晋西黄土区苹果树边材液流速率对环境驱动的响应
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摘要
为明确环境因子对树木蒸腾过程的驱动机制,以晋西黄土残塬沟壑区的苹果树(红富士)为对象,利用热扩散式液流技术监测生长季苹果树树干液流的动态变化,并同步监测了气象和土壤水分等环境要素的季节动态.结果表明:在众多环境因子中,太阳净辐射(R_n)、大气水分亏缺(VPD)与液流速率(J_s)间的相关性最强.在小时或日尺度,环境因子主成分分析中前3个主成分的累积方差贡献率均在86%以上.其中,第一主成分主要包含VPD、R_n等因子,方差贡献率达52%(小时尺度)和63%(日尺度)以上,可归为蒸发需求因子(EDI),是影响该地区果树树干液流的关键综合环境要素集;第二主成分主要包括土壤含水率(SWC)等因子,归为土壤水热供给因子;第三主成分主要包括风速等因子,归为大气水热散失动力因子.在小时或日尺度上,J_s对两种环境因子综合变量(EDI或潜在蒸发散ET_0)的响应都呈显著的指数增长关系,在小时尺度上,基于EDI模拟苹果J_s的指数模型精度更高(R~2=0.72),在日尺度上,基于ET_0模拟苹果J_s的指数模型模拟精度更高(R~2=0.88).研究结果对于明确苹果树水分传输对环境驱动的响应规律,根据气象要素估算苹果树蒸腾耗水量,并指导果园水分管理均具有重要意义.
To clarify the effects of environmental factors on transpiration process of apple trees in rain-fed ecosystem, the dynamics of sap flow in apple trees from Loess Plateau area in western Shanxi Province of China were monitored using the thermal diffusion technique. Meanwhile, environmental factors including meteorological elements and soil moisture content were measured. The results showed that both net solar radiation(R_n) and atmospheric vapor deficit(VPD) were closely correlated with sap flow rate(J_s), as the main ones among all the measured environmental factors. At both hourly and daily scales, the cumulative variances of the three principal components of the environmental factor were above 86%. The first principal component contained VPD and R_n, and explained the variance of over 52%(at hour scale) and 63%(at daily scale), which could be classified as the evaporation demand index(EDI) and as the key comprehensive environmental varia-bles affecting tree sap flow. The second principal component mainly included soil moisture content(SWC) and other factors, which were referred to the soil water and heat supply index. The third principal component mainly included wind speed and other factors, and could be classified into the hydrothermal dissipation index. At the scale of hourly or daily, the response of J_s to EDI showed a significant exponential growth relationship. At the hourly time scale, J_s of apple trees could be accurately modelled based on the first principal component EDI(R~2=0.72). At the daily scale, J_s of apple trees could be better modelled based on potential evapotranspiration(ET_0)(R~2=0.88). Our results were of great significance for clarifying the responses of water transport in apple tree to environmental factors, estimating water consumption of apple tree based on meteorological factors, as well as directing orchard water management.
To clarify the effects of environmental factors on transpiration process of apple trees in rain-fed ecosystem, the dynamics of sap flow in apple trees from Loess Plateau area in western Shanxi Province of China were monitored using the thermal diffusion technique. Meanwhile, environmental factors including meteorological elements and soil moisture content were measured. The results showed that both net solar radiation(R_n) and atmospheric vapor deficit(VPD) were closely correlated with sap flow rate(J_s), as the main ones among all the measured environmental factors. At both hourly and daily scales, the cumulative variances of the three principal components of the environmental factor were above 86%. The first principal component contained VPD and R_n, and explained the variance of over 52%(at hour scale) and 63%(at daily scale), which could be classified as the evaporation demand index(EDI) and as the key comprehensive environmental varia-bles affecting tree sap flow. The second principal component mainly included soil moisture content(SWC) and other factors, which were referred to the soil water and heat supply index. The third principal component mainly included wind speed and other factors, and could be classified into the hydrothermal dissipation index. At the scale of hourly or daily, the response of J_s to EDI showed a significant exponential growth relationship. At the hourly time scale, J_s of apple trees could be accurately modelled based on the first principal component EDI(R~2=0.72). At the daily scale, J_s of apple trees could be better modelled based on potential evapotranspiration(ET_0)(R~2=0.88). Our results were of great significance for clarifying the responses of water transport in apple tree to environmental factors, estimating water consumption of apple tree based on meteorological factors, as well as directing orchard water management.
