亚洲柑橘木虱成虫在九里香上的取食与交尾行为观察
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摘要
【目的】深入了解亚洲柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama的生物学习性,为有效防治和阻止其传播黄龙病提供依据。【方法】利用昆虫行为观测仪对雌、雄成虫在九里香上的取食、交尾行为进行观察,比较雌、雄成虫在嫩梢和成熟梢上取食行为的差异。【结果】雌、雄成虫在嫩梢和成熟梢上总的取食时间都没有显著差异。但是,雌成虫在成熟梢上的取食时间显著长于在嫩梢上,而雄成虫没有显著差异。在嫩梢上,雌雄成虫都更倾向于取食嫩茎,其次为叶片,叶柄上最少,其中雌成虫在嫩茎上取食时间显著长于叶片和叶柄。在成熟梢上,雌成虫在叶背的取食时间显著长于叶面和茎,而雄成虫在叶面和叶背的取食时间没有显著差异,并且在叶面的取食时间显著长于茎。交尾开始时,雄成虫将腹部末端的抱握器从雌成虫腹部下方抱住其产卵器,然后进行交尾,交尾过程中雄成虫间歇性地抖动远离雌虫的后足。交尾结束时,雄成虫先收缩腹部,使双方腹部末端下垂,呈弓型,然后雌雄成虫在合体的情况下共同行走一段距离后再分开,交尾时间持续约40 min。【结论】雌雄虫的取食行为有差异,雌虫在成熟梢上取食时间长于嫩梢且嗜食成熟叶的叶背。雌雄1次交尾持续时间约40 min。
[Objectives] To provide basic knowledge required for the effective control of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and thereby prevent the transmission of Huanglong disease. [Methods] The feeding and mating behavior of adult D. citri on Murraya exotica L. were observed and the amount of time females and males spent feeding on different parts of young and mature shoots was recorded and compared. [Results] There was no significant difference in total feeding duration between females and males on young or mature shoots. The feeding duration of females on mature shoots was, however, significantly longer than that on young shoots, whereas there was no significant difference in the amount of time males spent feeding on young and mature shoots. Both males and females preferred the stems of young shoots the most, followed by the leaves, then the petioles. Females spent significantly longer feeding on the stems of young shoots than on the leaves or petioles, whereas males had no significant preference. Males and females preferred different parts of mature shoots. The feeding duration of females on the abaxial(lower) surface of leaves was significantly longer than that on the adaxial(upper) surface of leaves and stems. However, the feeding duration of males on the abaxial and adaxial surface of leaves was not significantly different, and they fed significantly longer on the adaxial surface of leaves than on stems. Before mating, males clasped the ovipositor from the underside of the female's abdomen and intermittently shook their distal hind foot during mating. Before completing mating, males retracted their abdomen so that the ends of both the male and female abdomen sagged and became bow shaped. After mating, males and female walked together for some distance before separating. Mating lasted about 40 minutes. [Conclusion] Females and males have different feeding behavior and different preferred feeding locations. Females feed much longer on mature shoots than on young shoots and prefer abaxial surface of the leaves.
[Objectives] To provide basic knowledge required for the effective control of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and thereby prevent the transmission of Huanglong disease. [Methods] The feeding and mating behavior of adult D. citri on Murraya exotica L. were observed and the amount of time females and males spent feeding on different parts of young and mature shoots was recorded and compared. [Results] There was no significant difference in total feeding duration between females and males on young or mature shoots. The feeding duration of females on mature shoots was, however, significantly longer than that on young shoots, whereas there was no significant difference in the amount of time males spent feeding on young and mature shoots. Both males and females preferred the stems of young shoots the most, followed by the leaves, then the petioles. Females spent significantly longer feeding on the stems of young shoots than on the leaves or petioles, whereas males had no significant preference. Males and females preferred different parts of mature shoots. The feeding duration of females on the abaxial(lower) surface of leaves was significantly longer than that on the adaxial(upper) surface of leaves and stems. However, the feeding duration of males on the abaxial and adaxial surface of leaves was not significantly different, and they fed significantly longer on the adaxial surface of leaves than on stems. Before mating, males clasped the ovipositor from the underside of the female's abdomen and intermittently shook their distal hind foot during mating. Before completing mating, males retracted their abdomen so that the ends of both the male and female abdomen sagged and became bow shaped. After mating, males and female walked together for some distance before separating. Mating lasted about 40 minutes. [Conclusion] Females and males have different feeding behavior and different preferred feeding locations. Females feed much longer on mature shoots than on young shoots and prefer abaxial surface of the leaves.
