纤维饱和点概念的演变、测试方法及其应用
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摘要
纤维饱和点(FSP)是木材科学中早期提出的概念,距今已超过1个世纪,在木材-水分关系、物理力学性能等木材科学研究各领域均发挥了重要作用。相较于FSP概念的最初形式,其无论从定义形式还是从物理含义等方面都有了变化,从最初以木材内水分状态及其存在位置的定性描述朝着水分与木材结合形式差异、木材内水分势能边界方向发展。目前国内关于FSP的研究相对滞后,也未见系统的FSP测试原理和方法介绍。本研究对FSP概念演变与发展、测试方法及其优缺点进行系统分析,并在此基础上总结FSP在木材-水分关系、木材干燥技术、改性效果评价中的应用及其进一步发展方向。根据木材-水分关系研究的不同阶段,FSP概念可归纳为4种类型:第1类概念强调以物理力学性质转折点及水分存在位置定义FSP;第2类概念以木材细胞壁容纳水分极限作为FSP,简化了限制条件;第3类概念强调水分与木材结合形式差异,从吸、放热的热物理角度等进行阐述;第4类概念引入溶液热力学概念,将FSP视为木材内不同状态水分的相态边界,给出了FSP明确的物理含义。FSP测试方法可归纳为7类,包括外推法、溶剂排出法、压力板法、示差量热法、离心脱水法、核磁共振法和溶液热力学计算法,除外推法、溶液热力学计算法获得的FSP为计算值外,其他方法都可获得细胞壁内吸着水真实含量,测定的FSP明显高于传统引用的FSP平均值30%,但具体应用时应根据实际需求而定。FSP可进一步在木材干缩湿胀特性分析、木材干燥基准制定等方面发挥作用,同时在木材改性效果评价及改性处理后微观构造分析等领域均可应用。在FSP热力学概念基础上衍生的全含水率区间木材-水分关系的化学势表达方式,以及在此基础上发展而来的木材-水分相态图,将成为今后建立木材-水分关系的科学评价体系机制,并进一步服务于科研与生产。
Fiber saturation point(FSP)is an important concept in the field of wood science which was first proposed by Tiemann in 1906 and has been discussed in the literature for over 100 years. FSP has played an important role in wood-water relations, wood physical and mechanical properties and other research fields in wood science. Despite its importance and extensive study, the exact theoretical definition of the FSP and the correct way to measure the FSP are still debated because considerable progress has been made compared with the initial concept form of FSP. The research on wood-water relations has changed from qualitative description of the state and its locations of water in wood to the direction of water potential differences and water phase boundaries, and relevant new theoretical definitions and test methods of FSP have been presented in recent years. The research on FSP is relatively lagging behind in our country, there are rarely introductions to principles and test methods of FSP. In this paper, the development of FSP concept has been summarized, the advantages and disadvantages of test methods are analyzed systematically. The applications and further developments in wood-water relations, wood drying technology, modification effect are also summarized. According to the different research stages of wood-water relations, the concept of FSP could be divided into 4 types. The first type emphasizes that FSP could be defined from physical and mechanical properties, or locations of water in wood. The second type concept related FSP to the amount of water contained with the water saturated cell wall. The third type concept emphasizes the different combination forms between water and wood, which could result in different thermal phenomenon. The fourth type concept of FSP is based on solution thermodynamics that treats the FSP as a phase boundary, which attaching clear physical meaning to FSP. The test methods of FSP could be divided into 7 types, including extrapolation method, solute exclusion method,pressure plate measurement, differential scanning calorimetry method, centrifugal dehydration method, nuclear magnetic resonance method, and solution thermodynamics calculation method. The actual bound water content in cell wall could be determined from these methods except for extrapolation and solution thermodynamics calculation method. The actual bound water content is obviously higher than 30% which is traditionally considered as average value of FSP. The research on FSP could further play an important role in the analysis of shrinkage and swelling, working out wood drying schedule. It also could be applied in the evaluation of wood modification effect and the microstructure analysis after modification treatment. The chemical potentials expression of the wood-water relationship and wood moisture phase diagram based on the FSP thermodynamic concept would be an important research field of wood-water relations scientific evaluation system, and more attention should be paid in wood science and industry.