引文
[1] Granier A, Huc R, Barigah ST. Transpiration of natural rainforest and its dependence on climatic factors. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 1996, 78: 19-29
[2] Aroca R. Plant Responses to Drought Stress: From Morphological to Molecular Features. New York: Springer, 2012
[3] B?rja I, Světlík J, Nadezhdin V, et al. Sap flux: A real time assessment of health status in Norway spruce. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 2016, 31: 450-457
[4] Nadezhdina N, Cermák J, Downey A, et al. Sap flow index as an indicator of water storage use. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, 2015, 63: 124-133
[5] Herbst M, Roberts JM, Rosier PTW, et al. Edge effects and forest water use: A field study in a mixed deciduous woodland. Forest Ecology and Management, 2007, 250: 176-186
[6] Hatton TJ, Moore SJ, Reece PH. Estimating stand transpiration in a Eucalyptus populnea woodland with the heat pulse method: Measurement errors and sampling strategies. Tree Physiology, 1995, 15: 219-227
[7] Vertessy RA, Hatton TJ, Reece P, et al. Estimating stand water use of large mountain ash trees and validation of the sap flow measurement technique. Tree Physio-logy, 1997, 17: 747-756
[8] Sun P-S (孙鹏森), Ma L-Y (马履一), Wang X-P (王小平), et al. Temporal and spacial variation of sap flow of Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis). Journal of Beijing Forestry University (北京林业大学学报), 2000, 22(5): 1-6 (in Chinese)
[9] Phillips N, Bond BJ. Canopy and hydraulic conductance in young, mature and old Douglas fir trees. Tree Physio-logy, 2002, 22: 205-211
[10] Bovard BD, Curtis PS, Vogel CS, et al. Environmental controls on sap flow in a northern hardwood forest. Tree Physiology, 2005, 25: 31-38
[11] Li W, Si JH, Yu TF, et al. Response of Populus euphratica Oliv. sap flow to environmental variables for a desert riparian forest in the Heihe River Basin,Northwest China. Journal of Arid Land, 2016, 8: 591-603
[12] Dang H-Z (党宏忠), Yang W-B (杨文斌), Li W (李卫), et al. Radial variation and time lag of sap flow of Populus gansuensis in Minqin Oasis, Northwest China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2014, 25(9): 2501-2510 (in Chinese)
[13] Sun H-Z (孙慧珍), Sun L (孙龙), Wang C-K (王传宽), et al. Sapflow of the major tree species in the eastern mountainous region in northeast China. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 2005, 41(3): 36-42 (in Chinese)
[14] Huang D-W (黄德卫), Zhang D-Q (张德强), Zhou G-Y (周国逸), et al. Characteristics of dominant tree species stem sap flow and their relationships with environmental factors in a mixed conifer-broadleaf forest in Dinghushan, Guangdong Province of South China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2012, 23(5): 1159-1166 (in Chinese)
[15] Whitehead D. Regulation of stomatal conductance and transpiration in forest canopies. Tree Physiology, 1998, 18: 633-644
[16] Liu J-L (刘家霖), Man X-L (满秀玲), Hu Y (胡悦). Response of tree sap flow of Larix gmelinii with various differentiation classes to multiple environmental factors. Forest Research (林业科学研究), 2016, 29(5): 726-734 (in Chinese)
[17] O’Brien JJ, Oberbauer SF, Clark DB. Whole tree xylem sap flow responses to multiple environmental variables in a wet tropical forest. Plant, Cell and Environment, 2004, 27: 551-567
[18] Bi H-X (毕华兴), Yun L (云雷), Zhu Q-K (朱清科). Study on Interspecific Relationship of Agroforestry System in Western Shanxi Loess Plateau. Beijing: Science Press, 2011 (in Chinese).
