in Chinese with English abstract)[郑祥,鲍毅新,葛宝明,郑荣泉(2006)黑麂栖息地利用的季节变化.兽类学报,26,201-205.]
(1)陈小南(2014)基于粪便DNA的黑麂婚配制及家域的研究.硕士学位论文,浙江师范大学,浙江金华.
Bao YX,Zheng X,Ge BM(2006)An assessment and protective strategy of black muntjac(Muntiacus crinifrons)habitat in Zhejiang Province.Acta Ecologica Sinica,26,2425-2431.(in Chinese with English abstract)[鲍毅新,郑祥,葛宝明(2006)浙江黑麂栖息地评价及保护对策.生态学报,26,2425-2431.]
Chen LD,Fu BJ,Liu XH(2000)Landscape pattern design and wildlife conservation in nature reserve-Case study of Wolong Nature Reserve.Journal of Nature Resources,15,164-169.(in Chinese with English abstract)[陈利顶,傅伯杰,刘雪华(2000)自然保护区景观结构设计与物种保护--以卧龙自然保护区为例.自然资源学报,15,164-169.]
Chen SW,Yu JP,Chen XN,Shen XL,Li S,Ma KP(2016)Camera-trapping survey on the diversity of mammal and pheasant species in Gutianshan National Nature Reserve,Zhejiang Province.Acta Theriologica Sinica,36,292-301.(in Chinese with English abstract)[陈声文,余建平,陈小南,申小莉,李晟,马克平(2016)利用红外相机网络调查古田山自然保护区的兽类及雉类多样性.兽类学报,36,292-301.]
Huyan JQ,Xiao J,Yu BW,Xu WH(2014)Research progress in function zoning of nature reserves in China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,34,6391-6396.(in Chinese with English abstract)[呼延佼奇,肖静,于博威,徐卫华(2014)我国自然保护区功能分区研究进展.生态学报,34,6391-6396.]
Li S,Wang DJ,Xiao ZS,Li XH,Wang TM,Feng LM,Wang Y(2014)Camera-trapping in wildlife research and conservation in China:Review and outlook.Biodiversity Science,22,685-695.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李晟,王大军,肖治术,李欣海,王天明,冯利民,王云(2014)红外相机技术在我国野生动物研究与保护中的应用与前景.生物多样性,22,685-695.]
Li WJ,Wang ZJ,Ma ZJ,Tang HX(1999)Designing the core zone in a biosphere reserve based on suitable habitats:Yancheng Biosphere Reserve and the red crowned crane(Grus japonensis).Biological Conservation,90,167-173.
Liu XH,Li JH(2008)Scientific solutions for the functional zoning of nature reserves in China.Ecological Modelling,215,237-246.
Liu XJ,Trogisch S,He JS,Niklaus PA,Bruelheide H,Tang ZR,Erfmeier A,Scherer-Lorenzen M,Pietsch KA,Yang B,Kuhn P,Scholten T,Huang YY,Wang C,Staab M,Leppert KN,Wirth C,Schmid B,Ma KP(2018)Tree species richness increases ecosystem carbon storage in subtropical forests.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,285,20181240.
Mc Garigal K,Cushman SA,Neel MC,Ene E(2002)FRAG-STATS:Spatial pattern analysis program for categorical maps.www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html.(accessed on 2019-01-01)
Phillips SJ,Dudík M(2008)Modeling of species distributions with MaxEnt:New extensions and a comprehensive evaluation.Ecography,31,161-175.
Riley SJ(1999)Index that quantifies topographic heterogeneity.Intermountain Journal of Sciences,5,23-27.
Sheng HL(1987)China’s endemic species:Black muntjac.Chinese Journal of Zoology,52(2),48-51.(in Chinese)[盛和林(1987)中国特产动物--黑麂.动物学杂志,52(2),48-51.]
Shi JY,Ma LS,Yang KL,Fan JC,Shi RH(1998)Fuzzy division of functional areas in Wolong Nature Reserve.Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology,19,6-16.(in Chinese with English abstract)[史军义,马丽莎,杨克珞,范继才,史蓉红(1998)卧龙自然保护区功能区的模糊划分.四川林业科技,19,6-16.]
Tang FL,Wang MJ,Li GQ(2017)Discussion on zoning for national park function.Forest Construction,(6),1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)[唐芳林,王梦君,黎国强(2017)国家公园功能分区探讨.林业建设,(6),1-7.]
Tao J,Zang RG,Hua CL,Wen QZ(2012)Discussion on the functional zoning of forest ecosystem nature reserve.Forest Resources Management,(6),47-50,56.(in Chinese with English abstract)[陶晶,臧润国,华朝朗,温庆忠(2012)森林生态系统类型自然保护区功能区划探讨.林业资源管理,(6),47-50,56.]
Wang Y(2017)Practice and innovation for overarching institution design of China’s national park.Biodiversity Science,25,1037-1039.(in Chinese)[王毅(2017)中国国家公园顶层制度设计的实践与创新.生物多样性,25,1037-1039.]
Watts ME,Ball IR,Stewart RS,Klein CJ,Wilson K,Steinback C,Lourival R,Kircher L,Possingham HP(2009)Marxan with Zones:Software for optimal conservation based landand sea-use zoning.Environmental Modelling and Software,24,1513-1521.
Xu WH,Luo C,Ouyang ZY,Zhang L(2010)Designing regional nature reserves group:The case study of Qinling Mountain Range,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,30,1648-1654.(in Chinese with English abstract)[徐卫华,罗翀,欧阳志云,张路(2010)区域自然保护区群规划--以秦岭山系为例.生态学报,30,1648-1654.]
Xu WH,Vina A,Qi ZX,Ouyang ZY,Liu JG,Liu W,Wan H(2014)Evaluating conservation effectiveness of nature reserves established for surrogate species:Case of a giant panda nature reserve in Qinling Mountains,China.Chinese Geographical Science,24,60-70.
Yang R(2017)Conservation first,national representative,and commonwealth:The three concepts of China’s National Park System Construction.Biodiversity Science,25,1040-1041.(in Chinese)[杨锐(2017)生态保护第一、国家代表性、全民公益性--中国国家公园体制建设的三大理念.生物多样性,25,1040-1041.]
Yu H,Chen T,Zhong LS,Zhou R(2017)Functional zoning of the Qianjiangyuan National Park System Pilot Area.Resources Science,39,20-29.(in Chinese with English abstract)[虞虎,陈田,钟林生,周睿(2017)钱江源国家公园体制试点区功能分区研究.资源科学,39,20-29.]
Zheng X,Bao YX,Ge BM,Zheng RQ(2006)Seasonal changes in habitat use of black muntjac(Muntiacus crinifrons)in Zhejiang.Acta Theriologica Sinica,26,201-205.(in Chinese with English abstract)[郑祥,鲍毅新,葛宝明,郑荣泉(2006)黑麂栖息地利用的季节变化.兽类学报,26,201-205.]
(1)陈小南(2014)基于粪便DNA的黑麂婚配制及家域的研究.硕士学位论文,浙江师范大学,浙江金华.