甘南高寒草甸退化过程中土壤理化性质和微生物数量动态变化
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摘要
研究甘南高寒草甸退化草地土壤理化性质和微生物数量动态变化特征,为退化草地改良修复提供理论依据。于2017年5,7,10月分别采集极度(ED)、中度(MD)和轻度(LD)退化草地,以及未退化的对照草地(CK)土壤,测定其理化特性及微生物数量特征。结果表明:CK的土壤含水量在5,7月均显著小于LD、MD和ED的土壤含水量,而在10月显著大于LD、MD和ED的土壤含水量;随着退化程度的加剧,土壤pH逐渐增大,有机碳、全氮和全磷含量逐渐减小;土壤细菌数量对草地的退化反映更敏感,放线菌次之,真菌最小;CK和LD的土壤微生物数量随土层深度下降更为明显;冗余分析结合蒙特卡罗置换检验结果发现,各月份影响微生物数量的环境因子不同,显著影响5月微生物数量的是土壤全磷和土壤含水量,而7月除土壤pH外,其余指标均有显著影响,10月除土壤pH和土壤碳氮比外,植被盖度和生物量等均有显著影响。可见,甘南高寒草甸土壤理化特征和三大微生物数量对退化程度的响应具有季节差异,不同时期影响因素和权重需在草地管理中予以重视。
The aim of the current study was to examine the dynamic changes of soil physicochemical properties and microbial quantities, and to provide theoretical basis for the improvement and restoration of the degraded grassland in Gannan alpine meadow. The soil samples were collected from light degradation(LD), moderate degradation(MD), extreme degradation(ED) and control grassland(CK) in May, July and October, 2017, to investigate the physiochemical characteristics and the microbial quantities. The results showed that the soil water content of CK was significantly lower than that of the degraded grassland in May and July, while significantly higher than that of the degraded grassland in October. With the aggravation of degradation degree, soil pH value gradually increased, while the content of organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus gradually decreased. The number of soil bacteria was more sensitive to grassland degradation, followed by actinomycetes and fungi. The soil microbial quantities of CK and LD decreased more obviously with the increasing of soil layer depth. Redundancy analysis and the Monte Carlo permutation test showed that the environmental factors affecting soil microbial quantities were different in each month. Soil microbial quantities were significantly affected by total phosphorus and soil water content in May, while other factors except soil pH had significant effects in July. Except soil pH value and C/N, vegetation coverage, aboveground and underground biomass and other environmental factors had significant effects in October. All of the above results revealed that the responses of soil physicochemical characteristics and soil microbial quantities to grassland degradation had have seasonal variation in Gannan alpine meadow, the influencing factors and weights in different periods also needed to be paid attention to in grassland management.
The aim of the current study was to examine the dynamic changes of soil physicochemical properties and microbial quantities, and to provide theoretical basis for the improvement and restoration of the degraded grassland in Gannan alpine meadow. The soil samples were collected from light degradation(LD), moderate degradation(MD), extreme degradation(ED) and control grassland(CK) in May, July and October, 2017, to investigate the physiochemical characteristics and the microbial quantities. The results showed that the soil water content of CK was significantly lower than that of the degraded grassland in May and July, while significantly higher than that of the degraded grassland in October. With the aggravation of degradation degree, soil pH value gradually increased, while the content of organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus gradually decreased. The number of soil bacteria was more sensitive to grassland degradation, followed by actinomycetes and fungi. The soil microbial quantities of CK and LD decreased more obviously with the increasing of soil layer depth. Redundancy analysis and the Monte Carlo permutation test showed that the environmental factors affecting soil microbial quantities were different in each month. Soil microbial quantities were significantly affected by total phosphorus and soil water content in May, while other factors except soil pH had significant effects in July. Except soil pH value and C/N, vegetation coverage, aboveground and underground biomass and other environmental factors had significant effects in October. All of the above results revealed that the responses of soil physicochemical characteristics and soil microbial quantities to grassland degradation had have seasonal variation in Gannan alpine meadow, the influencing factors and weights in different periods also needed to be paid attention to in grassland management.
引文
[1] 高海宁,张勇,秦嘉海,等.祁连山黑河上游不同退化草地有机碳和酶活性分布特征[J].草地学报,2014,22(2):283-290.
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[5] 苟燕妮,南志标.放牧对草地土壤微生物的影响[J].草业学报,2015,24(10):194-205.
[6] 周华坤,赵新全,温军,等.黄河源区高寒草原的植被退化与土壤退化特征[J].草业学报,2012,21(5):1-11.
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[8] 彭岳林,蔡晓布,于宝政.不同状态高寒草原土壤微生物及其变化[J].西南农业学报,2018,31(2):379-383.