[19] Cai Z-C (蔡智才), Bi H-X (毕华兴), Xu H-S (许华森), et al. Distribution of photosynthetically available radiation and its effect on growth of Arachis hypogaea in Malus pumila and Arachis hypogaea intercropping system in loess area of Western Shanxi. Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science) (西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版), 2017, 45(4): 51-58 (in Chinese)
[20] Campbell GS, Norman JM. An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics. New York: Springer, 1998
[21] Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, et al. Crop Evapotranspiration: Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements: FAO Irigation and Drainage Paper 56. Rome: FAO, 1998
[22] Allen RG, Pruitt WO, Wright JL, et al. A recommendation on standardized surface resistance for hourly calculation of reference ET0 by the FAO56 Penman-Monteith method. Agricultural Water Management, 2006, 81: 1-22
[23] Dang HZ, Zha TS, Zhang JS, et al. Radial profile of sap flow velocity in mature Xinjiang poplar (Populus alba L. var. pyramidalis) in Northwest China. Journal of Arid Land, 2014, 6: 612-627
[24] Dang H-Z (党宏忠), Yang W-B (杨文斌), Li W (李卫), et al. Radial pattern and time lag of sap flow in Populus alba var. pyramidalis. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2015, 35(15): 5110-5120 (in Chinese)
[25] Granier A. Evaluation of transpiration in a Douglas-fir stand by means of sap flow measurements. Tree Physiology, 1987, 3: 309-320
[26] Lu P (陆平), Urban L, Zhao P (赵平). Granier’s thermal dissipation probe (TDP) method for measuring sap flow in trees: Theory and practice. Acta Botanica Sinica (植物学报), 2004, 46(6): 631-646 (in Chinese)
[27] Nie L-S (聂立水), Li J-Y (李吉跃), Zhai H-B (翟洪波). Study of the rate of stem sap flow in Pinus tabulaeformis and Quercus variabilis by using the TDP method. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2005, 25(8): 1934-1940 (in Chinese)
[28] Sun H-Z (孙慧珍), Li Y-P (李夷平), Wang C (王翠), et al. Comparative study on stem sap flow of non-and ring-porous tree species. Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 2005, 24(12): 1434-1439 (in Chinese)
[29] Zhang Y-Y (张友焱), Zhou Z-F (周泽福), Dang H-Z (党宏忠), et al. A study on the sap flow of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica with thermal dissipation probe. Research of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持研究), 2006, 13(4): 78-80 (in Chinese)
[30] Zhao P (赵平), Rao X-Q (饶兴权), Ma L (马玲), et al. Sap flow-scaled stand transpiration and cano-py stomatal conductance in an Acacia mangium forest. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报), 2006, 30(4): 655-665 (in Chinese)
[31] Zhao C-Y (赵春彦), Si J-H (司建华), Feng Q (冯起), et al. Stem sap flow research: Progress and prospect. Journal of Northwest Forestry University (西北林学院学报), 2015, 30(5): 98-105 (in Chinese)
[32] Li H (李浩), Hu S-J (胡顺军), Zhu H (朱海), et al. Characterization of stem sapflow Haloxylon ammodendron by using thermal dissipation technology. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2017, 37(21): 7187-7196 (in Chinese)
[33] Wang W-J (王文杰), Sun W (孙伟), Qiu L (邱岭), et al. Relations between stem sap flow density of Larix gmelinii and environmental factors under different temporal scale. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 2012, 48(1): 77-85 (in Chinese)
[34] Zhao P (赵平). On the coordinated regulation of fore-st transpiration by hydraulic conductance and canopy stomatal conductance. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2011, 31(4): 1164-1173 (in Chinese)
[35] Yang Z-G (杨芝歌), Shi Y (史宇) , Yu X-X (余新晓), et al. Characteristic of stem sap flux velocity of individual trees and its response to environmental factors in the Beijing mountain area. Research of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持研究), 2012, 19(2): 195-200 (in Chinese)
[36] Zhang X-Y (张小由), Kang E-S (康尔泗), Zhang Z-H (张智慧), et al. Research on dynamics of stem sap flow of Elaeagnus angustifolia. Journal of Desert Research (中国沙漠), 2006, 26(1): 146-151 (in Chinese)
