矿物白度的影响因素与增白机理研究
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摘要
白度是矿物的重要光学性质之一。为了深化矿物的光学性质及白色矿物功能材料的研究与应用,根据测试分析结果和叶大年的结构光性矿物学理论,系统研究了影响矿物白度的主要因素,以及矿物增白效果的差异性及其产生机理。研究结果表明:(1)晶体化学是决定不同种类透明矿物白度的最主要因素,但对于某种透明矿物来说,影响其白度的主要因素是矿物中的碳质有机质、含铁钛矿物杂质、杂质元素的价态与晶体化学环境、介质环境、矿物中的水和粒度大小等。(2)证明了透明矿物白度大小与折射率呈正相关。白度相同的不同矿物的增白效果存在很大差异性,其根本原因是由矿物折射率所决定的反射率存在很大差别。(3)提出了真白度和假白度的概念,即主要由自色产生的白度称为真白度,主要由假色产生的白度称为假白度;真白度高的矿物具有增白作用,而真白度低的矿物,即使粉末白度高,也没有增白作用。(4)在影响矿物白度的主要因素中,矿物中的碳质有机质、含铁钛矿物杂质、杂质元素的价态等杂质成分对矿物白度和增白效果起负面作用。(5)矿物中与晶体结构相关的水所产生的颜色属于自色,脱去结晶水、层间水和结构水都有利于提高矿物的真白度或增白效果,但脱去沸石水的效果正好相反;由矿物粒度大小变化产生的颜色属于假色;通过降低粉体粒度大小所提高的白度属于假白度,由此增加的白度没有增白作用。另外,矿物粉体与使用介质之间的折射率大小差别越大,增白效果越明显。
Whiteness is one of the important optical properties of minerals. In order to deepen the research and application of the minerals' optical properties and white mineral functional materials,based on the test results and Ye Danian's theory of structural optical mineralogy,the main influential factors of mineral whiteness were systematically studied,as well as the differences in the whitening effects of minerals and its production mechanisms. The research showed that crystal chemistry is the most important factor in determining the whiteness of different transparent minerals,but for a certain kind of transparent minerals,carbonaceous organic matter,iron-titanium-containing mineral impurities,the valence states and the crystal-chemical environment of impurity elements,the medium used,the water in minerals,and the particle size of minerals are the main factors affecting the whiteness of the minerals. It is proved that the whiteness of transparent minerals is proportional to the refractive index. The whitening effect of different minerals with the same whiteness is very different. The fundamental reason is that the reflectivity determined by the refractive index of minerals is very different. And the concept of true whiteness and false whiteness is proposed. The whiteness mainly caused by idiochromatic color is called true whiteness,and the whiteness mainly caused by pseudochromatic color is called false whiteness. The white powder with high true whiteness has a whitening effect,while the mineral with low true whiteness has no whitening effect even if the whiteness of its powder is high. In the main factors that affect the whiteness of minerals,the carbonaceous organic matter,iron-titanium-containing mineral impurities and impurity element valence in minerals have the negative effects on the whiteness and whitening effect of minerals.The color caused by the water in mineral is idiochromatic,and the removal of crystal water,interlayer water and structural water in mineral is beneficial to increase the true whiteness and whitening effect of the mineral,but the effect of removing the zeolite water is just the opposite. The color produced by the variety of mineral particle size and the change of the particle size of the mineral belong to the pseudochromatic color. The whiteness increased by reducing the particle size of the powder is the false whiteness,and thus the increased whiteness has no whitening effect. In addition,the greater the differences exist in the refractive index between the mineral powder and the medium used,the more obvious the whitening effects will be.
Whiteness is one of the important optical properties of minerals. In order to deepen the research and application of the minerals' optical properties and white mineral functional materials,based on the test results and Ye Danian's theory of structural optical mineralogy,the main influential factors of mineral whiteness were systematically studied,as well as the differences in the whitening effects of minerals and its production mechanisms. The research showed that crystal chemistry is the most important factor in determining the whiteness of different transparent minerals,but for a certain kind of transparent minerals,carbonaceous organic matter,iron-titanium-containing mineral impurities,the valence states and the crystal-chemical environment of impurity elements,the medium used,the water in minerals,and the particle size of minerals are the main factors affecting the whiteness of the minerals. It is proved that the whiteness of transparent minerals is proportional to the refractive index. The whitening effect of different minerals with the same whiteness is very different. The fundamental reason is that the reflectivity determined by the refractive index of minerals is very different. And the concept of true whiteness and false whiteness is proposed. The whiteness mainly caused by idiochromatic color is called true whiteness,and the whiteness mainly caused by pseudochromatic color is called false whiteness. The white powder with high true whiteness has a whitening effect,while the mineral with low true whiteness has no whitening effect even if the whiteness of its powder is high. In the main factors that affect the whiteness of minerals,the carbonaceous organic matter,iron-titanium-containing mineral impurities and impurity element valence in minerals have the negative effects on the whiteness and whitening effect of minerals.The color caused by the water in mineral is idiochromatic,and the removal of crystal water,interlayer water and structural water in mineral is beneficial to increase the true whiteness and whitening effect of the mineral,but the effect of removing the zeolite water is just the opposite. The color produced by the variety of mineral particle size and the change of the particle size of the mineral belong to the pseudochromatic color. The whiteness increased by reducing the particle size of the powder is the false whiteness,and thus the increased whiteness has no whitening effect. In addition,the greater the differences exist in the refractive index between the mineral powder and the medium used,the more obvious the whitening effects will be.