Fiber saturation point(FSP)is an important concept in the field of wood science which was first proposed by Tiemann in 1906 and has been discussed in the literature for over 100 years. FSP has played an important role in wood-water relations, wood physical and mechanical properties and other research fields in wood science. Despite its importance and extensive study, the exact theoretical definition of the FSP and the correct way to measure the FSP are still debated because considerable progress has been made compared with the initial concept form of FSP. The research on wood-water relations has changed from qualitative description of the state and its locations of water in wood to the direction of water potential differences and water phase boundaries, and relevant new theoretical definitions and test methods of FSP have been presented in recent years. The research on FSP is relatively lagging behind in our country, there are rarely introductions to principles and test methods of FSP. In this paper, the development of FSP concept has been summarized, the advantages and disadvantages of test methods are analyzed systematically. The applications and further developments in wood-water relations, wood drying technology, modification effect are also summarized. According to the different research stages of wood-water relations, the concept of FSP could be divided into 4 types. The first type emphasizes that FSP could be defined from physical and mechanical properties, or locations of water in wood. The second type concept related FSP to the amount of water contained with the water saturated cell wall. The third type concept emphasizes the different combination forms between water and wood, which could result in different thermal phenomenon. The fourth type concept of FSP is based on solution thermodynamics that treats the FSP as a phase boundary, which attaching clear physical meaning to FSP. The test methods of FSP could be divided into 7 types, including extrapolation method, solute exclusion method,pressure plate measurement, differential scanning calorimetry method, centrifugal dehydration method, nuclear magnetic resonance method, and solution thermodynamics calculation method. The actual bound water content in cell wall could be determined from these methods except for extrapolation and solution thermodynamics calculation method. The actual bound water content is obviously higher than 30% which is traditionally considered as average value of FSP. The research on FSP could further play an important role in the analysis of shrinkage and swelling, working out wood drying schedule. It also could be applied in the evaluation of wood modification effect and the microstructure analysis after modification treatment. The chemical potentials expression of the wood-water relationship and wood moisture phase diagram based on the FSP thermodynamic concept would be an important research field of wood-water relations scientific evaluation system, and more attention should be paid in wood science and industry.
引文
成俊卿.1985.木材学.北京:中国林业出版社.(Cheng J Q.1985.Xylology.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House.[in Chinese])
渡边治人.1986.木材应用基础.张勤丽,张齐生,张彬渊,译.上海:上海科学技术出版社.(Watanabe H.1986.Application foundation of wood.Zhang Q L,Zhang Q S,Zhang B Y,Translated.Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers.[in Chinese])
高建民.2008.木材干燥学.北京:科学出版社.(Gao J M.2008.Wood drying technology.Beijing:Science Press.[in Chinese])
高鑫,庄寿增.2015.利用核磁共振测定木材吸着水饱和含量.波谱学杂志,32(4):670-677.(Gao X,Zhuang S Z.2015.Bound water content in saturated wood cell wall determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Chinese Journal of Magnetic Resonance,32(4):670-677.[in Chinese]).
顾炼百.2011.木材加工工艺学.2版.北京:中国林业出版社.(Gu L B.2011.Wood processing technology.2nd edtion.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House.[in Chinese])
李坚.2009.木材科学研究.北京:科学出版社.(Li J.2009.Wood science research.Beijing:Science Press.[in Chinese])
刘一星,赵广杰.2004.木质资源材料学.北京:中国林业出版社.(Liu Y X,Zhao G J.2004.Xylon resource materials.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House.[in Chinese])
王喜明.2007.木材干燥学.3版.北京:中国林业出版社.(Wang X M.2007.Wood drying technology.3rd Edition.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House.[in Chinese])
王哲,王喜明.2014.木材多尺度孔隙结构及表征方法研究进展.林业科学,50(10):123-133.(Wang Z,Wang X M.2014.Research progress of multi-scale pore structure and characterization methods of wood.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,50(10):123-133.[in Chinese])
徐有明.2006.木材学.北京:中国林业出版社.(Xu Y M.2006.Xylology.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House.[in Chinese])
尹思慈.1996.木材学.北京:中国林业出版社.(Yin S C.1996.Xylology.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House.[in Chinese])
Ahlgren P A,Wood J R,Goring D A I.1972.The fiber saturation point of various morphological subdivisions of Douglas-fir and aspen wood.Wood Science and Technology,6(2):81-84.