[37] Liu D-L (刘德林), Liu X-Z (刘贤赵). Study on transpiration of maize with Greenspan stem flow gauge. Research of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持研究), 2006, 13(2): 134-137 (in Chinese)
[38] Xu J-L (徐军亮), Ma L-Y (马履一), Yan H-P (阎海平). Relationship between process of sap flow of Pinus tabulaeformis and solar radiation. Science of Soil and Water Conservation (中国水土保持科学), 2006, 4(2): 103-107 (in Chinese)
[39] Xia G-M (夏桂敏), Kang S-Z (康绍忠), Li W-C (李王成), et al. Diurnal and seasonal variation of stem sap flow for Caragana korshinskii on the arid desert region in Shiyang river basin of Gansu. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2006, 26(4): 1186-1193 (in Chinese)
[40] Irvine J, Perks MP, Grace J. The response of Pinus sylvestris to drought: Stomatal control of transpiration and hydraulic conductance. Tree Physiology, 1998, 18: 393-402
[41] Chen B-Q (陈宝强), Zhang J-J (张建军), Zhang Y-T (张艳婷), et al. Whole-tree sap flow of Quercus liaotungensis and Populus davidiana in response to environmental factors in the Loess Plateau area of western Shanxi Province,northern China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2016, 27(3): 746-754 (in Chinese)
[42] Zhang H-D (张涵丹), Wei W (卫伟), Chen L-D (陈利顶), et al. Analysis of sap flow characteristics of the Chinese pine in typical Loess Plateau region of China. Chinese Journal of Environmental Science (环境科学), 2015, 36(1): 349-356 (in Chinese)
[43] Motzer T, Munz N, Küppers M, et al. Stomatal conductance, transpiration and sap flow of tropical montane rain forest trees in the southern Ecuadorian andes. Tree Physiology, 2005, 25: 1283-1293
[44] Pereira AR, Green S, Villa Nova NA. Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration adapted to estimate irrigated tree transpiration. Agricultural Water Management, 2006, 83: 153-161
[45] Cammalleri C, Rallo G, Agnese C, et al. Combined use of eddy covariance and sap flow techniques for partition of ET fluxes and water stress assessment in an irrigated olive orchard. Agricultural Water Management, 2013, 120: 89-97
[46] Barbeta A, Ogaya R, Uelas JP. Comparative study of diurnal and nocturnal sap flow of Quercus ilex and Phillyrea latifolia in a Mediterranean holm oak forest in Prades (Catalonia, NE Spain). Trees, 2012, 26: 1651-1659
[47] Zhou C-M (周翠鸣), Zhao P (赵平), Ni G-Y (倪广艳), et al. Water recharge through nighttime stem sap flow of Schima superba in Guangzhou region of Guangdong Province, South China: Affecting factors and contribution to transpiration. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2012, 23(7): 1751-1757 (in Chinese)
[48] Liu C-W (刘春伟), Qiu R-J (邱让建),Wang Z-C (王振昌), et al. Transpiration modeling of apple trees based on sap flow measurements. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery (农业机械学报), 2016, 47(2): 105-112 (in Chinese)
[2] Aroca R. Plant Responses to Drought Stress: From Morphological to Molecular Features. New York: Springer, 2012
[3] B?rja I, Světlík J, Nadezhdin V, et al. Sap flux: A real time assessment of health status in Norway spruce. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 2016, 31: 450-457
[4] Nadezhdina N, Cermák J, Downey A, et al. Sap flow index as an indicator of water storage use. Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, 2015, 63: 124-133
[5] Herbst M, Roberts JM, Rosier PTW, et al. Edge effects and forest water use: A field study in a mixed deciduous woodland. Forest Ecology and Management, 2007, 250: 176-186
[6] Hatton TJ, Moore SJ, Reece PH. Estimating stand transpiration in a Eucalyptus populnea woodland with the heat pulse method: Measurement errors and sampling strategies. Tree Physiology, 1995, 15: 219-227
[7] Vertessy RA, Hatton TJ, Reece P, et al. Estimating stand water use of large mountain ash trees and validation of the sap flow measurement technique. Tree Physio-logy, 1997, 17: 747-756
[8] Sun P-S (孙鹏森), Ma L-Y (马履一), Wang X-P (王小平), et al. Temporal and spacial variation of sap flow of Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis). Journal of Beijing Forestry University (北京林业大学学报), 2000, 22(5): 1-6 (in Chinese)
