INDEPTH Ⅳ深反射地震揭示的东昆仑造山带隆升过程
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摘要
INDEPTH Ⅳ深反射地震数据处理的重点和难点是近地表风化壳静校正和异常振幅噪音衰减,通过初至波剩余折射静校正技术、异常振幅噪声衰减技术和CRS优化叠加技术获得了信噪比较高的地震剖面.由INDEPTH Ⅳ深反射地震剖面揭示,东昆仑造山带上地壳地层具有挤压走滑、断展褶皱等动力学特点,岩石圈上、下地壳之间存在不连续的松潘—甘孜古洋壳反射特征,东昆仑山下偏南局部Moho面以上低频异常反射特征指示局部熔融、低速高导体存在.综合INDEPTH Ⅳ深反射地震剖面和其他地球物理数据分析认为,东昆仑造山带隆升过程非常复杂,隆升过程至少经过两次主期变形,一期是中生代三叠纪松潘—甘孜洋向北俯冲引发被动大陆边缘造山,另一期是新生代古近纪印度—欧亚板块碰撞致使羌塘地块北移造成的上地壳挤压隆升.利用INDEPTH Ⅳ深反射地震单炮、速度和叠加剖面等成果,综合解译数据,最终提出东昆仑造山带隆升过程的另一种模式,以有助于深化对东昆仑造山模式的认识.
A great challenge in INDEPTH Ⅳ′s deep-reflection seismic processing is to deal with nearsurface statics and noise attenuation,and a seismic profile with high signal-noise-ratios has been obtained by means of first-break refraction residual statics,abnormal amplitude noise suppression and CRS stacking.The new interpreted profile uncovers that the upper crust of East Kunlun Orogenic belt obviously possess dynamical characteristics of compressional strike-slips and fault-propagation folds,Songpan-Garzêancient oceanic crust′s reflection discontinuously exists between the upper and lower crusts of lithosphere,and abnormal low-frequency reflectionresponses may attribute to a partially molten block with lower-velocity and high-conductivity properties.INDEPTH Ⅳ′s seismic profiles and other geophysical data prove that the complex uplift process in East Kunlun orogeny experienced twice principal-stage deformations at least,first deformed in one northern subduction of Songpan-GarzêOcean during the Triassic period and second triggered by a compressional stress from Qiangtang Block moving northward since Cenozoic era.Finally,based on INDEPTH Ⅳ′s shot gathers,velocity and stacking profiles presently interpreted,a new uplifting model comes forward to enhance much knowledge to east Kunlun Orogenic belt.
A great challenge in INDEPTH Ⅳ′s deep-reflection seismic processing is to deal with nearsurface statics and noise attenuation,and a seismic profile with high signal-noise-ratios has been obtained by means of first-break refraction residual statics,abnormal amplitude noise suppression and CRS stacking.The new interpreted profile uncovers that the upper crust of East Kunlun Orogenic belt obviously possess dynamical characteristics of compressional strike-slips and fault-propagation folds,Songpan-Garzêancient oceanic crust′s reflection discontinuously exists between the upper and lower crusts of lithosphere,and abnormal low-frequency reflectionresponses may attribute to a partially molten block with lower-velocity and high-conductivity properties.INDEPTH Ⅳ′s seismic profiles and other geophysical data prove that the complex uplift process in East Kunlun orogeny experienced twice principal-stage deformations at least,first deformed in one northern subduction of Songpan-GarzêOcean during the Triassic period and second triggered by a compressional stress from Qiangtang Block moving northward since Cenozoic era.Finally,based on INDEPTH Ⅳ′s shot gathers,velocity and stacking profiles presently interpreted,a new uplifting model comes forward to enhance much knowledge to east Kunlun Orogenic belt.
引文
Chen C Y,Ren J W,Meng G J,et al.2013.Division,deformation and tectonic implication of active blocks in the eastern segment of Bayan Har block.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),56(12):4125-4141,doi:10.6038/cjg20131217.
