栽培模式对旱地小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响
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摘要
通过田间试验,研究地膜覆盖、秸秆还田和种植绿肥对冬小麦籽粒产量和土壤肥力的影响.结果表明:与传统模式相比,地膜覆盖并不总能提高旱地小麦产量,3年平均产量无显著变化,但降低20～40 cm土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效硫、有效锌和有效锰含量,对土壤有机质、硝态氮、有效铁和有效铜含量无显著影响.秸秆还田的小麦产量3年平均降低12.1%,收获期0～20 cm土层全氮提高5.8%,20～40 cm土层有效铜含量提高6.2%,而有效磷和有效锰分别降低36.1%和10.2%,对开花期和收获期土壤有机质、硝态氮、速效钾、有效硫、有效锌和有效铁无显著影响.种植绿肥的籽粒产量降低12.1%,同时土壤p H、有效磷和有效硫含量降低,有机质、全氮、硝态氮、有效锌和有效锰均增加,对土壤速效钾、有效铁和有效铜均无显著影响.综上,在旱地土壤肥力较低的条件下,地膜覆盖和秸秆还田不利于土壤肥力的提升,使小麦增产受到限制;种植绿肥培肥效果最好,但应考虑区域降水情况,注意其带来的减产问题.
A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of plastic film mulching( PM),straw retention( SR),and planting green manure( GM) on winter wheat grain yield and soil fertility. The results showed that PM did not have consistently positive effect on the grain yield,when compared to the traditional patterns( TP). No difference of average grain yield was observed between them over three years. Soil total nitrogen( N),available phosphorus( P),potassium( K),sulfur( S),zinc( Zn) and manganese( Mn) were decreased in 20-40 cm layer in PM than those in TP,while no difference was observed for soil organic matter,nitrate( NO3--N),available iron( Fe) and copper( Cu). The mean grain yield of three years decreased by 12.1% in SR than that in TP treatment. At maturity stage of winter wheat,soil total N and available Cu was increased by 5.8% in 0-20 cm and 6.2% in 20-40 cm layer,respectively,while soil available P and Mn were decreased by 36.1% and 10.2%,respectively. No difference was observed between SR and TP treatments for soil organic matter,NO3--N,available K,S,Zn and Fe at anthesis and maturity stages. Compared to the TP treatment,the mean grain yield was decreased by 12.1% in GM treatment.Soil p H,available P and S were decreased,while the soil organic matter,total N,NO3--N,and available Zn and Mn were increased. No difference was observed for soil available K,Fe and Cu. In conclusion,the PM and SR were not beneficial for the improvement of soil fertility,and thus inhibited the grain yield increase in dryland with low soil fertility level. The GM has greater potential to increase soil nutrients,but it should be paid more attention to the risk of grain yield reduction due to insufficient annual precipitation.
A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of plastic film mulching( PM),straw retention( SR),and planting green manure( GM) on winter wheat grain yield and soil fertility. The results showed that PM did not have consistently positive effect on the grain yield,when compared to the traditional patterns( TP). No difference of average grain yield was observed between them over three years. Soil total nitrogen( N),available phosphorus( P),potassium( K),sulfur( S),zinc( Zn) and manganese( Mn) were decreased in 20-40 cm layer in PM than those in TP,while no difference was observed for soil organic matter,nitrate( NO3--N),available iron( Fe) and copper( Cu). The mean grain yield of three years decreased by 12.1% in SR than that in TP treatment. At maturity stage of winter wheat,soil total N and available Cu was increased by 5.8% in 0-20 cm and 6.2% in 20-40 cm layer,respectively,while soil available P and Mn were decreased by 36.1% and 10.2%,respectively. No difference was observed between SR and TP treatments for soil organic matter,NO3--N,available K,S,Zn and Fe at anthesis and maturity stages. Compared to the TP treatment,the mean grain yield was decreased by 12.1% in GM treatment.Soil p H,available P and S were decreased,while the soil organic matter,total N,NO3--N,and available Zn and Mn were increased. No difference was observed for soil available K,Fe and Cu. In conclusion,the PM and SR were not beneficial for the improvement of soil fertility,and thus inhibited the grain yield increase in dryland with low soil fertility level. The GM has greater potential to increase soil nutrients,but it should be paid more attention to the risk of grain yield reduction due to insufficient annual precipitation.
