一种耐盐型保水剂对沙培玉米生长特性的影响
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摘要
干旱与肥料利用率较低已成为制约我国农业发展的重要因素。以沙子代替土壤,通过加入自制耐盐保水剂(Salt-tolerant water detaining polymer, SWDP),进行钾肥淋溶和连续两茬玉米盆栽试验。盆栽试验按SWDP投加量设置4个处理,即SWDP投加量分别为0(空白)、0.5、1.0和1.5g·kg~(-1)沙子。结果表明,SWDP的加入有利于降低沙子中钾肥的淋溶损失,不同处理(SWDP投加量分别为0.5和1.0 g·kg~(-1)沙子)钾肥淋溶累积损失量较空白分别降低了12.69%和47.85%;不同处理干旱缺水组玉米植株的存活时间较空白分别延长了12、19和30 d;正常供水组,第一茬不同处理玉米植株氮素吸收量较空白分别增加了8.83%、19.63%和22.39%,磷素吸收量分别增加了29.31%、30.19%和52.38%,钾素吸收量分别增加了11.61%、18.12%和20.27%;第二茬不同处理玉米植株氮素吸收量较空白分别增加了55.50%、117.1%和143.7%,磷素吸收量分别增加了77.12%、161.3%和156.5%,钾素吸收量分别增加了55.42%、74.13%和84.33%。上述结果说明,在干旱甚至沙漠地区施入SWDP能够明显降低土壤养分的流失,提高土壤含水率和植物对土壤养分的利用效果。
【Objective】 Water and nutrients are essential elements plants need for growth. So it is very important to improve soil moisture regime and crop fertilizer utilization efficiency in agricultural production. The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of a home-made salt-tolerant water retaining polymer on leaching loss of potassium and growth of maize, and determine roles of the polymer in water retention and soil nutrient conservation in sand, in an attempt to provide certain technical support for application of the polymer in the arid area. 【Method】 In this study, a pot experiment was carried out using sand instead of soil to explore effects of the polymer on leaching of potassium fertilizer and growth of maize of two consecutive seasons. The part for leaching of potassium was designed to have four treatments, in terms of application rate of the polymer, i.e., 0 g·kg~(-1)(blank), 0.5 g·kg~(-1), 1.0 g·kg~(-1) and 2.0 g·kg~(-1), and the part for maize growth also had four treatments in terms of application rate of the polymer, too, i.e., 0 g·kg~(-1)(blank), 0.5 g·kg~(-1), 1.0 g·kg~(-1) and 1.5 g·kg~(-1). At the same time, all the treatments were subjected two levels of soil water content separately, that is normal and drought. The second crop of maize was planted after the harvest of the first in the normal group. Content of potassium in leachate from each pot was determined and plant height, stem diameter, dry weight, fresh weight, maximum leaf area and absorptive amount of N, P and K of the maize were measured. 【Result】All the findings of the experiment demonstrate that the polymer helps reduce leaching loss of potassium fertilizer in sandy soil. Comparing with the control, the treatment amended with 0.5 g·kg~(-1) or 1.0 g·kg~(-1) polymer was 12.96% or 47.85%, respectively, lower in potassium leaching loss. In the treatment amended with 0.5 g·kg~(-1), 1.0 g·kg~(-1) and 1.5 g·kg~(-1), the crop survived 12 days, 19 days and 30 days longer, respectively, in the drought group, and the crop of the first harvest was 8.83%, 19.63% and 22.39%, respectively, higher in N absorptive amount, 29.31%, 30.19% and 52.38% higher in P absorptive amount and 11.61%, 18.12% and 20.72% in K absorptive amount, and the crop of the second harvest was 55.50%, 117.1% and 143.7%, higher in N absorptive amount, 77.12%, 161.3% and 156.5% higher in P absorptive amount and 55.42%, 74.13% and 84.33% higher in K absorptive amount, respectively. 【Conclusion】 All the findings in this experiment demonstrate that application of the home-made salt-tolerant water detaining polymers in arid and even desert areas could significantly reduce nutrient loss and improve soil water regime.