Aksnes D W,Kimtys L.2004.1H and 2H NMR studies of benzene confined in porous solids:melting point depression and pore size distribution.Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,25(1/3):146-152.
Araujo C D,MacKay A L,Hailey J R T,et al.1992.Proton magnetic resonance techniques for characterization of water in wood:application to white spruce.Wood Science and Technology,26(2):101-113.
Babiak M,Kúdela J.1995.A contribution to the definition of the fiber saturation point.Wood Science and Technology,29(3):217-226.
Barkas W W.1936.Wood-water relationships,2:the fibre saturation point of beech wood.Proceedings of the Physical Society,48(4):576-586.
Bruno D M,Tainise V L,Luis S,et al.2015.Chemical modification of fast-growing eucalyptus wood.Wood Science and Technology,49(2):273-288.
Berry S L,Roderick M L.2005.Plant-water relations and the fibre saturation point.New Phytologist,168(1):25-37.
Bratasz ?,Koz?owska A,Koz?owski R.2012.Analysis of water adsorption by wood using the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer equation.European Journal of Wood and Wood Products,70(4):445-451.
Choong E T,Tesoro F O.1989.Relationship of capillary pressure and water saturation in wood.Wood Science and Technology,23(2):139-150.
Cloutier A,Fortin Y.1991.Moisture content-water potential relationship of wood from saturated to dry conditions.Wood Science and Technology,25(4):263-280.
Cloutier A,Tremblay C,Fortin Y.1995.Effect of specimen structural orientation on the moisture content-water potential relationship of wood.Wood Science and Technology,29(4):235-242.
Cousins W.1976.Elastic modulus of lignin as related to moisture content.Wood Science and Technology,10(1):9-17.
Cousins W.1978.Young’s modulus of hemicelluloses as related to moisture content.Wood Science and Technology,12(3):161-167.
Feist W C,Tarkow H.1967.A new procedure for measuring fiber saturation points.Forest Product Journal,17(10):65-68.
Furuno T,Imamura Y,Kajita H.2004.The modification of wood by treatment with low molecular weight phenol-formaldehyde resin:a properties enhancement with neutralized phenolic-resin and resin penetration into wood cell walls.Wood Science and Technology,37(5):349-361.
Gao X,Zhuang S Z,Jin J W,et al.2015.Bound water content and pore size distribution in swollen cell walls determined by NMR technology.BioResources,10(4):8208-8224.
Hernández R E,Bizoň M.1994.Changes in shrinkage and tangential compression strength of sugar maple below and above the fiber saturation point.Wood and Fiber Science,26(3):360-369.
Hill C A S.2006.Wood modification:chemical,thermal and other processes.Wales,Chichester:John Wiley & Sons,Ltd.
Kekkonen P M,Ylisassi A,Telkki V V.2014.Absorption of water in thermally modified pine wood as studied by nuclear magnetic resonance.Journal of Physical Chemistry C,118(4):2146-2153.
Kollmann F F P.1968.Principles of wood science and technology.Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag.
Labbé N,Jéso B D,Lartigue J C,et al.2006.Time-domain 1H NMR characterization if the liquid phase in greenwood.Holzforschung,60(3):265-270.
Olek W,Majka J,Czajkowski ?.2013.Sorption isotherms of thermally modified wood.Holzforschung,67(2):183-191.
Olsson A M,Salmen L.2004a.The softening behavior of hemicelluloses related to moisture.ACS Symposium Series,864:184-197.
Olsson A M,Salmen L.2004b.The association of water to cellulose and hemicelluloses in paper examined by FTIR spectroscopy.Carbohydrate Research,339(4):813-818.
Park S,Venditti R A,Jameel H,et al.2006.Changes in pore size distribution during the drying of cellulose fibers as measured by differential scanning calorimetry.Carbohydrate Polymers,66(1):97-103.
Perem E.1954.Determination of the fibre saturation point of wood by centrifuging.Forestry Research,4:77.
