华北克拉通北部13.3～13.0亿年基性大火成岩省与稀土-铌成矿事件
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摘要
在华北克拉通北部燕辽裂陷槽中元古代沉积地层内有大量辉绿岩床侵位。野外调查及剖面测量结果表明,燕辽地区辉绿岩床累计厚度为50~1 800m,分布面积超过了12万km2。对燕辽地区已发表的18个侵入高于庄组、雾迷山组、铁岭组及下马岭组等不同层位内辉绿岩样品的斜锆石SIMS及TIMS 207Pb/206Pb年龄统计结果表明,这些岩床的侵位年龄变化于1.33~1.30Ga左右,其峰期年龄为1.32Ga,说明这些大规模辉绿岩床侵位于1.32Ga左右。岩石地球化学分析结果显示,燕辽辉绿岩具有相似的板内拉斑质地球化学特征。因此,燕辽辉绿岩床构成了一个基性大火成岩省,被命名为燕辽大火成岩省(Yanliao large igneous province)。辉绿岩床与沉积地层接触关系调查结果显示,燕辽大火成岩省的侵位伴随有前岩浆期抬升,表现为下马岭组与长龙山组之间的平行不整合,抬升开始的时限为1.35~1.34Ga。在全球已经报道的大火成岩省中,燕辽基性大火成岩省在产状、形成时代、岩性组成及地球化学特征等方面与北澳大利亚McArthur盆地内1.32Ga Derim-Galiwinku基性大火成岩省有明显的相似性,并且这两个地区中元古代沉积地层组合及时代也非常相似,特别是岩床侵入的最顶部层位均为一套以黑色页岩为主的沉积组合(燕辽的下马岭组及北澳大利亚的Roper群Velkerri组)。这种相似性特征结合古地磁资料说明,在哥伦比亚(奴那)超大陆重建中,华北克拉通东北部与北澳大利亚克拉通北部是相邻的,而华北克拉通的燕辽及北澳大利亚克拉通的Derim-Galiwinku大火成岩省可能属于一个被大陆裂解所分开的统一的大火成岩省。以约1.32Ga基性大火成岩省为标志,华北克拉通从哥伦比亚(奴那)超大陆发生了裂解,导致燕辽基性大火成岩省与Derim-Galiwinku基性大火成岩省相分离开。白云鄂博矿区富稀土-铌白云质大理岩野外地质调查、锆石Th-Pb定年及锆石包体及微量元素组成分析结果表明,白云鄂博矿区富稀土-铌白云质大理岩("H8"或菠萝图白云岩)主体是侵位于1.30Ga左右的火成碳酸岩岩床,并且火成碳酸岩的结晶伴随着大规模稀土-铌成矿事件。白云鄂博矿区火成碳酸岩及稀土矿化的形成时代与华北克拉通北缘燕辽基性大火成岩省的侵位时代相接近,其形成也可能与华北克拉通北缘从哥伦比亚超大陆的裂解有关。
The Yanliao rift zone in the northern North China Craton is associated with the emplacement of large volumes of diabase sills within the Mesoproterozoic Xiamaling,Wumishan,Gaoyuzhuang and Tieling formations.In this study,detailed field investigation and geological cross-section measurements show that the sills are distributed over an area of >1.2×105 km2 with cumulative thickness of 50 to >1800 m.A tabulation of 18 published baddeleyite 207 Pb/206 Pb ages of diabase emplaced into different lithospheric layers,including the Xiamaling,Wumishan,Gaoyuzhuang and Tieling formations,shows that sill emplacement occurred between 1.33 and 1.30 Ga with a peak age of ca.1.32 Ga.The Yanliao diabase sills exhibit similar geochemical features of tholeiitic composition with intraplate characteristics.Given its vast areal and volumetric extents and relatively short duration of emplacement,along with the intraplate setting,the diabase sill province of the Yanliao area constitutes a mid-Mesoproterozoic large igneous province(LIP)in the North China Craton,which we named here the Yanliao LIP.Emplacement of the Yanliao LIP was accompanied by pre-magmatic uplift that started at about 1.35 to 1.34 Ga,as indicated by the disconformity between the Changlongshan and Xiamaling formations.Among the globally known LIPs,the Yanliao LIP of the northern North China Craton bears clear similarities to the 13.2 Ga Derim-Galiwinku LIP of the North Australian Craton in terms of age,occurrence,petrographical assemblage and geochemical compositions.Moreover,compositions and ages of the late Paleo-Mesoproterozoic stratigraphic units in two cratons are also very similar,as exemplified by the top stratigraphic horizons that are intruded by the diabase sills and are both dominated by black shales(Xiamaling Formation in Yanliao area and Velkerri Formation of Roper Group in Northern Austarlia).These similarities indicate the two cratons were connected(or close neighbors at least)during the mid-Mesoproterozoic period,and the Yanliao and Derim-Galiwinku LIPs are the fragments of the same LIP.Field investigations and zircon Th-Pb dating show that the REE-Nb-rich carbonatites in the Bayan Obo deposit occur mainly as sills emplaced at ca.1.30 Ga.Zircon morphology and analyses