因果句法预测效应产生的眼动过程
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摘要
为了探究汉语句子阅读过程中因果关系句法预测的眼动过程,实验中控制了句法结构和中心语位置,并记录被试阅读时的眼动过程。结果发现:(1)有句法预测结构的句子阅读时间明显短于无句法预测结构的句子;(2)中心语在后的句子加工速度要慢于中心语在前的句子。结果表明:句法预测效应在预测记忆成本存在的情况下依然可以促进句子的加工,并且句法预测效应会随条件变化而改变。
In order to explore the eye movement process of causal syntactic prediction effect in Chinese sentence reading,the causal syntactic structure of each sentence and the position of the headword were manipulated and the eye movement data was recorded.The results are as following:1)the reading time of sentences that have causal syntactic prediction structure are significantly shorter than that without causal syntactic prediction structure.2)When the headword is at the end of a sentence,reading time was increased.These findings demonstrate that causal syntactic predictive effect can still promote the processing of sentences although there is still an online syntactic storage cost during sentence comprehension and the syntactic prediction effect changes with the condition.
In order to explore the eye movement process of causal syntactic prediction effect in Chinese sentence reading,the causal syntactic structure of each sentence and the position of the headword were manipulated and the eye movement data was recorded.The results are as following:1)the reading time of sentences that have causal syntactic prediction structure are significantly shorter than that without causal syntactic prediction structure.2)When the headword is at the end of a sentence,reading time was increased.These findings demonstrate that causal syntactic predictive effect can still promote the processing of sentences although there is still an online syntactic storage cost during sentence comprehension and the syntactic prediction effect changes with the condition.
引文
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(4)STURT P,LOMBARDO V.Processing coordinated structures:incrementality and connectedness[J].Cognitive science,2005,29(2):291-305.
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(2)李琳,刘雯,隋雪.句法加工中的预测现象及实验证据[J].心理科学进展,2017,25(7):1122-1131.
(3)SCHWARZ W,REIKE D.Local probability effects of repeating irrelevant attributes[J].Attention perception&psychophysics,2016,79(1):1-13.
(4)FRAZIER L,MUNN A,CLIFTON C JR.Processing coordinate structures[J].Journal of psycholinguistic research,2000,29(4):343-370.
(5)STANB A,CLIFTON C JR.Syntactic prediction in language comprehension:evidence from either…or[J].Journal of experimental psychology learning memory&cognition,2006,32(2):425-436.
(6)陈庆荣,谭顶良,邓铸,等.预测对句子理解影响的眼动实验[J].心理学报,2010,42(6):672-682.
(7)WEI C,AMIT A.The effect of implicit causality and consequentiality on nonnative pronoun resolution[J].Applied psycholinguistics,2016,38(1):1-26.
(8)GIBSON E.Linguistic complexity:locality of syntactic dependencies[J].Cognition,1998,68(1):1-76.
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(1)GUAN C Q,YE F,WAGNER R K,et al.Text comprehension mediates morphological awareness,syntactic processing,and working memory in predicting Chinese written composition performance[J].Journal of educational psychology,2014,106(3):779-798.
(2)CHOMSKY N,MILLER G A.Introduction to the formal analysis of natural languages[M].North Holland:Handbook of Mathematical Psychology,1968:269-321.
(3)CHEN E,GIBSON E,WOLF F.Online syntactic storage costs in sentence comprehension[J].Journal of memory and language,2005,52(1):144-169.
(4)NAKATANI K,GIBSON E.Distinguishing theories of syntactic expectation cost in sentence comprehension:evidence from Japanese[J].Linguistics,2008,46(1):63-87.
(5)LEVY R,FEDORENKO E,GIBSON E.The syntactic complexity of Russian relative clauses[J].Journal of memory&language,2013,69(4):461-496.
(6)LEVY R,KELLER F.Expectation and locality effects in German verb-final structures[J].Journal of memory&language,2013,68(2):199-222.
(1)李琳,刘雯,隋雪.句法加工中的预测现象及实验证据[J].心理科学进展,2017,25(7):1122-1131.
(2)CHEN E,GIBSON E,WOLF F.Online syntactic storage costs in sentence comprehension[J].Journal of memory and language,2005,52(1):144-169.