Riggin M T,Sharp A R,Kaiser R,et al.1979.Transverse NMR relaxation of water in wood.Journal of Applied Polymer Science,23(11):3147-3154.
Ross R J.2010.Wood handbook:wood as an engineering material.Centennial Edition.Madison,Wisconsin:United State Department of Agriculture Forest Service.
Sharp A R,Riggin M T,Kaiser R,et al.1978.Determination of moisture content of wood by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance.Wood and Fiber Science,10(2):74-81.
Siau J F.1984.Transport processes in wood.Syracuse,New York:Springer-Verlag.
Siau J F.1995.Wood:influence of moisture on physical properties.Virginia:Department of wood Science Forest Products,Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg.
Simpson L A,Barton A F M.1991.Determination of the fibre saturation saturation point in whole wood using differential scanning calorimetry.Wood Science and Technology,25(4):301-308.
Skaar C.1988.Wood-water relations.Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag.
Stamm A J.1929.The fiber-saturation point of wood as obtained from electrical conductivity measurements.Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition,1(2):94-97.
Stamm A J.1935.Shrinking and swelling of wood.Industrial Engineering and Chemistry,27(4):401-406.
Stone J E,Scallan A M.1967.The effect of component removal upon the porous structure of the cell wall of wood.Ⅱ.Swelling in water and the fiber saturation point.Tappi,50:496-501.
Telkki V V,Yliniemi M,Jokisaari J.2013.Moisture in softwoods:fiber saturation point,hydroxyl site content,and the amount of micropores as determined from NMR relaxation time distributions.Holzforschung,67(3):291-300.
Tiemann H D.1906.Effect of moisture upon the strength and stiffness of wood.US Department of Agriculture,Forest Service-Bulletin 70,Government Printing Office,Washington D C.
Tiemann H D.1944.Wood technology,constitution,properties and uses.Second Edition.New York.
Tremblay C,Cloutier A,Fortin Y.1996.Moisture content-water potential relationship of red pine sapwood above the fiber saturation point and determination of the effective pore size distribution.Wood Science and Technology,30(5):361-371.
Vuataz G.2002.The phase diagram of milk:a new tool for optimizing the drying process.Lait,82(4):485-500.
Walker J C F.2006.Primary wood processing principles and practice.Second Edition.New Zealand,Christchurch:University of Canterbury,Springer.
Xie Y,Fu Q,Wang Q,et al.2013.Effects of chemical modification on the mechanical properties of wood.European Journal of Wood and Wood Products,71(4):401-416.
Zauer M,Kretzschmar J,Gro?mann L,et al.2014a.Analysis of the pore-size distribution and fiber saturation point of native and thermally modified wood using differential scanning calorimetry.Wood Science and Technology,48(1):177-193.
Zauer M,Hempel S,Pfriem A,et al.2014b.Investigations of the pore-size distribution of wood in the dry and wet state by means of mercury intrusion porosimetry.Wood Science and Technology,48(6):1229-1240.
Zelinka S L,Glass S V,Jakes J E,et al.2016.A solution thermodynamics definition of the fiber saturation point and the derivation of a wood-water phase(state)diagram.Wood Science and Technology,50(3):443-462.
Zhang J,Peralta P N.1999.Moisture content-water potential characteristic curves for red oak and loblolly pine.Wood and Fiber Science,31(4):360-369.
渡边治人.1986.木材应用基础.张勤丽,张齐生,张彬渊,译.上海:上海科学技术出版社.(Watanabe H.1986.Application foundation of wood.Zhang Q L,Zhang Q S,Zhang B Y,Translated.Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers.[in Chinese])
高建民.2008.木材干燥学.北京:科学出版社.(Gao J M.2008.Wood drying technology.Beijing:Science Press.[in Chinese])
高鑫,庄寿增.2015.利用核磁共振测定木材吸着水饱和含量.波谱学杂志,32(4):670-677.(Gao X,Zhuang S Z.2015.Bound water content in saturated wood cell wall determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Chinese Journal of Magnetic Resonance,32(4):670-677.[in Chinese]).