[9] Phillips N, Bond BJ. Canopy and hydraulic conductance in young, mature and old Douglas fir trees. Tree Physio-logy, 2002, 22: 205-211
[10] Bovard BD, Curtis PS, Vogel CS, et al. Environmental controls on sap flow in a northern hardwood forest. Tree Physiology, 2005, 25: 31-38
[11] Li W, Si JH, Yu TF, et al. Response of Populus euphratica Oliv. sap flow to environmental variables for a desert riparian forest in the Heihe River Basin,Northwest China. Journal of Arid Land, 2016, 8: 591-603
[12] Dang H-Z (党宏忠), Yang W-B (杨文斌), Li W (李卫), et al. Radial variation and time lag of sap flow of Populus gansuensis in Minqin Oasis, Northwest China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2014, 25(9): 2501-2510 (in Chinese)
[13] Sun H-Z (孙慧珍), Sun L (孙龙), Wang C-K (王传宽), et al. Sapflow of the major tree species in the eastern mountainous region in northeast China. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 2005, 41(3): 36-42 (in Chinese)
[14] Huang D-W (黄德卫), Zhang D-Q (张德强), Zhou G-Y (周国逸), et al. Characteristics of dominant tree species stem sap flow and their relationships with environmental factors in a mixed conifer-broadleaf forest in Dinghushan, Guangdong Province of South China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2012, 23(5): 1159-1166 (in Chinese)
[15] Whitehead D. Regulation of stomatal conductance and transpiration in forest canopies. Tree Physiology, 1998, 18: 633-644
[16] Liu J-L (刘家霖), Man X-L (满秀玲), Hu Y (胡悦). Response of tree sap flow of Larix gmelinii with various differentiation classes to multiple environmental factors. Forest Research (林业科学研究), 2016, 29(5): 726-734 (in Chinese)
[17] O’Brien JJ, Oberbauer SF, Clark DB. Whole tree xylem sap flow responses to multiple environmental variables in a wet tropical forest. Plant, Cell and Environment, 2004, 27: 551-567
[18] Bi H-X (毕华兴), Yun L (云雷), Zhu Q-K (朱清科). Study on Interspecific Relationship of Agroforestry System in Western Shanxi Loess Plateau. Beijing: Science Press, 2011 (in Chinese).
[19] Cai Z-C (蔡智才), Bi H-X (毕华兴), Xu H-S (许华森), et al. Distribution of photosynthetically available radiation and its effect on growth of Arachis hypogaea in Malus pumila and Arachis hypogaea intercropping system in loess area of Western Shanxi. Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science) (西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版), 2017, 45(4): 51-58 (in Chinese)
[20] Campbell GS, Norman JM. An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics. New York: Springer, 1998
[21] Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, et al. Crop Evapotranspiration: Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements: FAO Irigation and Drainage Paper 56. Rome: FAO, 1998
[22] Allen RG, Pruitt WO, Wright JL, et al. A recommendation on standardized surface resistance for hourly calculation of reference ET0 by the FAO56 Penman-Monteith method. Agricultural Water Management, 2006, 81: 1-22
[23] Dang HZ, Zha TS, Zhang JS, et al. Radial profile of sap flow velocity in mature Xinjiang poplar (Populus alba L. var. pyramidalis) in Northwest China. Journal of Arid Land, 2014, 6: 612-627
[24] Dang H-Z (党宏忠), Yang W-B (杨文斌), Li W (李卫), et al. Radial pattern and time lag of sap flow in Populus alba var. pyramidalis. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2015, 35(15): 5110-5120 (in Chinese)
[25] Granier A. Evaluation of transpiration in a Douglas-fir stand by means of sap flow measurements. Tree Physiology, 1987, 3: 309-320
[26] Lu P (陆平), Urban L, Zhao P (赵平). Granier’s thermal dissipation probe (TDP) method for measuring sap flow in trees: Theory and practice. Acta Botanica Sinica (植物学报), 2004, 46(6): 631-646 (in Chinese)
[27] Nie L-S (聂立水), Li J-Y (李吉跃), Zhai H-B (翟洪波). Study of the rate of stem sap flow in Pinus tabulaeformis and Quercus variabilis by using the TDP method. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2005, 25(8): 1934-1940 (in Chinese)