引文
Bao C and Huang JS.1978.On factors controlling the quality of antimony white pigment.Acta Metallurgica Sinica,14(1):27-32,111(in Chinese with English abstract)
Bertolino C,Rossi AM,Scorzelli RB and Torem ML.2010.Influence of iron on kaolin whiteness:An electron paramagnetic resonance study.Applied Clay Science,49(3):170-175
Chen DM,Li WY,Jiang ZC and Cao XQ.1995.Study on the composition and the influential factors of whiteness of Kaolin in Guizhou Province.Non-Metallic Mines,(3):10-11(in Chinese)
Chen XF,Xiong L,Wang C,Zhang HR and Chen XD.2017.Effect of acid modification on whiteness and composition structure of low grade palygorskite.Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society,36(12):4198-4204(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen YT,Zhou CY,Alshameri A,Zhou S,Ma YN,Sun T,Liang H,Gong YS,Wang HQ and Yan CJ.2014.Effect of rice hulls additions and calcination conditions on the whiteness of kaolin.Ceramics International,40(8):11751-11758
Chen ZH and Liu CH.2006.Titanium Dioxide Production and Application Technology.Beijing:Chemical Industry Press(in Chinese)
Deng M,Wang L and Lin JH.2006.Characteristics of micro-crystal muscovite in West Sichuan,China:An X-ray powder diffraction analysis.Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,26(2):13-18(in Chinese with English abstract)
Dong FQ.2015.Applied Mineralogy.Beijing:Higher Education Press(in Chinese)
Duan ST.2010.Solar energy glass deferrization purifying process by using silica sand.China Glass,(1):3-7(in Chinese with English abstract)
Jiang SX.2002.The existing characteristic of the carbonaceous substance in the wooastonite in Nanyuandong of Guangxi Province and its influence on the whiteness of the wollastonite powder.Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,22(1):10-14(in Chinese with English abstract)
Kumar N,Bhardwaj NK and Chakrabarti SK.2011.Influence of particle size distribution of calcium carbonate pigments on coated paper whiteness.Journal of Coatings Technology and Research,8(5):613-618
Liu YL.2005.Latest quantitative evaluation of whiteness color.SCI/TECH Information Development&Economy,15(16):261-262(in Chinese)
Liu YZ and Zhou CL.1995.The emulsifiable glaze made of zircon and effect of different additives.Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society,23(5):588-592(in Chinese with English abstract)
Lu M,Xia GH and Cao W.2017a.Iron removal from kaolin using thiourea dioxide:Effect of ball grinding and mechanism analysis.Applied Clay Science,143:354-361
Lu M,Xia GH and Zhang XL.2017b.Refinement of industrial kaolin by removal of iron-bearing impurities using thiourea dioxide under mechanical activation.Applied Clay Science,141:192-197
Melo AA,Veloz MA,Reyes VE,Urbano G,Cobos JA and Legorreta F.2018.Electrochemical purification of kaolinitic for removing Fe and Ti oxides applying an ultrasonic pre-treatment.Applied Clay Science,162:461-468
Middlemas S,Fang ZZ and Fan P.2013.A new method for production of titanium dioxide pigment.Hydrometallurgy,131-132:107-113
Pan ZL.1993.Crystallography and Mineralogy(Volume One).3rd Edition.Beijing:Geological Publishing House(in Chinese)
Pan ZL.1994.Crystallography and Mineralogy(Volume Two).3rd Edition.Beijing:Geological Publishing House(in Chinese)
Sun L.2014.Analysis of factors influencing the titanium dioxide whiteness.Sichuan Metallurgy,36(1):60-65(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang DZ and Xie L.2008.Optical Mineralogy.3rdEdition.Beijing:Science Press(in Chinese)