Chen X H,Yin A,Gehrels G E,et al.2002.Mesozoic extension in northern Tibetan plateau:40 Ar/39 Ar analyses and MDDmodeling.Acta Geoscientia Sinica(in Chinese),23(4):305-310.
Cui J W,Zhu H,Wu C D.1992.Comprehensive study of lithosphere structure along profile of Yadong-Golmud.//Deformation and Dynamics of the Lithosphere in QinghaiXizang(Tibet)Plateau(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,17-19.
DeCelles P G,Robinson D M,Zandt G.2002.Implications of shortening in the Himalayan fold-thrust belt for uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,21(6):12-1-12-25,doi:10.1029/2001TC001322.
Ding L,Kapp P,Zhong D L,et al.2003.Cenozoic volcanism in Tibet:Evidence for atransition from oceanic to continentalsubduction.Journal of Petrology,44(10):1833-1865,doi:10.1093/petrology/egg061.
Jger R,Mann J,H9cht G,et al.2001.Common-reflection-surface stack:Image and attributes.Geophysics,66(1):97-109,doi:10.1190/1.1444927.
Jiang G L,Zhang K X,Xu Y D.2015.Research progress of quantitative paleoelevation reconstruction of Tibetan Plateau.Advances in Earth Science(in Chinese),30(3):334-345.
Karplus M S,Zhao W J,Klemperer S L,et al.2011.Injection of Tibetan crust beneath the south QaidamBasin:Evidence from INDEPTH IV wide-angle seismic data.Journal of Geophysical Research,116(B7):B07301,doi:10.1029/2010JB007911.
Kind R,Yuan X,Saul J,et al.2002.Seismic images of crust and upper mantle beneath Tibet:Evidence for Eurasian plate subduction.Science,298(5596):1219-1221,doi:10.1126/science.1078115.
Liu H F.2001.Geodynamic scenario of coupled basin and mountain system.Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences(in Chinese),26(6):581-596.
Liu Y,Liu C,Wang D,et al.2008.Application of time-variant median filtering technique to attenuation of seismic random noises.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),43(3):327-332.
Liu Y J,Genser J,Neubauer F,et al.2005.40 Ar/39 Ar mineral ages from basement rocks in the eastern Kunlun Mountains,NWChina,and their tectonic implications.Tectonophysics,398(3-4):199-224,doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.02.007.
Meyer B,Tapponnier P,Bourjot L,et al.1998.Crustal thickening in Gansu-Qinghai,lithospheric mantle subduction,andoblique,strike-slip controlled growth of the Tibet plateau.Geophysical Journal International,135(1):1-47,doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00567.x.
Ni J Y,Hu D G,Zhou C J.2010.Tectonic environment of NaijTal group in the east Kunlun orogenic belt.Journal of Geomechanics(in Chinese),16(1):11-20,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-6616.2010.01.002.
Shen Z K,Wan Y G,Gan W J,et al.2003.Viscoelastic triggering amonglarge earthquakes along the east Kunlun fault system.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),46(6):786-795.
Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,et al.2001.Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau.Science,294(5547):1671-1677,doi:10.1126/Sience.105978.
Wang Z G,Liu Z W,Wang Y C,et al.2014.An integrated longwavelength static correction method for complex near-surface area.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),49(3):480-485.
Wu Z H,Hu D G,Ye P S,et al.2009.Paleocene-Eocene tectonic evolution in central Tibetan plateau.Acta Geoscientica Sinica(in Chinese),30(6):749-760.
Xu Z Q,Li H B,Yang J S,et al.2001.A large transpression zone at the south margin of the east Kunlun Mountains and oblique subduction.Acta Geologica Sinica(in Chinese),75(2):156-164.
Xu Z Q,Yang J S,Li H B,et al.2006.The Qinghai-Tibet plateau and continental dynamics:A review on terrain tectonics,collisionalorogenesis,and processes and mechanisms for the rise of the plateau.Geology in China(in Chinese),33(2):221-238.
