陕北黄土区具干表土层的极陡坡绿化技术研究
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摘要
黄土地区基础设施建设形成的裸露陡峭坡面(坡度45°～80°)是水土流失和地质灾害的易发区,需要恢复植被覆盖,但其干表土层限制了植被自然恢复,需探索合适的人工促进植被恢复方法.本研究以凋萎湿度作为坡面干表土层判定标准,探索分析了陕北黄土区半阴坡、半阳坡和阳坡的典型裸露陡峭坡面的干表土层;选择本地植物柠条、柽柳及外来植物金叶莸,基于坡面干表土层的分析结果,实验了陡坡深植绿化技术,并调查评价了绿化效果.得出以下结论:(1)黄土区裸露极陡坡面存在一定厚度的干表土层,形成时间2年的半阴坡和半阳坡的干表土层厚度约20cm,形成时间4～5年的阳坡约30～35cm;(2)深植绿化效果理想,苗木栽植成活率及3年后保存率均可达93%以上;(3)本地植物长势优于外来植物;植被长势随坡度增加而变弱;柽柳在半阴坡和半阳坡的高度和地径均最高,在阳坡的长势最好.本研究提出的极陡坡深植绿化技术可有效加快黄土区人工促进植被恢复的进程.
The construction of infrastructure in the loess region of China often leads to the formation of exposed steep slopes over large areas,and the exposed steep slopes are often a prone area of ecological disaster.The dried top soil affect the natural restoration of slope vegetation,so it is of great significance to explore the appropriate methods of artificial vegetation restoration.In this study,the soil water characteristic curves of the extremely steep slopes which have different aspects were fitted,and we calculated the wilting moisture of each depth of soil layer(0～60 cm,per 5 cm) as the decision criteriaofdried top soil,then we explored and analyzed thedried top soil of 3 typical exposed steep slopes(52°semi-shady slope,58°semi-sunny slope and 68°sunny slope,respectively) in the loess region of Northern Shaanxi.Combined with analytical results of dried top soil,one method of deep planting aimed at extremely steep slope(gradient range is 45° to 80°) was proposed and experimentally,the two native plant species Caragana Korshinskii Kom.,Tamarix chinensis Lour.and one introduced plant species Caryopteris clandonensis ‘Worcester Gold' were chosen as the target plants.The effectof vegetation growth(vegetation survival rate,preservation rate,plants height and ground diameter) wasinvestigated and analyzed three years later.The results show that(1) this phenomenonof dried top soilhas been happening on exposed steep slopes in the loess region of Northern Shaanxi.The thickness of dried top soil in semi-shady slope and semi-sunny slope which were about two years old is about 20 cm,and 30～35 cm in 4 or 5-year-old sunny slope.(2) Method of deep planting aimed at extremely steep slope through dried top soil layer has been achieved good greening effect.The survival rate and the conservation rate after 3 years can still reach more than 93%.The growth of native species is better than that of introduced plant species.The vegetation growth becomes weak with the increase of the slope gradient.Two indicators(plants height and ground diameter) of Tamarix chinensis Lour.have maintained a relatively high level in semi shady slope and semi sunny slope,and the growth of Caragana Korshinskii Kom.is relatively the best in the sunny slope.The method of deep planting aimed at extremely steep slope withdried top soil in this study can effectively accelerate the process of artificial vegetation restoration in the loess region.
The construction of infrastructure in the loess region of China often leads to the formation of exposed steep slopes over large areas,and the exposed steep slopes are often a prone area of ecological disaster.The dried top soil affect the natural restoration of slope vegetation,so it is of great significance to explore the appropriate methods of artificial vegetation restoration.In this study,the soil water characteristic curves of the extremely steep slopes which have different aspects were fitted,and we calculated the wilting moisture of each depth of soil layer(0～60 cm,per 5 cm) as the decision criteriaofdried top soil,then we explored and analyzed thedried top soil of 3 typical exposed steep slopes(52°semi-shady slope,58°semi-sunny slope and 68°sunny slope,respectively) in the loess region of Northern Shaanxi.Combined with analytical results of dried top soil,one method of deep planting aimed at extremely steep slope(gradient range is 45° to 80°) was proposed and experimentally,the two native plant species Caragana Korshinskii Kom.,Tamarix chinensis Lour.and one introduced plant species Caryopteris clandonensis ‘Worcester Gold' were chosen as the target plants.The effectof vegetation growth(vegetation survival rate,preservation rate,plants height and ground diameter) wasinvestigated and analyzed three years later.The results show that(1) this phenomenonof dried top soilhas been happening on exposed steep slopes in the loess region of Northern Shaanxi.The thickness of dried top soil in semi-shady slope and semi-sunny slope which were about two years old is about 20 cm,and 30～35 cm in 4 or 5-year-old sunny slope.(2) Method of deep planting aimed at extremely steep slope through dried top soil layer has been achieved good greening effect.The survival rate and the conservation rate after 3 years can still reach more than 93%.The growth of native species is better than that of introduced plant species.The vegetation growth becomes weak with the increase of the slope gradient.Two indicators(plants height and ground diameter) of Tamarix chinensis Lour.have maintained a relatively high level in semi shady slope and semi sunny slope,and the growth of Caragana Korshinskii Kom.is relatively the best in the sunny slope.The method of deep planting aimed at extremely steep slope withdried top soil in this study can effectively accelerate the process of artificial vegetation restoration in the loess region.
引文
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[6] 宋孝玉,康绍忠,沈冰,等.黄土区不同下垫面农田降雨入渗及产流关系的数值模拟[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(1):1-5 Song Xiaoyu,Kang Shaozhong,Shen Bing,et al.Simulating the relationship between the infiltration and runoff of different underlying farmland in the loess region[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE),2005,21(1):1-5
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[13] 王宁.黄土丘陵沟壑区植被自然更新的种源限制因素研究[D].西安:中国科学院研究生院(教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心),2013 Wang Ning.The limiting factors in vegetation recruitment in the hilly-gullied region of the Loess Plateau:on species resources aspect[D].Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Education (Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment),2013
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[19] 任利东,黄明斌,樊军.不同类型层状土壤持水能力的研究[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(19):105-111 Ren Lidong,Huang Mingbin,Fan Jun.Study on water retention capacity for drained soils with different textural layering[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(19):105-111
[20] Le Bourgeois O,Bouvier C,Brunet P,et al.Inverse modeling of soil water content to estimate the hydraulic properties of a shallow soil and the associated weathered bedrock[J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,541:116-126
[21] 姚姣转,刘廷玺,王天帅,等.科尔沁沙地土壤持水性曲线传递函数的构建与评估[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(20):98-108 Yao Jiaozhuan,Liu Tingxi,Wang Tianshuai,et al.Development and evaluation of pedo-transfer functions of soil water characteristic curves in Horqin sandy land[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(20):98-108
[22] 高会议,郭胜利,刘文兆,等.不同施肥土壤持水性曲线空间变异[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(6):161-176 Gao Huiyi,Guo Shengli,Liu Wenzhao,et al.Spatial variability of soil water retention curve under fertilization practices in arid-highland of the Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of The Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(6):161-176
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