黄芪生物学及化学成分研究进展
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摘要
黄芪具有广泛食疗价值,是我国三级保护植物。膜荚黄芪和蒙古黄芪为中药黄芪正品的原植物,其干燥根含黄芪多糖、黄酮类化合物、皂苷、氨基酸及其微量元素等多种有效成分,为我国传统中药,具有补气升阳、固表止汗、脱毒生肌、脱肿利水及其延缓衰老等各种药理功效。为加强黄芪的保护和合理利用,本研究综述了膜荚黄芪与蒙古黄芪的分类学位置、植物形态及其营养器官和生殖器官的生物学特征、所含的有效化学成分以及药理学方面的研究进展,为黄芪以后的研究及其开发应用提供一定的参考价值。
Astragalus membranaceus is of high therapeutic value and is categorized as a plant under China's level three protection. Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.) Bge. and Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus(Bge.) Hsiao are the original plants of traditional Chinese medicine huangqi. The dry roots of Astragalus membranaceus contain many active ingredients such as Astragalus polysaccharide, Astragalus flavonoids,Astragaloside, amino acids and trace elements and so on. Astragalus membranaceus is the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), and is very popular for its tonic to strengthen the immune system, antiperspirant, detoxification,tissue generative actions, abscess-draining, diuresis, antiageing effects, etc. In order to strengthen the protection and rational utilization of Astragalus membranaceus, this paper reviewed the taxonomic position, biological characteristics of morphological, vegetative organs, reproductive organs, chemical constituents of A. membranaceus and its development in pharmacology, which could provide references for the future research and application of A.membranaceus.
Astragalus membranaceus is of high therapeutic value and is categorized as a plant under China's level three protection. Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.) Bge. and Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus(Bge.) Hsiao are the original plants of traditional Chinese medicine huangqi. The dry roots of Astragalus membranaceus contain many active ingredients such as Astragalus polysaccharide, Astragalus flavonoids,Astragaloside, amino acids and trace elements and so on. Astragalus membranaceus is the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), and is very popular for its tonic to strengthen the immune system, antiperspirant, detoxification,tissue generative actions, abscess-draining, diuresis, antiageing effects, etc. In order to strengthen the protection and rational utilization of Astragalus membranaceus, this paper reviewed the taxonomic position, biological characteristics of morphological, vegetative organs, reproductive organs, chemical constituents of A. membranaceus and its development in pharmacology, which could provide references for the future research and application of A.membranaceus.
引文
Chines e Pharmacopoeia Commission,ed.,2010,Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China:The 1st section,China Medical Science Press,Beijing,China,pp.283-284(国家药典委员会,编著,2010,中华人民共和国药典:一部,中国医药科技出版社,中国,北京,pp.283-284)
Fang S.D.,Chen Y.,Xu X.Y.,Ye C.Q.,Di S.K.,and Shen M.L.,1982,Studies of the active principles of Astragalus mongholicus bunge I.isolation,characterization and biological effect of its polysaccharides,Youji Huaxue(Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry),(1):26-31(方圣鼎,陈嬿,徐小异,叶淳渠,翟世康,沈美玲,1982,中药黄芪有效成分的研究Ⅰ.多糖体的分离,性质及其生理活性,有机化学,(1):26-31)
Fan R.F.,Liang B.,Li H.Y.,and Hu B.Z.,2006,Research advances on characteristic of biology and tissues culture on the officinal Astragalus Linn's plant,Dongbei Nongye Daxue Xuebao(Journal of Northeast Agricultural University),37(2):258-262(樊锐锋,梁冰,李海燕,胡宝忠,2006,黄芪属(Astragalus Linn.)植物生物学特性及组织培养技术研究进展,东北农业大学学报,37(2):258-262)
He Z.Q.,and Findlay J.A.,1991,Constituents of Astragalus membranaceus,Journal of Natural Products,54(3):810-815
