两栖类种群数量的快速调查与分析方法
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摘要
准确快速地评估两栖动物的种群数量是目前两栖动物监测研究中的一项紧迫任务。该文介绍了一种利用繁殖点调查法与被动集成应答器(PIT)标记重捕法相结合的种群评估方法,仅需获得短期两栖动物重捕数据,基于开放式种群的标记重捕模型分析,就可以得到较为准确的两栖动物繁殖种群数量。该调查与分析方法有如下优点:繁殖点调查法利用了两栖动物集群繁殖的生物学习性,克服了个体分布不集中的难点;以繁殖种群为调查对象,避免了不同季节的种群数量的波动;基于PIT标记在个体识别方面的优越性,通过多次重捕可以快速准确地评估两栖动物的种群数量。以四川省平武县老河沟自然保护区内的中华蟾蜍为代表物种,以5 d野外调查的标记重捕数据准确快速地估算其种群数量。该方法提供了一种简洁有效的种群数量调查方法,对于珍稀物种的评估具有较高的价值。
Amphibian are declining worldwide,and it is an urgent task to accurately and rapidly assess the population size of amphibian through monitoring program. This study employed an estimation method to assess the breeding population size of amphibian,which includes surveys at breeding sites and PIT(passive integrated transponder)mark-recapture method. This method provides accurate population size based on short-term mark-recapture data and capture-mark-recapture model for that open populations. The method also offers several advantages:surveys at breeding sites overcome the difficulty that individual distribution is not concentrated at non-breeding seasons. Also,it can avoid the fluctuation of population size in different seasons. Based on the superiority of PIT marker in individual identification,the population size of amphibians can be evaluated quickly and accurately by several times recapture. This model was applied to a five-day capture-mark-recapture data set of toad(Bufo gargarizans)in Laohegou Nature Reserve of Pingwu County,Sichuan Province,and the population size was estimated. This method provides a simple and effective method for amphibian population monitoring,which is of great value to the assessment of rare species.
Amphibian are declining worldwide,and it is an urgent task to accurately and rapidly assess the population size of amphibian through monitoring program. This study employed an estimation method to assess the breeding population size of amphibian,which includes surveys at breeding sites and PIT(passive integrated transponder)mark-recapture method. This method provides accurate population size based on short-term mark-recapture data and capture-mark-recapture model for that open populations. The method also offers several advantages:surveys at breeding sites overcome the difficulty that individual distribution is not concentrated at non-breeding seasons. Also,it can avoid the fluctuation of population size in different seasons. Based on the superiority of PIT marker in individual identification,the population size of amphibians can be evaluated quickly and accurately by several times recapture. This model was applied to a five-day capture-mark-recapture data set of toad(Bufo gargarizans)in Laohegou Nature Reserve of Pingwu County,Sichuan Province,and the population size was estimated. This method provides a simple and effective method for amphibian population monitoring,which is of great value to the assessment of rare species.
引文
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[2]江建平,谢锋,臧春鑫,等.中国两栖动物受威胁现状评估[J].生物多样性,2016,24(5):588-597.[JIANG Jian-ping,XIE Feng,ZANG Chun-xin,et al. Assessing the Threat Status of Amphibians in China[J]. Biodiversity Science,2016,24(5):588-597.]
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[4]徐海根,吴军,吴延庆,等.全国两栖动物多样性观测网络(China BON-Amphibians)建设进展[J].生态与农村环境学报,2018,34(1):20-26.[XU Hai-gen,WU Jun,WU Yan-qing,et al.Progress in Construction of China Amphibian Diversity Observation Network(China BON-Amphibians)[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2018,34(1):20-26.]
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[6]吴军,高逖,徐海根,等.两栖动物监测方法和国外监测计划研究[J].生态与农村环境学报,2013,29(6):784-788.[WU Jun,GAO Ti,XU Hai-gen,et al.Methods for Monitoring of Amphibians and Monitoring Programmers in Foreign Countries[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2013,29(6):784-788.]
[7]王刚,李成,吴军,等.基于人工掩蔽物法的若尔盖湿地中华蟾蜍种群生态研究[J].生态学报,2016,36(17):5556-5563.[WANG Gang,LI Cheng,WU Jun,et al.Population Ecology of Bufo gargarians in Zoige Wetland Based on Artificial Cover[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(17):5556-5563.]
[8] FAGERSTONE K A,JOHN B E. Transponders as Permanent Identification Markers for Domestic Ferrets,Black-Footed Ferrets,and Other Wildlife[J].The Journal of Wildlife Management,1987,51(2):294.DOI:10.2307/3801005.
[9] BRADY M J,RISCH T S,DOBSON F S.Availability of Nest Sites Does Not Limit Population Size of Southern Flying Squirrels[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology,2000,78(7):1144-1149.
[10] HEWITT D A,JANNEY E C,HAYES B S,et al.Improving Inferences From Fisheries Capture-Recapture Studies Through Remote Detection of PIT Tags[J].Fisheries,2010,35(5):217-231.
[11] BALLARD G,AINLEY D G,RIBIC C A,et al.Effect of Instrument Attachment and Other Factors on Foraging Trip Duration and Nesting Success of Adélie Penguins[J].The Condor,2001,103(3):481. DOI:10.1650/0010-5422(2001)103[0481:EOIAAO]2.0.CO;2.
[12] MILLS M S,HUDSON C J,BERNA H J.Spatial Ecology and Movements of the Brown Water Snake(Nerodia taxispilota)[J].Herpetologica,1995,51(4):412-423.
[13] PERRET N,JOLY P.Impacts of Tattooing and Pit-Tagging on Survival and Fecundity in the Alpine Newt(Triturus alpestris)[J].Herpetologica,2002,58(1):131-138.