Yang J S,Robinson P T,Jiang C F,et al.1996.Ophiolites of the Kunlun Mountains,China and their tectonic implications.Tectonophysics,258(1-4):215-231,doi:10.1016/0040-1951(95)00199-9.
Yin A.2001.Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen in the context of Phanerozoic continental growth of Asia.Acta Geoscientia Sinica(in Chinese),22(3):193-230.
Yin A,Dang Y Q,Wang L C,et al.2008.Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Qaidam Basin and its surrounding regions(part 1):The southern Qilian Shan-Nan Shan thrust belt and northern Qaidam Basin.The Geological Society of America Bulletin,120(7-8):813-846,doi:10.1130/B26180.1.
Yuan W M,Dong J Q,Wang S C,et al.2006.Apatite fission track evidence for Neogene uplift in the eastern Kunlun Mountains,northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,27(6):847-856,doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.09.002.
Zhang Z J,Klemperer S,Bai Z M,et al.2011.Crustal structure of the Paleozoic Kunlun orogeny from an active-source seismic profile between Moba and Guide in East Tibet,China.
Gondwana Research,19(4):994-1007,doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.09.008.
Zhao L Q,Zhan Y,Chen X B,et al.2015.Deep electrical structure of the central west Qinling orogenic belt and blocks on its either side.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),58(7):2460-2472,doi:10.6038/cjg20150722.
Zhao W J,Wu Z H,Shi D N,et al.2014.Deep structure and orogenic mechanism of the Kunlun Mountains.Geology in China(in Chinese),41(1):1-18.
陈长云,任金卫,孟国杰等.2013.巴颜喀拉块体东部活动块体的划分、形变特征及构造意义.地球物理学报,56(12):4125-4141,doi:10.6038/cjg20131217.
陈宣华,尹安,Gehrels G E等.2002.青藏高原北缘中生代伸展构造40 Ar/39 Ar测年和MDD模拟.地球学报,23(4):305-310.
崔军文,朱红,武长得.1992.亚东-格尔木岩石圈地学断面综合研究.∥青藏高原岩石圈变形及其动力学.北京:地质出版社,17-19.
姜高磊,张克信,徐亚东.2015.青藏高原古高程定量恢复研究进展.地球科学进展,30(3):334-345.
刘和甫.2001.盆地-山岭耦合体系与地球动力学机制.地球科学-中国地质大学学报,26(6):581-596.
刘洋,刘财,王典等.2008.时变中值滤波技术在地震随机噪声衰减中的应用.石油地球物理勘探,43(3):327-332.
倪晋宇,胡道功,周春景.2010.东昆仑造山带纳赤台群形成的大地构造环境探讨.地质力学学报,16(1):11-20.
沈正康,万永革,甘卫军等.2003.东昆仑活动断裂带大地震之间的黏弹性应力触发研究.地球物理学报,46(6):786-795.
王志刚,刘志伟,王彦春等.2014.复杂近地表区综合长波长静校正方法.石油地球物理勘探,49(3):480-485.
吴珍汉,胡道功,叶培盛等.2009.青藏高原中段古近纪早期古构造演化.地球学报,30(6):749-760.
许志琴,李海兵,杨经绥等.2001.东昆仑山南缘大型转换挤压构造带和斜向俯冲作用.地质学报,75(2):156-164.
许志琴,杨经绥,李海兵等.2006.青藏高原与大陆动力学-地体拼合、碰撞造山及高原隆升的深部驱动力.中国地质,33(2):221-238.
尹安.2001.喜马拉雅-青藏高原造山带地质演化:显生宙亚洲大陆生长.地球学报,22(3):193-230.
赵凌强,詹艳,陈小斌等.2015.西秦岭造山带(中段)及其两侧地块深部电性结构特征.地球物理学报,58(7):2460-2472,doi:10.6038/cjg20150722.
赵文津,吴珍汉,史大年等.2014.昆仑山深部结构与造山机制.中国地质,41(1):1-18.