【Objective】 Water and nutrients are essential elements plants need for growth. So it is very important to improve soil moisture regime and crop fertilizer utilization efficiency in agricultural production. The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of a home-made salt-tolerant water retaining polymer on leaching loss of potassium and growth of maize, and determine roles of the polymer in water retention and soil nutrient conservation in sand, in an attempt to provide certain technical support for application of the polymer in the arid area. 【Method】 In this study, a pot experiment was carried out using sand instead of soil to explore effects of the polymer on leaching of potassium fertilizer and growth of maize of two consecutive seasons. The part for leaching of potassium was designed to have four treatments, in terms of application rate of the polymer, i.e., 0 g·kg~(-1)(blank), 0.5 g·kg~(-1), 1.0 g·kg~(-1) and 2.0 g·kg~(-1), and the part for maize growth also had four treatments in terms of application rate of the polymer, too, i.e., 0 g·kg~(-1)(blank), 0.5 g·kg~(-1), 1.0 g·kg~(-1) and 1.5 g·kg~(-1). At the same time, all the treatments were subjected two levels of soil water content separately, that is normal and drought. The second crop of maize was planted after the harvest of the first in the normal group. Content of potassium in leachate from each pot was determined and plant height, stem diameter, dry weight, fresh weight, maximum leaf area and absorptive amount of N, P and K of the maize were measured. 【Result】All the findings of the experiment demonstrate that the polymer helps reduce leaching loss of potassium fertilizer in sandy soil. Comparing with the control, the treatment amended with 0.5 g·kg~(-1) or 1.0 g·kg~(-1) polymer was 12.96% or 47.85%, respectively, lower in potassium leaching loss. In the treatment amended with 0.5 g·kg~(-1), 1.0 g·kg~(-1) and 1.5 g·kg~(-1), the crop survived 12 days, 19 days and 30 days longer, respectively, in the drought group, and the crop of the first harvest was 8.83%, 19.63% and 22.39%, respectively, higher in N absorptive amount, 29.31%, 30.19% and 52.38% higher in P absorptive amount and 11.61%, 18.12% and 20.72% in K absorptive amount, and the crop of the second harvest was 55.50%, 117.1% and 143.7%, higher in N absorptive amount, 77.12%, 161.3% and 156.5% higher in P absorptive amount and 55.42%, 74.13% and 84.33% higher in K absorptive amount, respectively. 【Conclusion】 All the findings in this experiment demonstrate that application of the home-made salt-tolerant water detaining polymers in arid and even desert areas could significantly reduce nutrient loss and improve soil water regime.
引文
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[2]陈金,赵斌,衣淑娟,等.我国变量施肥技术研究现状与发展对策.农机化研究,2017,39(10):1-6Chen J,Zhao B,Yi S J,et al.Research on present situation and the development countermeasures of variable rate fertilization technology in China(In Chinese).Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2017,39(10):1-6
[3]李佳岭,李龙保,廖宗文,等.保水剂施用层次对草坪生长及土壤水肥的影响.草业学报,2014,23(4):61-67Li J L,Li L B,Liao Z W,et al.The effect of different super absorbent polymer applying layer on turf growth and soil water and fertility(In Chinese).Acta Praculturae Sinica,2014,23(4):61-67
[4]张艳丽,于彩霞,李立军,等.施用保水剂对谷子抗旱保苗及产量的影响.中国农学通报,2014,30(18):238-244Zhang Y L,Yu C X,Li L J,et al.Effect of super absorbent polymer to drought resistance,seedling and yield of millet(In Chinese).Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(18):238-244
[5]Fekete T,Borsa J,Takács E,et al.Synthesis of carboxymethylcellulose/acrylic acid hydrogels with superabsorbent properties by radiation-initiated crosslinking.Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2016,124:135-139
[6]Essawy H A,Ghazy M B M,El-Hai F A,et al.Superabsorbent hydrogels via graft polymerization of acrylic acid from chitosancellulose hybrid and their potential in controlled release of soil nutrients.International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2016,89:144-151