[14] FABER H.Der Einsatz von Passiven Integrierten Transpondern zur Individuellen Markierung von Bergmolchen(Triturus alpes-tris)in Freiland[J].Mertensiella,1997,7:121-132.
[15]费梁,胡淑琴,叶昌媛,等.中国动物志·两栖纲·中卷:无尾目[M].北京:科学出版社,2009:523-529.
[16]李成,江建平.无尾两栖类在不同生活史阶段的栖息环境[J].四川动物,2016,35(6):950-955.[LI Cheng,JIANG Jian-ping.Anuran Life Cycle and Habitat Preference[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2016,35(6):950-955.]
[17]邹寿昌.徐州近郊大蟾蜍繁殖的研究[J].动物学杂志,1982,17(2):20-23.
[18]黎道洪.贵州近郊中华大蟾蜍性熟个体的迁移和越冬的初步研究[J].两栖爬行动物学报,1987,6(4):51-55.
[19] SCOTT N J,WOODWARD B D.Surveys at Breeding Sites[M]//HEYER W R,DONNELLY M A,MCDIARMID R W,et al. Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity Standard Methods for Amphibians. Smithsonian Institution Press,Washington,USA,1994:118-125.
[20] WOODWARD B D,MITCHELL S L.The Community Ecology of Desert Anurans[M]//POLLIS G. The Ecology of Desert Communities.Tucson,USA:University ofArizona Press,1991:223-248.]
[21] READING C J.The Relationship Between Body Length,Age and Sexual Maturity in the Common Toad,Bufo bufo[J].Ecography,1991,14(4):245-249.
[22] FELLERS G M.Mate Selection in the Gray Treefrog,Hyla versicol-or[J].Copeia,1979(2):286.DOI:10.2307/1443416.
[23] WOODWARD B.Male Persistence and Mating Success in Woodhouse's Toad(Bufo woodhousei)[J]. Ecology,1982,63(2):583-585.
[24] CLARKE R D.The Effect of Toe Clipping on Survival in Fowler's Toad(Bufo woodhousei fowleri)[J].Copeia,1972(1):182.DOI:10.2307/1442798.
[25]宋鸣涛.两栖爬行动物标记方法介绍[J].动物学杂志,1996,31(2):25-28.
[26] ZHENG YC,RAO D Q,ROBERT W M U R P H Y,et al.Reproductive Behavior and Underwater Calls in the Emei Mustache Toad,Leptobrachium boringi[J].Asian Herpetological Research,2012,2(4):199-215.
[27] CHASE F W,KERN B E,PITTMAN M M,et al.Evaluation of Two Individual Identification Techniques for Spotted Salamanders(Ambystoma maculatum)[J].Herpetological Review,2015,46:192-196
[28] BROWN L J.An Evaluation of Some Marking and Trapping Techniques Currently Used in the Study of Anuran Population Dynamics[J].Journal of Herpetology,1997,31(3):410.DOI:10.2307/1565670.
[29] GIBBONS J W,ANDREWS K M.PIT Tagging:Simple Technology at Its Best[J]. BioScience,2004,54(5):447-454.
[30] HOMAN R N,WINDMILLER B S,MICHAEL REED J.Comparative Life Histories of Two Sympatric Ambystoma Species at a Breeding Pond in Massachusetts[J]. Journal of Herpetology,2007,41(3):401-409.
[31]王启军,赵虎,ANDY Kouba,等.PIT标记技术在幼鲵标记中的应用研究[J].水生态学杂志,2011,32(2):146-148.[WANG Qi-jun,ZHAO Hu,ANDY Kouba,et al.Study of the PIT Marker Technology Application in Young Giant Salamander(Andrias da-vidianus)[J].Journal of Hydroecology,2011,32(2):146-148.]
[32] SINSCH U. Zwei Neue Markierungmethoden zur Individuellen Identification von Amphibien in Langfristigen Freilanduntersuchungen:Erste Erfahrungen bei Kreuzkr?ten[J]. Salamandra,1992,28:116-128.
[33] COWEN L,SCHWARZ C J.The Jolly-Seber Model With Tag Loss[J].Biometrics,2006,62(3):699-705.
[34] FUNK W C,ALMEIDA-REINOSO D,NOGALES-SORNOSA F,et al.Monitoring Population Trends of Eleutherodactylus Frogs[J].Journal of Herpetology,2003,37(2):245-256.
[35] LESLIE P H.The Estimation of Population Parameters From Data Obtained by Means of the Capture-Recapture Method[J].Biometrika,1952,39(3/4):363-388.
[36] CAROTHERS A D.The Effects of Unequal Catchability on JollySeber Estimates[J].Biometrics,1973,29(1):79.DOI:10.2307/2529678.
[37] LAAKE J L.RMark:An R Interface for Analysis of Capture-Recapture Data With MARK[R].AFSC Processed Report 2013-01.Juneau,USA:Alaska Fisheries Science Center,National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,National Marine Fisheries Service,2013.
[38] WHITE G C,KENDALL W L,BARKER R J.Multistate Survival Models and Their Extensions in Program MARK[J].Journal of Wildlife Management,2006,70(6):1521-1529.
[39] JOLLY G M.Explicit Estimates From Capture-Recapture Data With Both Death and Immigration-Stochastic Model[J].Biometrika,1965,52(1/2):225-247.
[40] CITTA J J,O'CORRY-CROWE G,QUAKENBUSH L T,et al.Assessing the Abundance of Bristol Bay Belugas With Genetic MarkRecapture Methods[J].Marine Mammal Science,2018,34(3):666-686.
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