[9] 魏卫东,刘育红,马辉,等.基于冗余分析的高寒草原土壤与草地退化关系[J].草业科学,2018,35(3):472-481.
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[11] 闫颖慧,胡小霞.基于灰色关联法的甘南草地退化影响因素分析:以碌曲县为例[J].生态经济,2010(2):135-137.
[12] 陈文业,戚登臣,李广宇,等.施肥对甘南高寒草甸退化草地植物群落多样性和生产力的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2009,14(6):31-36.
[13] 陈文业,戚登臣,李广宇,等.甘南高寒退化草地生态位特征及生产力研究[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(1):80-90.
[14] 马维伟,王辉,李广,等.甘南尕海湿地不同植被退化阶段土壤有机碳含量及动态[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(5):254-259.
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[17] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,1999:42-50.
[18] 于健龙,石红霄.高寒草甸不同退化程度土壤微生物数量变化及影响因子[J].西北农业学报,2011,20(11):77-81.
[19] 鲍根生,王宏生,曾辉.有机硅助剂对“狼毒净”防除狼毒效果及草地植物群落多样性的影响[J].草业科学,2015,32(2):263-268.
[20] 赖江山,米湘成.基于Vegan软件包的生态学数据排序分析[C]//厦门大学.第九届全国生物多样性保护与持续利用研讨会论文集.厦门:厦门大学,2012:332-343.
[21] 魏永胜,梁宗锁,山仑.草地退化的水分因素[J].草业科学,2004,21(10):13-18.
[22] 李婧,张法伟,郭小伟,等.草毡表层演化对高寒草甸水源涵养功能的影响[J].草地学报,2012,20(5):836-841.
[23] 阿依敏·波拉提,安沙舟,董乙强,等.巴音布鲁克高寒草原不同退化阶段土壤养分的变化[J].新疆农业科学,2017,54(5):953-960.
[24] 刘育红,魏卫东,杨元武,等.高寒草甸退化草地植被与土壤因子关系冗余分析[J].西北农业学报,2018,27(4):480-490.
[25] Kala C P,Singh S K,Rawat G S.Effects of sheep and goat grazing on the species diversity in the alpine meadows of Western Himalaya [J].Environmentalist,2002,22(2):183-189.
[26] 李瑞,刘旻霞,张灿,等.甘南亚高寒草甸不同坡向土壤微生物群落分布特征[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(11):1884-1891.
[27] Salomé C,Nunan N,Pouteau V,et al.Carbon dynamics in topsoil and in subsoil may be controlled by different regulatory mechanisms [J].Global Change Biology,2010,16(1):416-426.
[28] Jia B,Wang Y,Xie Z.Responses of the terrestrial carbon cycle to drought over China:Modeling sensitivities of the interactive nitrogen and dynamic vegetation [J].Ecological Modelling,2018,368:52-68.
[29] 伍星,李辉霞,傅伯杰,等.三江源地区高寒草地不同退化程度土壤特征研究[J].中国草地学报,2013,35(3):77-84.
[30] 王国兵,阮宏华,唐燕飞,等.北亚热带次生栎林与火炬松人工林土壤微生物生物量碳的季节动态[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(1):37-42.
[31] Pascual J A,Garcia C,Hernandez T,et al.Soil microbial activity as a biomarker of degradation and remediation processes [J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2000,32(13):1877-1883.
[32] Banerjee S,Schlaeppi K,Van M D H.Keystone taxa as drivers of microbiome structure and functioning [J].Nature Reviews Microbiology,2018,16(9):567-576.
[33] 王一博,王根绪,吴青柏,等.植被退化对高寒土壤水文特征的影响[J].冰川冻土,2010,32(5):989-998.
[34] Li Y,Wang S,Jiang L,et al.Changes of soil microbial community under different degraded gradients of alpine meadow [J].Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,2016,222:213-222.
[35] 姬万忠,王庆华.补播对天祝高寒退化草地植被和土壤理化性质的影响[J].草业科学,2016,33(5):886-890.
[2] Harris R B.Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau:A review of the evidence of its magnitude and causes [J].Journal of Arid Environments,2010,74(1):1-12.
[3] Li X L,Gao J,Brierley G,et al.Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau:Implications for rehabilitation [J].Land Degradation and Development,2011,24(1):72-80.
[4] 马琳雅,崔霞,冯琦胜,等.2001—2011年甘南草地植被覆盖度动态变化分析[J].草业学报,2014,23(4):1-9.
[5] 苟燕妮,南志标.放牧对草地土壤微生物的影响[J].草业学报,2015,24(10):194-205.
[6] 周华坤,赵新全,温军,等.黄河源区高寒草原的植被退化与土壤退化特征[J].草业学报,2012,21(5):1-11.