(1)WHITE S J,JOHNSON R L,LIVERSEDGE S P,et al.Eye movements when reading transposed text:the importance of word beginning letters[J].Journal of experimental psychology:human perception and performance,2007,34(5):1261-1276.
(2)REICHLE E D,RAYNER K,POLLATSEK A.The E-Z reader model of eye-movement control in reading:comparisons to other models[J].Behavioral&brain sciences,2003,26(4):477-526.
(3)FRAZIER L,RAYNER K.Making and correcting errors during sentence comprehension:eye movements in the analysis of structurally ambiguous sentences[J].Cognitive psychology,1982,14(2):178-210.
(1)陈庆荣,谭顶良,邓铸,等.句法预测对句子理解影响的眼动实验[J].心理学报,2010,42(6):672-682.
(2)FRAZIER L,MUNN A,CLIFTON C JR.Processing coordinate structures[J].Journal of psycholinguistic research,2000,29(4):343-370.
(3)STANB A,CLIFTON C JR.Syntactic prediction in language comprehension:evidence from either…or[J].Journal of experimental psychology learning memory&cognition,2006,32(2):425-436.
(1)REILLY R G,RADACH R.Foundations of an interactive activation model of eye movement control in reading[J].Minds eye,2003,7(1):429-455.
(2)白学军,刘娟,臧传丽,等.中文阅读过程中的副中央凹预视效应[J].心理科学进展,2011,19(12):1721-1729.
(3)王穗苹,佟秀红,杨锦绵,等.中文句子阅读中语义信息对眼动预视效应的影响[J].心理学报,2009,41(3):220-232.
(4)黄时华.中文句子和语篇阅读中的副中央凹信息加工的眼动研究[D].广州:华南师范大学,2005.
(5)GIBSON E.Linguistic complexity:locality of syntactic dependencies[J].Cognition,1998,68(1):1-76.
(6)VASISHTH S,SUCKOW K,LEWIS R L,et al.Short-term forgetting in sentence comprehension:cross linguistic evidence from verb-final structures[J].Language,cognition and neuroscience,2010,25(4):533-567.
(7)FERREIRA F,HENDERSON J M.Use of verb information in syntactic parsing:evidence from eye movements and word-by-word selfpaced reading[J].Journal of experimental psychology:learning,memory,and cognition,1990,16(4):555-568.
(1)李琳,刘雯,隋雪.句法加工中的预测现象及实验证据[J].心理科学进展,2017,25(7):1122-1131.
(2)CROCKER M W.On the nature of the principle-based sentence processor[M]∥CLIFTON C,FRAZIER L,RAYNER K.Perspectives on sentence processing.Hillsdale,NJ,US:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1994:245-266.
(3)MACDONALD M C,PEARLMUTTER N J,SEIDENBERG M S.The lexical nature of syntactic ambiguity resolution[J].Psychological review,1994,101(4):676-703.
(4)STURT P,LOMBARDO V.Processing coordinated structures:incrementality and connectedness[J].Cognitive science,2005,29(2):291-305.
(1)BRITT M A,PERFETTI C A,GARROD S,et al.Parsing in discourse:context effects and their limits[J].Journal of memory&language,1992,31(3):293-314.
(2)李琳,刘雯,隋雪.句法加工中的预测现象及实验证据[J].心理科学进展,2017,25(7):1122-1131.
(3)SCHWARZ W,REIKE D.Local probability effects of repeating irrelevant attributes[J].Attention perception&psychophysics,2016,79(1):1-13.
(4)FRAZIER L,MUNN A,CLIFTON C JR.Processing coordinate structures[J].Journal of psycholinguistic research,2000,29(4):343-370.
(5)STANB A,CLIFTON C JR.Syntactic prediction in language comprehension:evidence from either…or[J].Journal of experimental psychology learning memory&cognition,2006,32(2):425-436.
(6)陈庆荣,谭顶良,邓铸,等.预测对句子理解影响的眼动实验[J].心理学报,2010,42(6):672-682.
(7)WEI C,AMIT A.The effect of implicit causality and consequentiality on nonnative pronoun resolution[J].Applied psycholinguistics,2016,38(1):1-26.