of trace elemental composition and mineral inclusion demonstrate that crystallization of the 1.30 Ga carbonatite sills in the Bayan Obo deposit was accompanied by large-scale REE-Nb mineralization.Therefore,the Bayan Obo carbonatites and REE-Nb deposit are thought to be spatially and temporally linked with the 1.33-1.30 Ga Yanliao LIP in the northern North China Craton,and their formations were likely related to the continental rifting and breakup of the North China Craton from the Columbia(Nuna)supercontinent.
The Yanliao rift zone in the northern North China Craton is associated with the emplacement of large volumes of diabase sills within the Mesoproterozoic Xiamaling,Wumishan,Gaoyuzhuang and Tieling formations.In this study,detailed field investigation and geological cross-section measurements show that the sills are distributed over an area of >1.2×105 km2 with cumulative thickness of 50 to >1800 m.A tabulation of 18 published baddeleyite 207 Pb/206 Pb ages of diabase emplaced into different lithospheric layers,including the Xiamaling,Wumishan,Gaoyuzhuang and Tieling formations,shows that sill emplacement occurred between 1.33 and 1.30 Ga with a peak age of ca.1.32 Ga.The Yanliao diabase sills exhibit similar geochemical features of tholeiitic composition with intraplate characteristics.Given its vast areal and volumetric extents and relatively short duration of emplacement,along with the intraplate setting,the diabase sill province of the Yanliao area constitutes a mid-Mesoproterozoic large igneous province(LIP)in the North China Craton,which we named here the Yanliao LIP.Emplacement of the Yanliao LIP was accompanied by pre-magmatic uplift that started at about 1.35 to 1.34 Ga,as indicated by the disconformity between the Changlongshan and Xiamaling formations.Among the globally known LIPs,the Yanliao LIP of the northern North China Craton bears clear similarities to the 13.2 Ga Derim-Galiwinku LIP of the North Australian Craton in terms of age,occurrence,petrographical assemblage and geochemical compositions.Moreover,compositions and ages of the late Paleo-Mesoproterozoic stratigraphic units in two cratons are also very similar,as exemplified by the top stratigraphic horizons that are intruded by the diabase sills and are both dominated by black shales(Xiamaling Formation in Yanliao area and Velkerri Formation of Roper Group in Northern Austarlia).These similarities indicate the two cratons were connected(or close neighbors at least)during the mid-Mesoproterozoic period,and the Yanliao and Derim-Galiwinku LIPs are the fragments of the same LIP.Field investigations and zircon Th-Pb dating show that the REE-Nb-rich carbonatites in the Bayan Obo deposit occur mainly as sills emplaced at ca.1.30 Ga.Zircon morphology and analyses of trace elemental composition and mineral inclusion demonstrate that crystallization of the 1.30 Ga carbonatite sills in the Bayan Obo deposit was accompanied by large-scale REE-Nb mineralization.Therefore,the Bayan Obo carbonatites and REE-Nb deposit are thought to be spatially and temporally linked with the 1.33-1.30 Ga Yanliao LIP in the northern North China Craton,and their formations were likely related to the continental rifting and breakup of the North China Craton from the Columbia(Nuna)supercontinent.
引文
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