引文
BovéJM,2006.Huanglongbing:a destructive,newly-emerging,century-old disease of citrus.Plant Pathol.,88(1):7-37.
Cen YJ,Yang CL,Holford P,Beattie GAC,Spooner-Hart RN,Liang GW,Deng XL,2012a.Feeding behaviour of the Asiatic citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri,on healthy and Huanglongbing infected citrus.Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,143(1):13-22.
Cen YJ,Zhang LN,Xia YL,Guo J,Deng XL,Zhou WJ,Ronald S,Gao JY,Wang ZR,Yue JQ,Gao YQ,2012b.Detection of‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’in Cacopsylla(Psylla)citrisuga(Hemiptera:Psyllidae).Florida Entomologist,95(2):303-309.
Chen CW,Bai XJ,Zhao XL,Fu HM,Deng CL,Wu CC,Wang MZ,2009.Nested-PCR detection of the citrus huanglongbing disease.Plant Protection,35(3):91-93.[陈传武,白先进,赵小龙,付慧敏,邓崇岭,吴初超,王明召,2009.柑橘黄龙病nestedPCR检测技术在柑橘苗木生产中的应用.植物保护,35(3):91-93.]
Guo J,Cen YJ,Wang ZR,Duan HF,Gao JY,2012.A study on the morphology,biology and occurrence of Cacopsylla citrisuga.Journal of South China Agricultural University,33(4):475-479.[郭俊,岑伊静,王自然,段惠芬,高俊燕,2012.柚喀木虱的形态、生物学特性及发生规律研究.华南农业大学学报,33(4):475-479.]
Huang JP,Huang JB,Gao W,Zeng LX,Huang YM,Song YP,Cen YJ,2015.Studies on the relationship between feeding sites and bacterium acquisition efficiency of Diaphorina citri on Huanglongbing-infected citrus.Journal of South China Agricultural University,36(1):71-74.[黄金萍,黄建邦,高娃,曾丽霞,黄有明,宋银平,岑伊静,2015.柑橘木虱取食黄龙病柑橘部位与获菌效率的关系.华南农业大学学报,36(1):71-74.]
Liu BY,Zhang C,Lv HN,Tu PF,Xing JY,Han ZZ,Jiang Y,2015.Simultaneous determination of three main analytes of Murraya exotica by HPLC.Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences,24(2):88-94.[刘冰语,章宸,吕海宁,屠鹏飞,邢建永,韩正洲,姜勇,2015.HPLC方法同时测定九里香中的三个主要成分.中国药学会,24(2):88-94.]
Luo XZ,Yen AL,Powell KS,Wu FN,Wang YJ,Zeng LX,Yang YZ,Cen YJ,2015.Feeding behavior of Diaphorina citri(Hemiptera:Liviidae)and its acquisition of‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’,on Huanglongbing-infected citrus reticulata leaves of several maturity stages.Florida Entomologist,98(1):186-192.
Mclean DL,Kinsey MG,1964.A technique for electronically recording aphid feeding and salivation.Nature,202(4939):1358-1359.
Ruan CQ,Chen JL,Liu B,Duan YP,Xia YL,2012.Morphology and behavior of asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,28(31):186-190.[阮传清,陈建利,刘波,段永平,夏育陆,2012.柑橘木虱主要形态与成虫行为习性观察.中国农学通报,28(31):186-190.]
Wang XJ,2010.Interactions between Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and its two species of host plants.Master dissertation.Fuzhou:Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University.[王秀娟,2010.柑橘木虱与两种寄主植物互作的研究.硕士学位论文.福州:福建农林大学.]
Wang YJ,Xu CB,Tian MY,Deng XL,Cen YJ,He YR,2017.Genetic diversity of Diaphorina citri and its endosymbionts across east and south-east Asia.Pest Management Science,73(10):2090-2099.