Hu M.X.,Guo B.L.,Zhou R.,Huang W.H.,Cao X.J.,Hou M.L.,and Chen A.J.,2012,Quality analysis of semi-cultivated Astragalus membranaceus var.mongholicus from Hunyuan County of Shanxi province,Zhongcaoyao(Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drug),43(9):1829-1834(胡明勋,郭宝林,周然,黄文华,曹秀娟,侯美利,陈安家,2012,山西浑源仿野生栽培蒙古黄芪的质量研究,中草药,43(9):1829-1834)
Jin M.L.,Zhao K.,Huang Q.S.,and Shang P.,2014,Structural features and biological activities of the polysaccharides from Astragalus membranaceus,International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,64(2):257-266
Kuang H.X.,Okada Y.,Yang B.Y.,and Okuyama T.,2009,Secocycloartane triterpenoidal saponins from the leaves of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge,Helvetica Chimica Acta,92(5):950-958
Ma Y.L.,Tian Z.K.,Kuang H.X.,Yuan C.S.,Shao C.J.,Ohtani K.,Kasai R.,Tanaka O.,Okada Y.,and Okutama T.,1997,Studies of the constituents of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge.Ⅲ.structures of triterpenoidal glycoside,Huangqiyenin Aand B,from the Leaves,Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,28(35):359-361
Ma X.F.,2003,Studies on the chemical constituents of Astragalus membranaceus Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao,Disserta tion for Ph.D.,Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,Supervisors:Chen Y.J.,and Tu P.F.,pp.45(马晓丰,2003,蒙古黄芪的化学成分研究,博士学位论文,沈阳药科大学,导师:陈英杰,屠鹏飞,pp.45)
Qian D.,Chen M.,Yuan Q.J.,Cui G.H.,Huang L.Q.,and Xiao P.G.,2009,A taxonomic study on the original plant of Radix Astragali,Yaoxue Xuebao(Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica),44(12):1429-1433(钱丹,陈敏,袁庆军,崔光红,黄璐琦,肖培根,2009,中药黄芪原植物的分子遗传学研究及其分类地位探讨,药学学报,44(12):1429-1433)
Subarnas A.,Oshima Y.,and Hikino H.,1991,New constituents of Astragalus mongholicus,Planta Medica,57(6):590
Subarnas A.,Oshima Y.,and Hikino H.,1991,Isoflavans and a pterocarpa n from Astragalus mongholicus,Phytochemistry,30(8):2777-2780
Song R.X.,Yu J.,Yang L.L.,Chang P.,Guo X.Y.,Li X.L.,Wang H.Q.,and Dong C.M.,2008,Regulation effect of calycosin extracted from Astragalus membranaceus of Gansu province on the expressions of ACE/ACE2 in vascular endothelial cells,Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi(Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal),43(8):594-597(宋瑞霞,余静,杨丽丽,常鹏,郭雪娅,李秀丽,汪汉卿,董晨明,2008,甘肃黄芪毛蕊异黄酮对血管内皮细胞ACE,ACE2表达的影响,中国药学杂志,43(8):594-597)
Sun Z.H.,Shao J.,and Guo M.,2015,A review on chemical components and pharmacological effects of Huangqi,Zhongyi Linchuang Yanjiu(Clinical Journal of Chinese Medicine),7(25):22-25(孙政华,邵晶,郭玫,2015,黄芪化学成分及药理作用研究进展,中医临床研究,7(25):22-25)
Suo Z.,Ren M.,and Zhou H.T.,2005,Chemical component and modern pharmacology of radix astragali seu hedysri,Xiandai Yiyuan(Modern Hospital Sep.),5(9):85-86(索贞,任敏,周好田,2005,黄芪的化学成分及现代药理,现代医院,5(9):85-86)
Tu T.Z.,Shen J.G.,and Jiang J.Q.,2009,Study on constituents from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.Hsiao,Huaxi Yaoxue Zazhi(West China Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences),24(5):466-468(涂天智,沈剑刚,蒋建勤,2009,内蒙黄芪的化学成分研究,华西药学杂志,24(5):466-468)
Wang E.T.,and Liu M.Y.,1996,A comparative biology study on the two medicinal Astragalus,Zhiwu Yanjiu(Bulletin of Botanical Research),16(1):85-91(王尔彤,刘鸣远,1996,两种药用黄芪比较生物学研究,植物研究,16(1):85-91)
Wang Q.H.,Wang X.L.,Wuliji A.,Daina Y.T.,and Naren Z.K.T.,2014,Chemical constituents of roots of Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge)Hsiao,Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi(Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal),49(5):357-359(王青虎,王秀兰,奥·乌力吉,代那音台,那仁朝克图,2014,蒙古黄芪化学成分的研究,中国药学杂志,49(5):357-359)