(8)GIBSON E.Linguistic complexity:locality of syntactic dependencies[J].Cognition,1998,68(1):1-76.
(9)GIBSON E,PEARLMUTTER N J.Constraints on sentence comprehension[J].Trends in cognitive sciences,1998,2(7):262-268.
(1)GUAN C Q,YE F,WAGNER R K,et al.Text comprehension mediates morphological awareness,syntactic processing,and working memory in predicting Chinese written composition performance[J].Journal of educational psychology,2014,106(3):779-798.
(2)CHOMSKY N,MILLER G A.Introduction to the formal analysis of natural languages[M].North Holland:Handbook of Mathematical Psychology,1968:269-321.
(3)CHEN E,GIBSON E,WOLF F.Online syntactic storage costs in sentence comprehension[J].Journal of memory and language,2005,52(1):144-169.
(4)NAKATANI K,GIBSON E.Distinguishing theories of syntactic expectation cost in sentence comprehension:evidence from Japanese[J].Linguistics,2008,46(1):63-87.
(5)LEVY R,FEDORENKO E,GIBSON E.The syntactic complexity of Russian relative clauses[J].Journal of memory&language,2013,69(4):461-496.
(6)LEVY R,KELLER F.Expectation and locality effects in German verb-final structures[J].Journal of memory&language,2013,68(2):199-222.
(1)李琳,刘雯,隋雪.句法加工中的预测现象及实验证据[J].心理科学进展,2017,25(7):1122-1131.
(2)CHEN E,GIBSON E,WOLF F.Online syntactic storage costs in sentence comprehension[J].Journal of memory and language,2005,52(1):144-169.
(1)WHITE S J,JOHNSON R L,LIVERSEDGE S P,et al.Eye movements when reading transposed text:the importance of word beginning letters[J].Journal of experimental psychology:human perception and performance,2007,34(5):1261-1276.
(2)REICHLE E D,RAYNER K,POLLATSEK A.The E-Z reader model of eye-movement control in reading:comparisons to other models[J].Behavioral&brain sciences,2003,26(4):477-526.
(3)FRAZIER L,RAYNER K.Making and correcting errors during sentence comprehension:eye movements in the analysis of structurally ambiguous sentences[J].Cognitive psychology,1982,14(2):178-210.
(1)陈庆荣,谭顶良,邓铸,等.句法预测对句子理解影响的眼动实验[J].心理学报,2010,42(6):672-682.
(2)FRAZIER L,MUNN A,CLIFTON C JR.Processing coordinate structures[J].Journal of psycholinguistic research,2000,29(4):343-370.
(3)STANB A,CLIFTON C JR.Syntactic prediction in language comprehension:evidence from either…or[J].Journal of experimental psychology learning memory&cognition,2006,32(2):425-436.
(1)REILLY R G,RADACH R.Foundations of an interactive activation model of eye movement control in reading[J].Minds eye,2003,7(1):429-455.
(2)白学军,刘娟,臧传丽,等.中文阅读过程中的副中央凹预视效应[J].心理科学进展,2011,19(12):1721-1729.
(3)王穗苹,佟秀红,杨锦绵,等.中文句子阅读中语义信息对眼动预视效应的影响[J].心理学报,2009,41(3):220-232.
(4)黄时华.中文句子和语篇阅读中的副中央凹信息加工的眼动研究[D].广州:华南师范大学,2005.
(5)GIBSON E.Linguistic complexity:locality of syntactic dependencies[J].Cognition,1998,68(1):1-76.
(6)VASISHTH S,SUCKOW K,LEWIS R L,et al.Short-term forgetting in sentence comprehension:cross linguistic evidence from verb-final structures[J].Language,cognition and neuroscience,2010,25(4):533-567.
(7)FERREIRA F,HENDERSON J M.Use of verb information in syntactic parsing:evidence from eye movements and word-by-word selfpaced reading[J].Journal of experimental psychology:learning,memory,and cognition,1990,16(4):555-568.
(1)李琳,刘雯,隋雪.句法加工中的预测现象及实验证据[J].心理科学进展,2017,25(7):1122-1131.