Wu FN,Cen YJ,Liang GW,2015.Effects of different host plants,host plant maturity and intact host plants versus detached host plant stems on the survival of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,52(3):679-685.[吴丰年,岑伊静,梁广文,2015.不同离体寄主及其成熟度对亚洲柑桔木虱存活的影响.应用昆虫学报,52(3):679-685.]
Wu FN,Liang GW,Cen YJ,Gao W,2013.Temporal changes in color in Diaphorina citri.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,50(4):1085-1093.[吴丰年,梁广文,岑伊静,高娃,2013.亚洲柑桔木虱体色变化规律的研究.应用昆虫学报,50(4):1085-1093.]
Wu H,Hao G,2012.Botany.Beijing:the Higher Education Press.86-94.[吴鸿,郝刚,2012.植物学.北京:高等教育出版社.86-94.]
Wu TY,Luo XZ,Xu CB,Cen YJ,2016.Feeding behavior of Diaphorina citri and its transmission of‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’to citrus.Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,161(2):104-111.
Yang CL,Cen YJ,Liang GW,Chen HY,2011.Study on the electrical penetration graph of Diaphorina citri.Journal of South China Agricultural University,32(1):49-52.[杨成良,岑伊静,梁广文,陈华燕,2011.亚洲柑橘木虱的刺吸电位图谱研究.华南农业大学学报,32(1):49-52.]
Yang JK,Li FS,1984.Nine new species and one new genus of Yunnan Psyllidae.Entomotaxonomia,4(4):251-266.[杨集昆,李法圣,1984.云南木虱科九新种及一新属.昆虫分类学报,4(4):251-266.]
Yang YP,Beattie GAC,Spooner-Hart RN,Huang MD,Barchia I,Holford P,2013.Influences of leaf age and type,non-host volatiles,and mineral oil deposits on the incidence,distribution,and form of stylet tracks of Diaphorina citri.Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,147(1):33-49.
Zhou WJ,Pu XL,Zhang LN,Cen YJ,Deng XL,2012.Molecular identification of multilocus of“Candidutus Liberibacter asisaticus”in Psylla citrisuga.South China Fruits,41(3):1-5.[周汶静,蒲雪莲,张丽娜,岑伊静,邓晓玲,2012.柚木虱体内韧皮部杆菌亚洲种多基因位点的分子鉴定.中国南方果树,41(3):1-5.]
Cen YJ,Yang CL,Holford P,Beattie GAC,Spooner-Hart RN,Liang GW,Deng XL,2012a.Feeding behaviour of the Asiatic citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri,on healthy and Huanglongbing infected citrus.Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,143(1):13-22.
Cen YJ,Zhang LN,Xia YL,Guo J,Deng XL,Zhou WJ,Ronald S,Gao JY,Wang ZR,Yue JQ,Gao YQ,2012b.Detection of‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’in Cacopsylla(Psylla)citrisuga(Hemiptera:Psyllidae).Florida Entomologist,95(2):303-309.
Chen CW,Bai XJ,Zhao XL,Fu HM,Deng CL,Wu CC,Wang MZ,2009.Nested-PCR detection of the citrus huanglongbing disease.Plant Protection,35(3):91-93.[陈传武,白先进,赵小龙,付慧敏,邓崇岭,吴初超,王明召,2009.柑橘黄龙病nestedPCR检测技术在柑橘苗木生产中的应用.植物保护,35(3):91-93.]
Guo J,Cen YJ,Wang ZR,Duan HF,Gao JY,2012.A study on the morphology,biology and occurrence of Cacopsylla citrisuga.Journal of South China Agricultural University,33(4):475-479.[郭俊,岑伊静,王自然,段惠芬,高俊燕,2012.柚喀木虱的形态、生物学特性及发生规律研究.华南农业大学学报,33(4):475-479.]
Huang JP,Huang JB,Gao W,Zeng LX,Huang YM,Song YP,Cen YJ,2015.Studies on the relationship between feeding sites and bacterium acquisition efficiency of Diaphorina citri on Huanglongbing-infected citrus.Journal of South China Agricultural University,36(1):71-74.[黄金萍,黄建邦,高娃,曾丽霞,黄有明,宋银平,岑伊静,2015.柑橘木虱取食黄龙病柑橘部位与获菌效率的关系.华南农业大学学报,36(1):71-74.]