Chen X H,Yin A,Gehrels G E,et al.2002.Mesozoic extension in northern Tibetan plateau:40 Ar/39 Ar analyses and MDDmodeling.Acta Geoscientia Sinica(in Chinese),23(4):305-310.
Cui J W,Zhu H,Wu C D.1992.Comprehensive study of lithosphere structure along profile of Yadong-Golmud.//Deformation and Dynamics of the Lithosphere in QinghaiXizang(Tibet)Plateau(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,17-19.
DeCelles P G,Robinson D M,Zandt G.2002.Implications of shortening in the Himalayan fold-thrust belt for uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,21(6):12-1-12-25,doi:10.1029/2001TC001322.
Ding L,Kapp P,Zhong D L,et al.2003.Cenozoic volcanism in Tibet:Evidence for atransition from oceanic to continentalsubduction.Journal of Petrology,44(10):1833-1865,doi:10.1093/petrology/egg061.
Jger R,Mann J,H9cht G,et al.2001.Common-reflection-surface stack:Image and attributes.Geophysics,66(1):97-109,doi:10.1190/1.1444927.
Jiang G L,Zhang K X,Xu Y D.2015.Research progress of quantitative paleoelevation reconstruction of Tibetan Plateau.Advances in Earth Science(in Chinese),30(3):334-345.
Karplus M S,Zhao W J,Klemperer S L,et al.2011.Injection of Tibetan crust beneath the south QaidamBasin:Evidence from INDEPTH IV wide-angle seismic data.Journal of Geophysical Research,116(B7):B07301,doi:10.1029/2010JB007911.
Kind R,Yuan X,Saul J,et al.2002.Seismic images of crust and upper mantle beneath Tibet:Evidence for Eurasian plate subduction.Science,298(5596):1219-1221,doi:10.1126/science.1078115.
Liu H F.2001.Geodynamic scenario of coupled basin and mountain system.Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences(in Chinese),26(6):581-596.
Liu Y,Liu C,Wang D,et al.2008.Application of time-variant median filtering technique to attenuation of seismic random noises.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),43(3):327-332.
Liu Y J,Genser J,Neubauer F,et al.2005.40 Ar/39 Ar mineral ages from basement rocks in the eastern Kunlun Mountains,NWChina,and their tectonic implications.Tectonophysics,398(3-4):199-224,doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2005.02.007.
Meyer B,Tapponnier P,Bourjot L,et al.1998.Crustal thickening in Gansu-Qinghai,lithospheric mantle subduction,andoblique,strike-slip controlled growth of the Tibet plateau.Geophysical Journal International,135(1):1-47,doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00567.x.
Ni J Y,Hu D G,Zhou C J.2010.Tectonic environment of NaijTal group in the east Kunlun orogenic belt.Journal of Geomechanics(in Chinese),16(1):11-20,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-6616.2010.01.002.
Shen Z K,Wan Y G,Gan W J,et al.2003.Viscoelastic triggering amonglarge earthquakes along the east Kunlun fault system.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),46(6):786-795.
Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,et al.2001.Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau.Science,294(5547):1671-1677,doi:10.1126/Sience.105978.
Wang Z G,Liu Z W,Wang Y C,et al.2014.An integrated longwavelength static correction method for complex near-surface area.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),49(3):480-485.
Wu Z H,Hu D G,Ye P S,et al.2009.Paleocene-Eocene tectonic evolution in central Tibetan plateau.Acta Geoscientica Sinica(in Chinese),30(6):749-760.
Xu Z Q,Li H B,Yang J S,et al.2001.A large transpression zone at the south margin of the east Kunlun Mountains and oblique subduction.Acta Geologica Sinica(in Chinese),75(2):156-164.
Xu Z Q,Yang J S,Li H B,et al.2006.The Qinghai-Tibet plateau and continental dynamics:A review on terrain tectonics,collisionalorogenesis,and processes and mechanisms for the rise of the plateau.Geology in China(in Chinese),33(2):221-238.