[28] Sun H-Z (孙慧珍), Li Y-P (李夷平), Wang C (王翠), et al. Comparative study on stem sap flow of non-and ring-porous tree species. Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 2005, 24(12): 1434-1439 (in Chinese)
[29] Zhang Y-Y (张友焱), Zhou Z-F (周泽福), Dang H-Z (党宏忠), et al. A study on the sap flow of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica with thermal dissipation probe. Research of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持研究), 2006, 13(4): 78-80 (in Chinese)
[30] Zhao P (赵平), Rao X-Q (饶兴权), Ma L (马玲), et al. Sap flow-scaled stand transpiration and cano-py stomatal conductance in an Acacia mangium forest. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报), 2006, 30(4): 655-665 (in Chinese)
[31] Zhao C-Y (赵春彦), Si J-H (司建华), Feng Q (冯起), et al. Stem sap flow research: Progress and prospect. Journal of Northwest Forestry University (西北林学院学报), 2015, 30(5): 98-105 (in Chinese)
[32] Li H (李浩), Hu S-J (胡顺军), Zhu H (朱海), et al. Characterization of stem sapflow Haloxylon ammodendron by using thermal dissipation technology. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2017, 37(21): 7187-7196 (in Chinese)
[33] Wang W-J (王文杰), Sun W (孙伟), Qiu L (邱岭), et al. Relations between stem sap flow density of Larix gmelinii and environmental factors under different temporal scale. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 2012, 48(1): 77-85 (in Chinese)
[34] Zhao P (赵平). On the coordinated regulation of fore-st transpiration by hydraulic conductance and canopy stomatal conductance. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2011, 31(4): 1164-1173 (in Chinese)
[35] Yang Z-G (杨芝歌), Shi Y (史宇) , Yu X-X (余新晓), et al. Characteristic of stem sap flux velocity of individual trees and its response to environmental factors in the Beijing mountain area. Research of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持研究), 2012, 19(2): 195-200 (in Chinese)
[36] Zhang X-Y (张小由), Kang E-S (康尔泗), Zhang Z-H (张智慧), et al. Research on dynamics of stem sap flow of Elaeagnus angustifolia. Journal of Desert Research (中国沙漠), 2006, 26(1): 146-151 (in Chinese)
[37] Liu D-L (刘德林), Liu X-Z (刘贤赵). Study on transpiration of maize with Greenspan stem flow gauge. Research of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持研究), 2006, 13(2): 134-137 (in Chinese)
[38] Xu J-L (徐军亮), Ma L-Y (马履一), Yan H-P (阎海平). Relationship between process of sap flow of Pinus tabulaeformis and solar radiation. Science of Soil and Water Conservation (中国水土保持科学), 2006, 4(2): 103-107 (in Chinese)
[39] Xia G-M (夏桂敏), Kang S-Z (康绍忠), Li W-C (李王成), et al. Diurnal and seasonal variation of stem sap flow for Caragana korshinskii on the arid desert region in Shiyang river basin of Gansu. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2006, 26(4): 1186-1193 (in Chinese)
[40] Irvine J, Perks MP, Grace J. The response of Pinus sylvestris to drought: Stomatal control of transpiration and hydraulic conductance. Tree Physiology, 1998, 18: 393-402
[41] Chen B-Q (陈宝强), Zhang J-J (张建军), Zhang Y-T (张艳婷), et al. Whole-tree sap flow of Quercus liaotungensis and Populus davidiana in response to environmental factors in the Loess Plateau area of western Shanxi Province,northern China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2016, 27(3): 746-754 (in Chinese)
[42] Zhang H-D (张涵丹), Wei W (卫伟), Chen L-D (陈利顶), et al. Analysis of sap flow characteristics of the Chinese pine in typical Loess Plateau region of China. Chinese Journal of Environmental Science (环境科学), 2015, 36(1): 349-356 (in Chinese)
[43] Motzer T, Munz N, Küppers M, et al. Stomatal conductance, transpiration and sap flow of tropical montane rain forest trees in the southern Ecuadorian andes. Tree Physiology, 2005, 25: 1283-1293
[44] Pereira AR, Green S, Villa Nova NA. Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration adapted to estimate irrigated tree transpiration. Agricultural Water Management, 2006, 83: 153-161
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