[7]Diao M,Li Q,Xiao H,et al.Synthesis and adsorption properties of superabsorbent hydrogel and peanut hull composite.Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering,2014,2(3):1558-1567
[8]Wu F,Zhang Y,Liu L,et al.Synthesis and characterization of a novel cellulose-g-poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)superabsorbent composite based on flax yarn waste.Carbohydrate Polymers,2012,87(4):2519-2525
[9]邢学刚,彭韬,王世杰,等.白云岩石漠化坡地土壤改良盆栽试验研究报道--以种植黑麦草为例.地球与环境,2017,45(2):229-235Xing X G,Peng T,Wang S J,et al.Agent and activated carbon as soil amendments on dolomite slopes-A case study of perennial ryegrass(In Chinese).Earth and Environment,2017,45(2):229-235
[10]Bai W,Zhang H,Liu B,et al.Effects of super‐absorbent polymers on the physical and chemical properties of soil following different wetting and drying cycles.Soil Use and Management,2010,26(3):253-260
[11]黄占斌,孙朋成,钟建,等.高分子保水剂在土壤水肥保持和污染治理中的应用进展.农业工程学报,2016,32(1):125-131Huang Z B,Sun P C,Zhong J,et al.Application of super absorbent polymer in water and fertilizer conversation of soil and pollution management(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(1):125-131
[12]王琰,井大炜,付修勇,等.保水剂施用量对杨树苗土壤物理性状与微生物活性的影响.水土保持通报,2017,37(3):53-58Wang Y,Jing D W,Fu X Y,et al.Effects of application amount of super-absorbent polymer on soil physical characteristics and microbial activity under poplar seedlings(In Chinese).Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,37(3):53-58
[13]刘洋,史薪钰,陈梦华,等.不同保水措施对退化干旱山地新植核桃园土壤养分和微生物的影响.水土保持通报,2015,35(4):218-222Liu Y,Shi X Y,Chen M H,et al.Effects of different water conservation measures on soil nutrients and microorganisms in newly planted walnut orchard in degraded drought mountain land(In Chinese).Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,35(4):218-222
[14]彭韬,邢学刚,蔡先立,等.保水剂与活性炭改良白云岩石漠化坡地土壤促进植物生长的盆栽试验研究.中国岩溶,2016,35(5):525-532Peng T,Xing X G,Cai X L,et al.Pot experiment research on the effects of water retaining agent and activated carbon as soil amendments for plant growing on dolomitic rocky desertification slopes(In Chinese).Carsologica Sinica,2016,35(5):525-532
[15]李想,张宝娟,李继泉,等.保水剂与有机肥配施对铁尾矿理化性质的改良作用.应用生态学报,2017,28(2):554-562Li X,Zhang B J,Li J Q,et al.Effects of combined application of water retention agent and organic fertilizer on physico-chemical properties of iron tailings(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(2):554-562
[16]Chen X,Huang L,Mao X Y,et al.A comparative study of the cellular microscopic characteristics and mechanisms of maize seedling damage from superabsorbent polymers.Pedosphere,2017,27(2):274-282
[17]Yang L,Yang Y,Chen Z,et al.Influence of super absorbent polymer on soil water retention,seed germination and plant survivals for rocky slopes eco-engineering.Ecological Engineering,2014,62:27-32
[18]Liu J,Shi B,Lu Y,et al.Effectiveness of a new organic polymer sand-fixing agent on sand fixation.Environmental Earth Sciences,2012,65(3):589-595
[19]Guilherme M R,Aouada F A,Fajardo A R,et al.Superabsorbent hydrogels based on polysaccharides for application in agriculture as soil conditioner and nutrient carrier:A review.European Polymer Journal,2015,72:365-385
[20]陈瑞环,王萍,刘云,等.耐盐保水剂的合成及其性能.化工进展,2015,34(6):1750-1754Chen R H,Wang P,Liu Y,et al.Synthesis and performance of anti-salt water retention agent(In Chinese).Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2015,34(6):1750-1754
[21]杜建军,苟春林,崔英德,等.保水剂对氮肥氨挥发和氮磷钾养分淋溶损失的影响.农业环境科学学报,2007,26(4):1296-1301Du J J,Gou C L,Cui Y D,et al.Effects of water retaining agent on ammonia volatilization and nutrient leaching loss from N,P and K fertilizer(In Chinese).Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2007,26(4):1296-1301
[22]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2000:296-336Lu R K.Analytical methods for soil and agro-chemistry(In Chinese).Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000:296-336
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