Xiao P.G.,ed.,2002,Modern Chinese material medica,Chemical Industry Press,Beijing,China,pp.876-881(肖培根,主编,2002,新编中药志,化学工业出版社,中国,北京,pp.876-881)
Yan L.,Wan T.,Zhang Z.,Wang X.R.,and Sun W.B.,2001,Analysis of botanical characters of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge.and A.membranaceus var.Mongolicus(Bunge)Hsiao,Neimenggu Nongye Daxue Xuebao(Journal o f Inner Mongolia Agricultural University),22(4):71-77(燕玲,宛涛,张众,汪西荣,孙文斌,2001,膜荚黄芪与蒙古黄芪植物学特征分析,内蒙古农业大学学报,22(4):71-77)
Zhang Y.,Li X.X.,Ruan J.Y.,Wang T.T.,Dong Y.Z.,Hao J.,Liu E.W.,Han L.F.,Gao X.M.,and Wang T.,2015,Oleanane type saponins from the stems of Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao,Fitoterapia,109:99-105
Zhang Y.Z.,Xu F.,Liang J.,Tang J.S.,Shang M.Y.,Wang X.,and Cai S.Q.,2012,Isoflavonoids from roots of Astragalus membranaceus var.mongholicus,Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi(Chi na Journal of Chinese Materia Medica),37(21):3243-3248(张亚洲,徐风,梁静,唐静姝,尚明英,王璇,蔡少青,2012,蒙古黄芪中异黄酮类化学成分研究,中国中药杂志,37(21):3243-3248)
Zhao L.F.,Zhen Y.S.,and Zhang S.Y.,2008,Study of compound ustragalus polysaccharides in the antagonization of side effects caused by cyclophosphamide in mice,Xiandai Yiyao Weisheng(Modern Medicine Health),24(1):1-2(赵莲芳,郑玉淑,张善玉,2008,复方黄芪多糖拮抗环磷酰胺对小鼠毒副作用的研究,现代医药卫生,24(1):1-2)
Zhu X.Y.,2008,Revision of the Astragalus penduliflorus complex(Leguminosae Papilionoidae),Nordic Journal of Botany,23(3):283-294
Fang S.D.,Chen Y.,Xu X.Y.,Ye C.Q.,Di S.K.,and Shen M.L.,1982,Studies of the active principles of Astragalus mongholicus bunge I.isolation,characterization and biological effect of its polysaccharides,Youji Huaxue(Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry),(1):26-31(方圣鼎,陈嬿,徐小异,叶淳渠,翟世康,沈美玲,1982,中药黄芪有效成分的研究Ⅰ.多糖体的分离,性质及其生理活性,有机化学,(1):26-31)
Fan R.F.,Liang B.,Li H.Y.,and Hu B.Z.,2006,Research advances on characteristic of biology and tissues culture on the officinal Astragalus Linn's plant,Dongbei Nongye Daxue Xuebao(Journal of Northeast Agricultural University),37(2):258-262(樊锐锋,梁冰,李海燕,胡宝忠,2006,黄芪属(Astragalus Linn.)植物生物学特性及组织培养技术研究进展,东北农业大学学报,37(2):258-262)
He Z.Q.,and Findlay J.A.,1991,Constituents of Astragalus membranaceus,Journal of Natural Products,54(3):810-815
Hu M.X.,Guo B.L.,Zhou R.,Huang W.H.,Cao X.J.,Hou M.L.,and Chen A.J.,2012,Quality analysis of semi-cultivated Astragalus membranaceus var.mongholicus from Hunyuan County of Shanxi province,Zhongcaoyao(Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drug),43(9):1829-1834(胡明勋,郭宝林,周然,黄文华,曹秀娟,侯美利,陈安家,2012,山西浑源仿野生栽培蒙古黄芪的质量研究,中草药,43(9):1829-1834)
Jin M.L.,Zhao K.,Huang Q.S.,and Shang P.,2014,Structural features and biological activities of the polysaccharides from Astragalus membranaceus,International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,64(2):257-266
Kuang H.X.,Okada Y.,Yang B.Y.,and Okuyama T.,2009,Secocycloartane triterpenoidal saponins from the leaves of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge,Helvetica Chimica Acta,92(5):950-958
Ma Y.L.,Tian Z.K.,Kuang H.X.,Yuan C.S.,Shao C.J.,Ohtani K.,Kasai R.,Tanaka O.,Okada Y.,and Okutama T.,1997,Studies of the constituents of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge.Ⅲ.structures of triterpenoidal glycoside,Huangqiyenin Aand B,from the Leaves,Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin,28(35):359-361
Ma X.F.,2003,Studies on the chemical constituents of Astragalus membranaceus Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao,Disserta tion for Ph.D.,Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,Supervisors:Chen Y.J.,and Tu P.F.,pp.45(马晓丰,2003,蒙古黄芪的化学成分研究,博士学位论文,沈阳药科大学,导师:陈英杰,屠鹏飞,pp.45)