[7] 卢虎,姚拓,李建宏,等.高寒地区不同退化草地植被和土壤微生物特性及其相关性研究[J].草业学报,2015,24(5):34-43.
[8] 彭岳林,蔡晓布,于宝政.不同状态高寒草原土壤微生物及其变化[J].西南农业学报,2018,31(2):379-383.
[9] 魏卫东,刘育红,马辉,等.基于冗余分析的高寒草原土壤与草地退化关系[J].草业科学,2018,35(3):472-481.
[10] 刘兴元,陈全功,王永宁.甘南草地退化对生态安全与经济发展的影响[J].草业科学,2006,23(12):39-42.
[11] 闫颖慧,胡小霞.基于灰色关联法的甘南草地退化影响因素分析:以碌曲县为例[J].生态经济,2010(2):135-137.
[12] 陈文业,戚登臣,李广宇,等.施肥对甘南高寒草甸退化草地植物群落多样性和生产力的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2009,14(6):31-36.
[13] 陈文业,戚登臣,李广宇,等.甘南高寒退化草地生态位特征及生产力研究[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(1):80-90.
[14] 马维伟,王辉,李广,等.甘南尕海湿地不同植被退化阶段土壤有机碳含量及动态[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(5):254-259.
[15] 刘斌.甘南州碌曲县降水量持续偏少五成以上已超过40天[EB/OL].(2017-07-26).[2018-08-26].http://www.weather.com.cn/gansu/tqxs/07/2746445.shtml.
[16] 苏大学,张自和,陈佐忠,等.GB 19377—2003天然草地退化、沙化、盐渍化的分级标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2003:1-5.
[17] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,1999:42-50.
[18] 于健龙,石红霄.高寒草甸不同退化程度土壤微生物数量变化及影响因子[J].西北农业学报,2011,20(11):77-81.
[19] 鲍根生,王宏生,曾辉.有机硅助剂对“狼毒净”防除狼毒效果及草地植物群落多样性的影响[J].草业科学,2015,32(2):263-268.
[20] 赖江山,米湘成.基于Vegan软件包的生态学数据排序分析[C]//厦门大学.第九届全国生物多样性保护与持续利用研讨会论文集.厦门:厦门大学,2012:332-343.
[21] 魏永胜,梁宗锁,山仑.草地退化的水分因素[J].草业科学,2004,21(10):13-18.
[22] 李婧,张法伟,郭小伟,等.草毡表层演化对高寒草甸水源涵养功能的影响[J].草地学报,2012,20(5):836-841.
[23] 阿依敏·波拉提,安沙舟,董乙强,等.巴音布鲁克高寒草原不同退化阶段土壤养分的变化[J].新疆农业科学,2017,54(5):953-960.
[24] 刘育红,魏卫东,杨元武,等.高寒草甸退化草地植被与土壤因子关系冗余分析[J].西北农业学报,2018,27(4):480-490.
[25] Kala C P,Singh S K,Rawat G S.Effects of sheep and goat grazing on the species diversity in the alpine meadows of Western Himalaya [J].Environmentalist,2002,22(2):183-189.
[26] 李瑞,刘旻霞,张灿,等.甘南亚高寒草甸不同坡向土壤微生物群落分布特征[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(11):1884-1891.
[27] Salomé C,Nunan N,Pouteau V,et al.Carbon dynamics in topsoil and in subsoil may be controlled by different regulatory mechanisms [J].Global Change Biology,2010,16(1):416-426.
[28] Jia B,Wang Y,Xie Z.Responses of the terrestrial carbon cycle to drought over China:Modeling sensitivities of the interactive nitrogen and dynamic vegetation [J].Ecological Modelling,2018,368:52-68.
[29] 伍星,李辉霞,傅伯杰,等.三江源地区高寒草地不同退化程度土壤特征研究[J].中国草地学报,2013,35(3):77-84.
[30] 王国兵,阮宏华,唐燕飞,等.北亚热带次生栎林与火炬松人工林土壤微生物生物量碳的季节动态[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(1):37-42.
[31] Pascual J A,Garcia C,Hernandez T,et al.Soil microbial activity as a biomarker of degradation and remediation processes [J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2000,32(13):1877-1883.
[32] Banerjee S,Schlaeppi K,Van M D H.Keystone taxa as drivers of microbiome structure and functioning [J].Nature Reviews Microbiology,2018,16(9):567-576.
[33] 王一博,王根绪,吴青柏,等.植被退化对高寒土壤水文特征的影响[J].冰川冻土,2010,32(5):989-998.
[34] Li Y,Wang S,Jiang L,et al.Changes of soil microbial community under different degraded gradients of alpine meadow [J].Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,2016,222:213-222.
[35] 姬万忠,王庆华.补播对天祝高寒退化草地植被和土壤理化性质的影响[J].草业科学,2016,33(5):886-890.