Yang J S,Robinson P T,Jiang C F,et al.1996.Ophiolites of the Kunlun Mountains,China and their tectonic implications.Tectonophysics,258(1-4):215-231,doi:10.1016/0040-1951(95)00199-9.
Yin A.2001.Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen in the context of Phanerozoic continental growth of Asia.Acta Geoscientia Sinica(in Chinese),22(3):193-230.
Yin A,Dang Y Q,Wang L C,et al.2008.Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Qaidam Basin and its surrounding regions(part 1):The southern Qilian Shan-Nan Shan thrust belt and northern Qaidam Basin.The Geological Society of America Bulletin,120(7-8):813-846,doi:10.1130/B26180.1.
Yuan W M,Dong J Q,Wang S C,et al.2006.Apatite fission track evidence for Neogene uplift in the eastern Kunlun Mountains,northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,27(6):847-856,doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.09.002.
Zhang Z J,Klemperer S,Bai Z M,et al.2011.Crustal structure of the Paleozoic Kunlun orogeny from an active-source seismic profile between Moba and Guide in East Tibet,China.
Gondwana Research,19(4):994-1007,doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.09.008.
Zhao L Q,Zhan Y,Chen X B,et al.2015.Deep electrical structure of the central west Qinling orogenic belt and blocks on its either side.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),58(7):2460-2472,doi:10.6038/cjg20150722.
Zhao W J,Wu Z H,Shi D N,et al.2014.Deep structure and orogenic mechanism of the Kunlun Mountains.Geology in China(in Chinese),41(1):1-18.
陈长云,任金卫,孟国杰等.2013.巴颜喀拉块体东部活动块体的划分、形变特征及构造意义.地球物理学报,56(12):4125-4141,doi:10.6038/cjg20131217.
陈宣华,尹安,Gehrels G E等.2002.青藏高原北缘中生代伸展构造40 Ar/39 Ar测年和MDD模拟.地球学报,23(4):305-310.
崔军文,朱红,武长得.1992.亚东-格尔木岩石圈地学断面综合研究.∥青藏高原岩石圈变形及其动力学.北京:地质出版社,17-19.
姜高磊,张克信,徐亚东.2015.青藏高原古高程定量恢复研究进展.地球科学进展,30(3):334-345.
刘和甫.2001.盆地-山岭耦合体系与地球动力学机制.地球科学-中国地质大学学报,26(6):581-596.
刘洋,刘财,王典等.2008.时变中值滤波技术在地震随机噪声衰减中的应用.石油地球物理勘探,43(3):327-332.
倪晋宇,胡道功,周春景.2010.东昆仑造山带纳赤台群形成的大地构造环境探讨.地质力学学报,16(1):11-20.
沈正康,万永革,甘卫军等.2003.东昆仑活动断裂带大地震之间的黏弹性应力触发研究.地球物理学报,46(6):786-795.
王志刚,刘志伟,王彦春等.2014.复杂近地表区综合长波长静校正方法.石油地球物理勘探,49(3):480-485.
吴珍汉,胡道功,叶培盛等.2009.青藏高原中段古近纪早期古构造演化.地球学报,30(6):749-760.
许志琴,李海兵,杨经绥等.2001.东昆仑山南缘大型转换挤压构造带和斜向俯冲作用.地质学报,75(2):156-164.
许志琴,杨经绥,李海兵等.2006.青藏高原与大陆动力学-地体拼合、碰撞造山及高原隆升的深部驱动力.中国地质,33(2):221-238.
尹安.2001.喜马拉雅-青藏高原造山带地质演化:显生宙亚洲大陆生长.地球学报,22(3):193-230.
赵凌强,詹艳,陈小斌等.2015.西秦岭造山带(中段)及其两侧地块深部电性结构特征.地球物理学报,58(7):2460-2472,doi:10.6038/cjg20150722.
赵文津,吴珍汉,史大年等.2014.昆仑山深部结构与造山机制.中国地质,41(1):1-18.