顾炼百.2011.木材加工工艺学.2版.北京:中国林业出版社.(Gu L B.2011.Wood processing technology.2nd edtion.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House.[in Chinese])
李坚.2009.木材科学研究.北京:科学出版社.(Li J.2009.Wood science research.Beijing:Science Press.[in Chinese])
刘一星,赵广杰.2004.木质资源材料学.北京:中国林业出版社.(Liu Y X,Zhao G J.2004.Xylon resource materials.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House.[in Chinese])
王喜明.2007.木材干燥学.3版.北京:中国林业出版社.(Wang X M.2007.Wood drying technology.3rd Edition.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House.[in Chinese])
王哲,王喜明.2014.木材多尺度孔隙结构及表征方法研究进展.林业科学,50(10):123-133.(Wang Z,Wang X M.2014.Research progress of multi-scale pore structure and characterization methods of wood.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,50(10):123-133.[in Chinese])
徐有明.2006.木材学.北京:中国林业出版社.(Xu Y M.2006.Xylology.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House.[in Chinese])
尹思慈.1996.木材学.北京:中国林业出版社.(Yin S C.1996.Xylology.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House.[in Chinese])
Ahlgren P A,Wood J R,Goring D A I.1972.The fiber saturation point of various morphological subdivisions of Douglas-fir and aspen wood.Wood Science and Technology,6(2):81-84.
Aksnes D W,Kimtys L.2004.1H and 2H NMR studies of benzene confined in porous solids:melting point depression and pore size distribution.Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,25(1/3):146-152.
Araujo C D,MacKay A L,Hailey J R T,et al.1992.Proton magnetic resonance techniques for characterization of water in wood:application to white spruce.Wood Science and Technology,26(2):101-113.
Babiak M,Kúdela J.1995.A contribution to the definition of the fiber saturation point.Wood Science and Technology,29(3):217-226.
Barkas W W.1936.Wood-water relationships,2:the fibre saturation point of beech wood.Proceedings of the Physical Society,48(4):576-586.
Bruno D M,Tainise V L,Luis S,et al.2015.Chemical modification of fast-growing eucalyptus wood.Wood Science and Technology,49(2):273-288.
Berry S L,Roderick M L.2005.Plant-water relations and the fibre saturation point.New Phytologist,168(1):25-37.
Bratasz ?,Koz?owska A,Koz?owski R.2012.Analysis of water adsorption by wood using the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer equation.European Journal of Wood and Wood Products,70(4):445-451.
Choong E T,Tesoro F O.1989.Relationship of capillary pressure and water saturation in wood.Wood Science and Technology,23(2):139-150.
Cloutier A,Fortin Y.1991.Moisture content-water potential relationship of wood from saturated to dry conditions.Wood Science and Technology,25(4):263-280.
Cloutier A,Tremblay C,Fortin Y.1995.Effect of specimen structural orientation on the moisture content-water potential relationship of wood.Wood Science and Technology,29(4):235-242.
Cousins W.1976.Elastic modulus of lignin as related to moisture content.Wood Science and Technology,10(1):9-17.
Cousins W.1978.Young’s modulus of hemicelluloses as related to moisture content.Wood Science and Technology,12(3):161-167.
Feist W C,Tarkow H.1967.A new procedure for measuring fiber saturation points.Forest Product Journal,17(10):65-68.
Furuno T,Imamura Y,Kajita H.2004.The modification of wood by treatment with low molecular weight phenol-formaldehyde resin:a properties enhancement with neutralized phenolic-resin and resin penetration into wood cell walls.Wood Science and Technology,37(5):349-361.
Gao X,Zhuang S Z,Jin J W,et al.2015.Bound water content and pore size distribution in swollen cell walls determined by NMR technology.BioResources,10(4):8208-8224.
Hernández R E,Bizoň M.1994.Changes in shrinkage and tangential compression strength of sugar maple below and above the fiber saturation point.Wood and Fiber Science,26(3):360-369.
Hill C A S.2006.Wood modification:chemical,thermal and other processes.Wales,Chichester:John Wiley & Sons,Ltd.
Kekkonen P M,Ylisassi A,Telkki V V.2014.Absorption of water in thermally modified pine wood as studied by nuclear magnetic resonance.Journal of Physical Chemistry C,118(4):2146-2153.
Kollmann F F P.1968.Principles of wood science and technology.Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag.