Wu HB.2002.Inorganic Non-Metallic Materials Experiment.Beijing:Chemical Industry Press(in Chinese)
Xu FF,Li JH and Wang YC.2010.Whitening and phase variation of black talc by calcination from Guangfeng area,Jiangxi Province.Non-Metallic Mines,33(6):15-17,60(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ye DN.1982.Refractivities,molecular volumes and microscopic densities of different structural forms of water in minerals.Scientia Geologica Sinica,(3):290-298(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ye DN.1988.Structural Optical Mineralogy.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,230(in Chinese)
Yuan J and Ma LF.1996.Whiteness and brightness of kaolin and its test method.Non-Metallic Mines,(6):20-24,41(in Chinese)
Zhong QY,Lie XQ,Lin SY and Cao Y.1990.The effect of impurities on the whiteness of antimony trioxide.Journal of Central-South Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,21(6):610-614(in Chinese with English abstract)
鲍超,黄际商.1978.锑白白度研究.金属学报,14(1):27-32,111
陈大梅,李文瑛,姜泽春,曹秀琴.1995.贵州省高岭土的物质成份和白度影响因素的研究.非金属矿,(3):10-11
陈雪芳,熊莲,王璨,张海荣,陈新德.2017.酸改性对低品位凹凸棒石的白度和组成结构的影响.硅酸盐通报,36(12):4198-4204
陈朝华,刘长河.2006.钛白粉生产及应用技术.北京:化学工业出版社
邓苗,汪灵,林金辉.2006.川西微晶白云母的X射线粉晶衍射分析.矿物学报,26(2):131-136
董发勤.2015.应用矿物学.北京:高等教育出版社
段树桐.2010.太阳能玻璃用硅砂除铁提纯工艺.中国玻璃,(1):3-7
蒋述兴.2002.广西南源洞硅灰石中石墨的赋存特征及其对硅灰石粉白度的影响.矿物岩石,22(1):10-14
刘玉龙.2005.白度颜色的最新定量评价.科技情报开发与经济,15(16):261-262
刘云兆,周彩楼.1995.锆英石乳浊釉及其添加剂的影响.硅酸盐学报,23(5):588-592
潘兆橹.1993.结晶学及矿物学(上册).第3版.北京:地质出版社
潘兆橹.1994.结晶学及矿物学(下册).第3版.北京:地质出版社
孙莉.2014.影响钛白粉白度的因素浅析.四川冶金,36(1):60-65
王德滋,谢磊.2008.光性矿物学.第3版.北京:科学出版社
伍洪标.2002.无机非金属材料实验.北京:化学工业出版社
许芳芳,李金洪,王宇才.2010.江西广丰黑滑石煅烧增白及物相变化特征.非金属矿,33(6):15-17,60
叶大年.1982.矿物中水的分子折射度和分子体积.地质科学,(3):290-298
叶大年.1988.结构光性矿物学.北京:地质出版社
袁军,马兰芳.1996.高岭土的白度和亮度及其测试方法.非金属矿,(6):20-24,41
钟启愚,列醒泉,林世英,曹彦.1990.杂质对锑白白度的影响.中南矿冶学院学报,21(6):610-614
Bertolino C,Rossi AM,Scorzelli RB and Torem ML.2010.Influence of iron on kaolin whiteness:An electron paramagnetic resonance study.Applied Clay Science,49(3):170-175
Chen DM,Li WY,Jiang ZC and Cao XQ.1995.Study on the composition and the influential factors of whiteness of Kaolin in Guizhou Province.Non-Metallic Mines,(3):10-11(in Chinese)
Chen XF,Xiong L,Wang C,Zhang HR and Chen XD.2017.Effect of acid modification on whiteness and composition structure of low grade palygorskite.Bulletin of the Chinese Ceramic Society,36(12):4198-4204(in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen YT,Zhou CY,Alshameri A,Zhou S,Ma YN,Sun T,Liang H,Gong YS,Wang HQ and Yan CJ.2014.Effect of rice hulls additions and calcination conditions on the whiteness of kaolin.Ceramics International,40(8):11751-11758
Chen ZH and Liu CH.2006.Titanium Dioxide Production and Application Technology.Beijing:Chemical Industry Press(in Chinese)
Deng M,Wang L and Lin JH.2006.Characteristics of micro-crystal muscovite in West Sichuan,China:An X-ray powder diffraction analysis.Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,26(2):13-18(in Chinese with English abstract)
Dong FQ.2015.Applied Mineralogy.Beijing:Higher Education Press(in Chinese)
Duan ST.2010.Solar energy glass deferrization purifying process by using silica sand.China Glass,(1):3-7(in Chinese with English abstract)
Jiang SX.2002.The existing characteristic of the carbonaceous substance in the wooastonite in Nanyuandong of Guangxi Province and its influence on the whiteness of the wollastonite powder.Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,22(1):10-14(in Chinese with English abstract)