引文
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[2] Li FR,Zhao SL,Geballe GT. Water use patterns and agronomic performance for some cropping systems with and without fallow crops in a semi-arid environment of northwest China. Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2000,79:129-142
[3] Li SX,Wang ZH,Malhi SS,et al. Nutrient and water management effects on crop production,and nutrient and water use efficiency in dryland areas of China. Advances in Agronomy,2009,102:223-265
[4] Steinmetz Z,Wollmann C,Schaefer M,et al. Plastic mulching in agriculture:Trading short-term agronomic benefits for long-term soil degradation? Science of the Total Environment,2016,550:690-705
[5] He G, Wang ZH, Li SX, et al. Plastic mulch:Tradeoffs between productivity and greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,172:1311-1318
[6] He G,Wang ZH,Ma XL,et al. Wheat yield affected by soil temperature and water under mulching in dryland.Agronomy Journal,2017,109:1-9
[7] Li R(李荣),Hou X-Q(侯贤清),Jia Z-K(贾志宽). Effects of dual-mulching of ridge and furrow on soil fertility and maize yield in the Weibei tablelands. Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2017,54(5):1259-1268(in Chinese)
[8] Wang S-J(王淑娟),Tian X-H(田霄鸿),Li S(李硕),et al. Effects of long-term surface mulching and N addition on winter wheat yield and soil properties. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science(植物营养与肥料学报),2012,18(2):291-299(in Chinese)
[9] Pan Y-W(潘雅文),Fan J(樊军),Hao M-D(郝明德),et al. Effects of long-term tillage and mulching methods on properties of surface soil and maize yield in tableland region of the Loess Plateau. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer(植物营养与肥料学报),2016,22(6):1558-1567(in Chinese)
[10] Bao J-C(包建财),Yu J-H(郁继华),Feng Z(冯致),et al. Situation of distribution and utilization of crop straw resources in seven western provinces,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2014,25(1):181-187(in Chinese)
[11] Zhao H,Sun BF,Lu F,et al. Straw incorporation strategy on cereal crop yield in China. Crop Science,2015,55:1773-1781
[12] Wang JZ,Wang XJ,Xu MG,et al. Crop yield and soil organic matter after long-term straw return to soil in China. Nutrient Cycling Agroecosystems,2015,102:371-381
[13] Cao W-D(曹卫东),Bao X-G(包兴国),Xu C-X(徐昌旭),et al. Reviews and prospects on science and technology of green manure in China. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer(植物营养与肥料学报),2017,23(6):1450-1461(in Chinese)
[14] Nielsen DC,Vigil MF. Legume green fallow effect on soil water content at wheat planting and wheat yield.Agronomy Journal,2005,97:684-689
[15] Li H-Y(李红燕),Hu T-C(胡铁成),Cao Q-H(曹群虎),et al. Effect of improving soil fertility by planting different green manures in different patterns in dryland. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer(植物营养与肥料学报),2016,22(5):1310-1318(in Chinese)
[16] He H-X(何红霞),Wang Z-H(王朝辉),Bao M(包明),et al. Effects of cultivation patterns on wheat yield and grain nutrient concentration in dryland. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2018,29(3):818-826(in Chinese)
[17] Lu R-K(鲁如坤). Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000(in Chinese)
[18] Li KY,Zhao YY,Yuan XL,et al. Comparison of factors affecting soil nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen extraction. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2012,43:571-588
[19] Luo L-C(罗来超),Wang Z-H(王朝辉),Hui X-L(惠晓丽),et al. Effects of plastic film mulching on grain yield and sulfur concentration of winter wheat in dryland of Loess Plateau. Acta Agronomica Sinica(作物学报),2018,44(6):886-896(in Chinese)
[20] Li R,Hou XQ,Jia ZK,et al. Effects on soil temperature,moisture,and maize yield of cultivation with ridge and furrow mulching in the rainfed area of the Loess Plateau,China. Agricultural Water Management,2013,116:101-109