Labbé N,Jéso B D,Lartigue J C,et al.2006.Time-domain 1H NMR characterization if the liquid phase in greenwood.Holzforschung,60(3):265-270.
Olek W,Majka J,Czajkowski ?.2013.Sorption isotherms of thermally modified wood.Holzforschung,67(2):183-191.
Olsson A M,Salmen L.2004a.The softening behavior of hemicelluloses related to moisture.ACS Symposium Series,864:184-197.
Olsson A M,Salmen L.2004b.The association of water to cellulose and hemicelluloses in paper examined by FTIR spectroscopy.Carbohydrate Research,339(4):813-818.
Park S,Venditti R A,Jameel H,et al.2006.Changes in pore size distribution during the drying of cellulose fibers as measured by differential scanning calorimetry.Carbohydrate Polymers,66(1):97-103.
Perem E.1954.Determination of the fibre saturation point of wood by centrifuging.Forestry Research,4:77.
Riggin M T,Sharp A R,Kaiser R,et al.1979.Transverse NMR relaxation of water in wood.Journal of Applied Polymer Science,23(11):3147-3154.
Ross R J.2010.Wood handbook:wood as an engineering material.Centennial Edition.Madison,Wisconsin:United State Department of Agriculture Forest Service.
Sharp A R,Riggin M T,Kaiser R,et al.1978.Determination of moisture content of wood by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance.Wood and Fiber Science,10(2):74-81.
Siau J F.1984.Transport processes in wood.Syracuse,New York:Springer-Verlag.
Siau J F.1995.Wood:influence of moisture on physical properties.Virginia:Department of wood Science Forest Products,Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg.
Simpson L A,Barton A F M.1991.Determination of the fibre saturation saturation point in whole wood using differential scanning calorimetry.Wood Science and Technology,25(4):301-308.
Skaar C.1988.Wood-water relations.Berlin,Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag.
Stamm A J.1929.The fiber-saturation point of wood as obtained from electrical conductivity measurements.Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition,1(2):94-97.
Stamm A J.1935.Shrinking and swelling of wood.Industrial Engineering and Chemistry,27(4):401-406.
Stone J E,Scallan A M.1967.The effect of component removal upon the porous structure of the cell wall of wood.Ⅱ.Swelling in water and the fiber saturation point.Tappi,50:496-501.
Telkki V V,Yliniemi M,Jokisaari J.2013.Moisture in softwoods:fiber saturation point,hydroxyl site content,and the amount of micropores as determined from NMR relaxation time distributions.Holzforschung,67(3):291-300.
Tiemann H D.1906.Effect of moisture upon the strength and stiffness of wood.US Department of Agriculture,Forest Service-Bulletin 70,Government Printing Office,Washington D C.
Tiemann H D.1944.Wood technology,constitution,properties and uses.Second Edition.New York.
Tremblay C,Cloutier A,Fortin Y.1996.Moisture content-water potential relationship of red pine sapwood above the fiber saturation point and determination of the effective pore size distribution.Wood Science and Technology,30(5):361-371.
Vuataz G.2002.The phase diagram of milk:a new tool for optimizing the drying process.Lait,82(4):485-500.
Walker J C F.2006.Primary wood processing principles and practice.Second Edition.New Zealand,Christchurch:University of Canterbury,Springer.
Xie Y,Fu Q,Wang Q,et al.2013.Effects of chemical modification on the mechanical properties of wood.European Journal of Wood and Wood Products,71(4):401-416.
Zauer M,Kretzschmar J,Gro?mann L,et al.2014a.Analysis of the pore-size distribution and fiber saturation point of native and thermally modified wood using differential scanning calorimetry.Wood Science and Technology,48(1):177-193.
Zauer M,Hempel S,Pfriem A,et al.2014b.Investigations of the pore-size distribution of wood in the dry and wet state by means of mercury intrusion porosimetry.Wood Science and Technology,48(6):1229-1240.
Zelinka S L,Glass S V,Jakes J E,et al.2016.A solution thermodynamics definition of the fiber saturation point and the derivation of a wood-water phase(state)diagram.Wood Science and Technology,50(3):443-462.
Zhang J,Peralta P N.1999.Moisture content-water potential characteristic curves for red oak and loblolly pine.Wood and Fiber Science,31(4):360-369.