Liu BY,Zhang C,Lv HN,Tu PF,Xing JY,Han ZZ,Jiang Y,2015.Simultaneous determination of three main analytes of Murraya exotica by HPLC.Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences,24(2):88-94.[刘冰语,章宸,吕海宁,屠鹏飞,邢建永,韩正洲,姜勇,2015.HPLC方法同时测定九里香中的三个主要成分.中国药学会,24(2):88-94.]
Luo XZ,Yen AL,Powell KS,Wu FN,Wang YJ,Zeng LX,Yang YZ,Cen YJ,2015.Feeding behavior of Diaphorina citri(Hemiptera:Liviidae)and its acquisition of‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’,on Huanglongbing-infected citrus reticulata leaves of several maturity stages.Florida Entomologist,98(1):186-192.
Mclean DL,Kinsey MG,1964.A technique for electronically recording aphid feeding and salivation.Nature,202(4939):1358-1359.
Ruan CQ,Chen JL,Liu B,Duan YP,Xia YL,2012.Morphology and behavior of asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,28(31):186-190.[阮传清,陈建利,刘波,段永平,夏育陆,2012.柑橘木虱主要形态与成虫行为习性观察.中国农学通报,28(31):186-190.]
Wang XJ,2010.Interactions between Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and its two species of host plants.Master dissertation.Fuzhou:Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University.[王秀娟,2010.柑橘木虱与两种寄主植物互作的研究.硕士学位论文.福州:福建农林大学.]
Wang YJ,Xu CB,Tian MY,Deng XL,Cen YJ,He YR,2017.Genetic diversity of Diaphorina citri and its endosymbionts across east and south-east Asia.Pest Management Science,73(10):2090-2099.
Wu FN,Cen YJ,Liang GW,2015.Effects of different host plants,host plant maturity and intact host plants versus detached host plant stems on the survival of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,52(3):679-685.[吴丰年,岑伊静,梁广文,2015.不同离体寄主及其成熟度对亚洲柑桔木虱存活的影响.应用昆虫学报,52(3):679-685.]
Wu FN,Liang GW,Cen YJ,Gao W,2013.Temporal changes in color in Diaphorina citri.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,50(4):1085-1093.[吴丰年,梁广文,岑伊静,高娃,2013.亚洲柑桔木虱体色变化规律的研究.应用昆虫学报,50(4):1085-1093.]
Wu H,Hao G,2012.Botany.Beijing:the Higher Education Press.86-94.[吴鸿,郝刚,2012.植物学.北京:高等教育出版社.86-94.]
Wu TY,Luo XZ,Xu CB,Cen YJ,2016.Feeding behavior of Diaphorina citri and its transmission of‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’to citrus.Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,161(2):104-111.
Yang CL,Cen YJ,Liang GW,Chen HY,2011.Study on the electrical penetration graph of Diaphorina citri.Journal of South China Agricultural University,32(1):49-52.[杨成良,岑伊静,梁广文,陈华燕,2011.亚洲柑橘木虱的刺吸电位图谱研究.华南农业大学学报,32(1):49-52.]
Yang JK,Li FS,1984.Nine new species and one new genus of Yunnan Psyllidae.Entomotaxonomia,4(4):251-266.[杨集昆,李法圣,1984.云南木虱科九新种及一新属.昆虫分类学报,4(4):251-266.]
Yang YP,Beattie GAC,Spooner-Hart RN,Huang MD,Barchia I,Holford P,2013.Influences of leaf age and type,non-host volatiles,and mineral oil deposits on the incidence,distribution,and form of stylet tracks of Diaphorina citri.Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,147(1):33-49.
Zhou WJ,Pu XL,Zhang LN,Cen YJ,Deng XL,2012.Molecular identification of multilocus of“Candidutus Liberibacter asisaticus”in Psylla citrisuga.South China Fruits,41(3):1-5.[周汶静,蒲雪莲,张丽娜,岑伊静,邓晓玲,2012.柚木虱体内韧皮部杆菌亚洲种多基因位点的分子鉴定.中国南方果树,41(3):1-5.]