[21] Qin W,Hu CS,Oenema O. Soil mulching significantly enhances yields and water and nitrogen use efficiencies of maize and wheat:A meta-analysis. Scientific Reports,2015,5:16210,doi:10.1038/srep16210
[22] He G(何刚),Wang Z-H(王朝辉),Li F-C(李富翠),et al. Nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium requirement and their physiological efficiency for winter wheat affected by soil surface managements in dryland. Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2016,49(9):1657-1671(in Chinese)
[23] Luo LC,Wang ZH,Huang M,et al. Plastic film mulch increased winter wheat grain yield but reduced its protein content in dryland of northwest China. Field Crops Research,2018,218:69-77
[24] Wang YP,Li XG,Hai L,et al. Film fully-mulched ridge-furrow cropping affects soil biochemical properties and maize nutrient uptake in a rainfed semi-arid environment. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2014,60:486-498
[25] Huang T-M(黄婷苗),Wang Z-H(王朝辉),Hou YY(侯仰毅),et al. Effects of nitrogen application on decomposition and nutrient release of returned maize straw in Guanzhong Plain, Northwest China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2017,28(7):2261-2268(in Chinese)
[26] Wu G-L(吴国梁),Cui X-Z(崔秀珍). Study on nutrient mechanism of NPK fertilizer and its absorbed law of winter wheat with high yield. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin(中国农学通报),2000,16(2):8-11(in Chinese)
[27] Lu XJ,Li ZZ,Sun ZH,et al. Straw mulching reduces maize yield,water,and nitrogen use in northeastern China. Agronomy Journal,2015,107:406-414
[28] Zhang DB,Yao PW,Zhao N,et al. Soil water balance and water use efficiency of dryland wheat in different precipitation years in response to green manure approach. Scientific Reports,2016,6:26856,doi:10.1038/srep26856
[29] Hai L,Li XG,Liu XE,et al. Plastic mulch stimulates nitrogen mineralization in urea-amended soils in a semiarid environment. Agronomy Journal,2015,107:921-930
[30] Li X-G(李小刚),Li F-M(李凤民). Soil organic carbon balance and nitrogen cycling in plastic film mulched croplands in rainfed farming systems. Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2015,48(23):4630-4638(in Chinese)
[31] Wang YP,Li XG,Fu TT,et al. Multi-site assessment of the effects of plastic-film mulch on the soil organic carbon balance in semiarid areas of China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2016,228/229:42-51
[32] Zhang F,Zhang WJ,Li M,et al. Does long-term plastic film mulching really decrease sequestration of organic carbon in soil in the Loess Plateau? European Journal of Agronomy,2017,89:53-60
[33] Wang Y(王莹),Wang J-K(汪景宽),Li S-Y(李双异),et al. Changes of phosphorus in soil under conditions of long-term mulching with plastic film and fertilization. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences(安徽农业科学),2007,35(17):5211-5212(in Chinese)
[34] Wang J-K(汪景宽),Tian X-T(田晓婷),Li S-Y(李双异),et al. Effects of long-term mulching and fertilization on total sulphur and available sulphur in brown earth. Chinese Journal of Soil Science(土壤通报),2008,39(4):804-807(in Chinese)
[35] Ding S-N(丁少男),Xue S(薛萐),Liu G-B(刘国彬),et al. Effect of long-term fertilization on soil microelements of farmland in hilly region of the Loess Plateau. Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science)(西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版),2017,45(1):124-130(in Chinese)
[36] Tan D-S(谭德水),Jin J-Y(金继运),Huang S-W(黄绍文),et al. Study on effect of long-term application of K fertilizer and returning straw to soil on soil nutrient and wheat yield in the region of castanozem. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas(干旱地区农业研究),2009,27(2):194-198(in Chinese)
[37] Zhang Y-L(张亚丽),Lv J-L(吕家珑),Jin J-Y(金继运),et al. Effects of chemical fertilizer and straw return on soil fertility and spring wheat quality. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science(植物营养与肥料学报),2012,18(2):307-314(in Chinese)
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