超大街区的前世今生——京、港、深的案例研究
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摘要
"大街区"和"超大街区"是导致很多城市问题的空间基础。在现代城市的发展过程中,街道系统中的"超级网格"是形成的"超大街区"的重要结构内因,归纳相关理论文献能够发现这一演变过程并非偶然;道路快速化导致的道路变宽、交通设施限制是割裂城市空间的实际原因。我国的"超大街区"内常见的出行不便和缺乏城市活力的现象,与街区内部的步行系统和功能设施分布之间紧密关联。破解"大街区"和"超大街区"的难题要在规划中关注路网密度和街区基本尺度,结合良好的街区内步行系统配置各类设施,有利于激发"超大街区"的空间活力。
Many urban issues are caused by "huge block"and "superblock". Super grid of urban structure conducted the presence of super block, during the evolvement of urban sprawl, which can be concluded from literature review. The edges insulate the urban space and limit the activities in super block, meanwhile lacking of facilities and pedestrian system causes the place lost vitality. The density of street network and scale of street block are crucial characters of "superblock",and improving pedestrian accessibility can vitalize activities in built environment, when cooperated with diversity of land use and proper distribution of facilities.
Many urban issues are caused by "huge block"and "superblock". Super grid of urban structure conducted the presence of super block, during the evolvement of urban sprawl, which can be concluded from literature review. The edges insulate the urban space and limit the activities in super block, meanwhile lacking of facilities and pedestrian system causes the place lost vitality. The density of street network and scale of street block are crucial characters of "superblock",and improving pedestrian accessibility can vitalize activities in built environment, when cooperated with diversity of land use and proper distribution of facilities.
引文
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17 Agrawai,A.,Schiossberg,M.,Irvin,K.,How Far,by Which Route and Why?A Spatial Analysis of Pedestrian Preference[J],Journal of Urban Design,2008,13(1):81-98.
18 Cao,X,Mokhtarian,P.,Handy,S.,Neighborhood design and vehicle type choice Evidence from Northern California[J],Transportation Research Part DⅡ(2006):133-145.
19 Taylor Distance Transformation and Distance Decay Functions,Geographical Analysis,1971(3)3:221-238.
20殷子渊,步行距离、港铁出行意愿与站域范围的关联研究[J],南方建筑,2016(1):123-128.
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24 Cervero,R,and Murakami,J.,Rail+Property Development in Hong Kong:Experience and Extensions[J],Urban Studies,2008,46(10):2019
2 Siksna A,The effects of block size and form in North American and Australian city centres[J].Urban Morphology.1997(1):19-33.
3刘冰、颜淋丽、张涵双等,关于重构城市道路分类体系的探讨[J].城市规划学刊,2014(5):92-96。
4简.雅各布斯,美国大城市的生与死[M],译林出版社,2006年8月第二版:433.
5张京祥,西方城市规划思想史纲[M],东南大学出版社,2005:89-115.
6 Hall,P.,童明译,明日之城-一部关于20世纪城市规划与设计的思想史[M].同济大学出版社,2009年11月第1版:228-243.
7赖恩博恩,D.,虞龙发等译,19世纪与20世纪的城市规划[M],中国建筑工业出版社,2009年第1版:273.
8侯丽,社会主义、计划经济与现代主义城市乌托邦——对20世纪上半叶苏联的建筑与城市规划历史的反思,城市规划学刊,2008(1):102-110。
9赵晨,申明锐,张京祥等,“苏联规划”在中国:历史回溯与启示[J],城市规划学刊,2013(2):109-118。
10 Peponis J.,Bafna S.,Zhang Z.,The connectivity of streets:reah and directional distance[J],Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,2008,35(5):881-901.
11徐苗,杨震,超级街区+门禁社区城市公共空间的死亡[J].建筑学报,2010(3):12-15.
12 Future,巴塞罗那“超级街区”面对传统力量的挑战[J],上海城市规划,2016(5):137.
13林奇K.著,林庆怡,陈朝晖,邓华译,城市形态(Good City Form)[M].华夏出版社,2001年6月第1版:65-70.
14王建国,城市设计[M],东南大学出版社,2011年第三版:141.
15 Hillier,B.,Space is the Machine:A Configurational Theory of Architecture,Cambridge University Press,1999.
16 Cervero,R,and Kockelman,K.M.,Travel Demand and the 3Ds:Density,Diversity,and Design[J].Transportation,Research D,1997,2(3):199-219
17 Agrawai,A.,Schiossberg,M.,Irvin,K.,How Far,by Which Route and Why?A Spatial Analysis of Pedestrian Preference[J],Journal of Urban Design,2008,13(1):81-98.
18 Cao,X,Mokhtarian,P.,Handy,S.,Neighborhood design and vehicle type choice Evidence from Northern California[J],Transportation Research Part DⅡ(2006):133-145.
19 Taylor Distance Transformation and Distance Decay Functions,Geographical Analysis,1971(3)3:221-238.
20殷子渊,步行距离、港铁出行意愿与站域范围的关联研究[J],南方建筑,2016(1):123-128.
21 ARUP.Travel Characteristics Survey 2002-final Report[R].Transport Department HKSAR,2003:14,22.
22郭寒英,城市交通步行者出行特征研究[J],中国科技纵横,2010(18):159.
23陈泳,何宁,轨道交通站地区宜步行环境及影响因素分析——上海市12个生活住区的实证研究[J].城市规划学刊,2012(6):96-104.
24 Cervero,R,and Murakami,J.,Rail+Property Development in Hong Kong:Experience and Extensions[J],Urban Studies,2008,46(10):2019