Kumar N,Bhardwaj NK and Chakrabarti SK.2011.Influence of particle size distribution of calcium carbonate pigments on coated paper whiteness.Journal of Coatings Technology and Research,8(5):613-618
Liu YL.2005.Latest quantitative evaluation of whiteness color.SCI/TECH Information Development&Economy,15(16):261-262(in Chinese)
Liu YZ and Zhou CL.1995.The emulsifiable glaze made of zircon and effect of different additives.Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society,23(5):588-592(in Chinese with English abstract)
Lu M,Xia GH and Cao W.2017a.Iron removal from kaolin using thiourea dioxide:Effect of ball grinding and mechanism analysis.Applied Clay Science,143:354-361
Lu M,Xia GH and Zhang XL.2017b.Refinement of industrial kaolin by removal of iron-bearing impurities using thiourea dioxide under mechanical activation.Applied Clay Science,141:192-197
Melo AA,Veloz MA,Reyes VE,Urbano G,Cobos JA and Legorreta F.2018.Electrochemical purification of kaolinitic for removing Fe and Ti oxides applying an ultrasonic pre-treatment.Applied Clay Science,162:461-468
Middlemas S,Fang ZZ and Fan P.2013.A new method for production of titanium dioxide pigment.Hydrometallurgy,131-132:107-113
Pan ZL.1993.Crystallography and Mineralogy(Volume One).3rd Edition.Beijing:Geological Publishing House(in Chinese)
Pan ZL.1994.Crystallography and Mineralogy(Volume Two).3rd Edition.Beijing:Geological Publishing House(in Chinese)
Sun L.2014.Analysis of factors influencing the titanium dioxide whiteness.Sichuan Metallurgy,36(1):60-65(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang DZ and Xie L.2008.Optical Mineralogy.3rdEdition.Beijing:Science Press(in Chinese)
Wu HB.2002.Inorganic Non-Metallic Materials Experiment.Beijing:Chemical Industry Press(in Chinese)
Xu FF,Li JH and Wang YC.2010.Whitening and phase variation of black talc by calcination from Guangfeng area,Jiangxi Province.Non-Metallic Mines,33(6):15-17,60(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ye DN.1982.Refractivities,molecular volumes and microscopic densities of different structural forms of water in minerals.Scientia Geologica Sinica,(3):290-298(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ye DN.1988.Structural Optical Mineralogy.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,230(in Chinese)
Yuan J and Ma LF.1996.Whiteness and brightness of kaolin and its test method.Non-Metallic Mines,(6):20-24,41(in Chinese)
Zhong QY,Lie XQ,Lin SY and Cao Y.1990.The effect of impurities on the whiteness of antimony trioxide.Journal of Central-South Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,21(6):610-614(in Chinese with English abstract)
鲍超,黄际商.1978.锑白白度研究.金属学报,14(1):27-32,111
陈大梅,李文瑛,姜泽春,曹秀琴.1995.贵州省高岭土的物质成份和白度影响因素的研究.非金属矿,(3):10-11
陈雪芳,熊莲,王璨,张海荣,陈新德.2017.酸改性对低品位凹凸棒石的白度和组成结构的影响.硅酸盐通报,36(12):4198-4204
陈朝华,刘长河.2006.钛白粉生产及应用技术.北京:化学工业出版社
邓苗,汪灵,林金辉.2006.川西微晶白云母的X射线粉晶衍射分析.矿物学报,26(2):131-136
董发勤.2015.应用矿物学.北京:高等教育出版社
段树桐.2010.太阳能玻璃用硅砂除铁提纯工艺.中国玻璃,(1):3-7
蒋述兴.2002.广西南源洞硅灰石中石墨的赋存特征及其对硅灰石粉白度的影响.矿物岩石,22(1):10-14
刘玉龙.2005.白度颜色的最新定量评价.科技情报开发与经济,15(16):261-262
刘云兆,周彩楼.1995.锆英石乳浊釉及其添加剂的影响.硅酸盐学报,23(5):588-592
潘兆橹.1993.结晶学及矿物学(上册).第3版.北京:地质出版社
潘兆橹.1994.结晶学及矿物学(下册).第3版.北京:地质出版社
孙莉.2014.影响钛白粉白度的因素浅析.四川冶金,36(1):60-65
王德滋,谢磊.2008.光性矿物学.第3版.北京:科学出版社
伍洪标.2002.无机非金属材料实验.北京:化学工业出版社
许芳芳,李金洪,王宇才.2010.江西广丰黑滑石煅烧增白及物相变化特征.非金属矿,33(6):15-17,60
叶大年.1982.矿物中水的分子折射度和分子体积.地质科学,(3):290-298
叶大年.1988.结构光性矿物学.北京:地质出版社
袁军,马兰芳.1996.高岭土的白度和亮度及其测试方法.非金属矿,(6):20-24,41
钟启愚,列醒泉,林世英,曹彦.1990.杂质对锑白白度的影响.中南矿冶学院学报,21(6):610-614