Qian D.,Chen M.,Yuan Q.J.,Cui G.H.,Huang L.Q.,and Xiao P.G.,2009,A taxonomic study on the original plant of Radix Astragali,Yaoxue Xuebao(Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica),44(12):1429-1433(钱丹,陈敏,袁庆军,崔光红,黄璐琦,肖培根,2009,中药黄芪原植物的分子遗传学研究及其分类地位探讨,药学学报,44(12):1429-1433)
Subarnas A.,Oshima Y.,and Hikino H.,1991,New constituents of Astragalus mongholicus,Planta Medica,57(6):590
Subarnas A.,Oshima Y.,and Hikino H.,1991,Isoflavans and a pterocarpa n from Astragalus mongholicus,Phytochemistry,30(8):2777-2780
Song R.X.,Yu J.,Yang L.L.,Chang P.,Guo X.Y.,Li X.L.,Wang H.Q.,and Dong C.M.,2008,Regulation effect of calycosin extracted from Astragalus membranaceus of Gansu province on the expressions of ACE/ACE2 in vascular endothelial cells,Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi(Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal),43(8):594-597(宋瑞霞,余静,杨丽丽,常鹏,郭雪娅,李秀丽,汪汉卿,董晨明,2008,甘肃黄芪毛蕊异黄酮对血管内皮细胞ACE,ACE2表达的影响,中国药学杂志,43(8):594-597)
Sun Z.H.,Shao J.,and Guo M.,2015,A review on chemical components and pharmacological effects of Huangqi,Zhongyi Linchuang Yanjiu(Clinical Journal of Chinese Medicine),7(25):22-25(孙政华,邵晶,郭玫,2015,黄芪化学成分及药理作用研究进展,中医临床研究,7(25):22-25)
Suo Z.,Ren M.,and Zhou H.T.,2005,Chemical component and modern pharmacology of radix astragali seu hedysri,Xiandai Yiyuan(Modern Hospital Sep.),5(9):85-86(索贞,任敏,周好田,2005,黄芪的化学成分及现代药理,现代医院,5(9):85-86)
Tu T.Z.,Shen J.G.,and Jiang J.Q.,2009,Study on constituents from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.Hsiao,Huaxi Yaoxue Zazhi(West China Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences),24(5):466-468(涂天智,沈剑刚,蒋建勤,2009,内蒙黄芪的化学成分研究,华西药学杂志,24(5):466-468)
Wang E.T.,and Liu M.Y.,1996,A comparative biology study on the two medicinal Astragalus,Zhiwu Yanjiu(Bulletin of Botanical Research),16(1):85-91(王尔彤,刘鸣远,1996,两种药用黄芪比较生物学研究,植物研究,16(1):85-91)
Wang Q.H.,Wang X.L.,Wuliji A.,Daina Y.T.,and Naren Z.K.T.,2014,Chemical constituents of roots of Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge)Hsiao,Zhongguo Yaoxue Zazhi(Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal),49(5):357-359(王青虎,王秀兰,奥·乌力吉,代那音台,那仁朝克图,2014,蒙古黄芪化学成分的研究,中国药学杂志,49(5):357-359)
Xiao P.G.,ed.,2002,Modern Chinese material medica,Chemical Industry Press,Beijing,China,pp.876-881(肖培根,主编,2002,新编中药志,化学工业出版社,中国,北京,pp.876-881)
Yan L.,Wan T.,Zhang Z.,Wang X.R.,and Sun W.B.,2001,Analysis of botanical characters of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge.and A.membranaceus var.Mongolicus(Bunge)Hsiao,Neimenggu Nongye Daxue Xuebao(Journal o f Inner Mongolia Agricultural University),22(4):71-77(燕玲,宛涛,张众,汪西荣,孙文斌,2001,膜荚黄芪与蒙古黄芪植物学特征分析,内蒙古农业大学学报,22(4):71-77)
Zhang Y.,Li X.X.,Ruan J.Y.,Wang T.T.,Dong Y.Z.,Hao J.,Liu E.W.,Han L.F.,Gao X.M.,and Wang T.,2015,Oleanane type saponins from the stems of Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.)Bge.var.mongholicus(Bge.)Hsiao,Fitoterapia,109:99-105
Zhang Y.Z.,Xu F.,Liang J.,Tang J.S.,Shang M.Y.,Wang X.,and Cai S.Q.,2012,Isoflavonoids from roots of Astragalus membranaceus var.mongholicus,Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi(Chi na Journal of Chinese Materia Medica),37(21):3243-3248(张亚洲,徐风,梁静,唐静姝,尚明英,王璇,蔡少青,2012,蒙古黄芪中异黄酮类化学成分研究,中国中药杂志,37(21):3243-3248)
Zhao L.F.,Zhen Y.S.,and Zhang S.Y.,2008,Study of compound ustragalus polysaccharides in the antagonization of side effects caused by cyclophosphamide in mice,Xiandai Yiyao Weisheng(Modern Medicine Health),24(1):1-2(赵莲芳,郑玉淑,张善玉,2008,复方黄芪多糖拮抗环磷酰胺对小鼠毒副作用的研究,现代医药卫生,24(1):1-2)
Zhu X.Y.,2008,Revision of the Astragalus penduliflorus complex(Leguminosae Papilionoidae),Nordic Journal of Botany,23(3):283-294