小麦秸秆生物质炭添加对第四纪红壤CO_2和N_2O排放的影响
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摘要
生物质炭具有含碳量高、吸附性强、不易分解等特点,农田施用生物质炭被认为是一种新型的土壤固碳和温室气体减排措施。本研究以第四纪红色粘土母质发育的红壤为对象,添加不同量的小麦秸秆生物质炭(0、0.5%、1%、2%和2.5%w/w),以不添加生物质炭处理为对照,在25℃恒温,保持田间持水量稳定的条件下,进行60 d的室内培养,通过测定培养期间土壤CO_2和N_2O排放与相关土壤性质,分析其动态变化,探讨生物质炭添加对红壤CO_2和N_2O排放的影响及其机制。结果表明,生物质炭添加极显著的影响CO_2和N_2O排放(P<0.01)。在培养期的前15 d,尤其是前2 d,与对照相比,生物质炭添加促进了CO_2排放,且随着添加量的增加而增加,这与生物质炭本身含有的可溶性有机碳分解和无机碳释放有关。与CO_2排放相反,在培养期的前10 d,生物质炭添加较对照降低了N_2O排放。这是由于生物质炭吸附土壤中的NH4+-N,降低了硝化过程产生的N_2O排放所致。在培养期的15~60 d,与对照相比,各生物质炭处理均显著降低了CO_2的排放(P<0.05),降幅达8.2%~18.4%。培养10 d之后,与对照相比,生物质炭增加了土壤N_2O排放。从整个培养期来看,与对照相比,生物质炭添加促进了CO_2(0.5%生物质炭处理显著降低,P<0.05)和N_2O排放,增幅分别为-6.3%~18.7%和16.9%~58.5%。研究表明,在室内培养条件下小麦秸秆生物质炭添加促进了第四纪红壤的CO_2和N_2O排放,该结果可以为田间条件下应用生物质炭作为减排措施提供参考。
Due to the special properties of biochar(e.g., high carbon content, strong absorption, and high pyrolysis), soil biochar amendment is increasingly regarded as a new measure to sequester soil carbon and mitigate greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions. To investigate the effect and mechanism of biochar amendment on CO_2 and N_2O emissions from red soils, an incubation experiment was carried out with an upland soil developed from Quaternary red clay. Five biochar(derived from wheat straw) treatments was arranged, with the application rates at 0, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 2.5%(w/w). No biochar treatment was the control treatment. The incubation lasted 60 d with a constant water content at field capacity in a culture room at 25 ℃. Significant correlations were observed between biochar application rates and CO_2 and N_2O emissions(P<0.01). During the 0-15 d incubation, especially in the first 2 d, CO_2 emissions from the biochar amendment treatments were higher than the control treatment and increased with increasing biochar application rate, which might be caused by the decomposition of soluble organic and inorganic carbon within biochar. Contrary to CO_2 emissions,biochar amendment reduced N_2O emissions during first 10 d, in comparison with the control treatment. Due to its strong absorption capacity, biochar adsorbed and consequently reduced soil NH4+-N, and resultantly decreased N_2O emissions via the nitrification process. Since Day 15, biochar amendments significantly reduced CO_2 emissions by 8.2%-18.4%(P<0.05), compared to the control treatment. While, since Day 10, biochar amendments increased N_2O emissions, compared to the control treatment. Over the entire incubation period of 60 days, biochar amendments increased CO_2(except for the biochar treatment with 0.5% rate reducing CO_2 emission, P<0.05) and N_2O emissions by-6.3%-18.7% and 16.9%-58.5% as compared to the control treatment, respectively. Our incubation experiment showed that the wheat straw-biochar amendments on a Quaternary red soil increased CO_2 and N_2O emissions, implying that biochar being a potential measure to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural lands be controversial.
Due to the special properties of biochar(e.g., high carbon content, strong absorption, and high pyrolysis), soil biochar amendment is increasingly regarded as a new measure to sequester soil carbon and mitigate greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions. To investigate the effect and mechanism of biochar amendment on CO_2 and N_2O emissions from red soils, an incubation experiment was carried out with an upland soil developed from Quaternary red clay. Five biochar(derived from wheat straw) treatments was arranged, with the application rates at 0, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 2.5%(w/w). No biochar treatment was the control treatment. The incubation lasted 60 d with a constant water content at field capacity in a culture room at 25 ℃. Significant correlations were observed between biochar application rates and CO_2 and N_2O emissions(P<0.01). During the 0-15 d incubation, especially in the first 2 d, CO_2 emissions from the biochar amendment treatments were higher than the control treatment and increased with increasing biochar application rate, which might be caused by the decomposition of soluble organic and inorganic carbon within biochar. Contrary to CO_2 emissions,biochar amendment reduced N_2O emissions during first 10 d, in comparison with the control treatment. Due to its strong absorption capacity, biochar adsorbed and consequently reduced soil NH4+-N, and resultantly decreased N_2O emissions via the nitrification process. Since Day 15, biochar amendments significantly reduced CO_2 emissions by 8.2%-18.4%(P<0.05), compared to the control treatment. While, since Day 10, biochar amendments increased N_2O emissions, compared to the control treatment. Over the entire incubation period of 60 days, biochar amendments increased CO_2(except for the biochar treatment with 0.5% rate reducing CO_2 emission, P<0.05) and N_2O emissions by-6.3%-18.7% and 16.9%-58.5% as compared to the control treatment, respectively. Our incubation experiment showed that the wheat straw-biochar amendments on a Quaternary red soil increased CO_2 and N_2O emissions, implying that biochar being a potential measure to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural lands be controversial.
引文
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[3]陈温福,张伟明,孟军.生物炭与农业环境研究回顾与展望[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(5):821-828.Chen W F,Zhang W M,Meng J.Biochar and agro-ecological e n v i r o n m e n t:r e v i e w a n d p r o s p e c t[J].J o u r n a l o f A g r oEnvironment Science,2014,33(5):821-828.
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[5]潘根兴,李恋卿,刘晓雨,等.热裂解生物质炭产业化:秸秆焚烧与绿色农业新途径[J].科技导报,2015,33(13):92-101.Pan G X,Li L Q,Liu X Y,et al.Industrialization of biochar from biomass pyrolysis:A new option for straw burning ban and green agriculture of China[J].Science and Technology Review,2015,33(13):92-101.
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[7]Shen J L,Tong H,Liu J Y,et al.Contrasting effects of straw and straw-derived biochar amendments on greenhouse gas emissions within double rice cropping systems[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2014,188:264-274.
[8]刘玉学,王耀锋,吕豪豪,等.生物质炭化还田对稻田温室气体排放及土壤理化性质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(8):2166-2172.Liu Y X,Wang Y F,LüH H,et al.Effects of biochar application on greenhouse gas emission from paddy soil and its physical and chemical properties[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(8):2166-2172.
[9]Zhang A F,Cui L Q,Pan G X,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on yield and methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice paddy from Tai Lake plain,China[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2010,139:469-475.
[10]Yanai Y,Toyota K,Okazaki M.Effects of charcoal addition on N2O emissions from soil resulting from rewetting air-dried soil in short-term laboratory experiments[J].Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2007,53:181-188.
[11]李露,周自强,潘晓健,等.不同时期施用生物质炭对稻田N2O和CH4排放的影响[J].土壤学报,2015,52(4):839-848.Li L,Zhou Z Q,Pan X J,et al.Effects of biochar on N2O and CH4emissions from paddy field under rice-wheat rotation during rice and wheat growing seasons relative to timing of amendment[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(4):839-848.
[12]He Y H,Zhou X H,Jiang L L,et al.Effects of biochar application on soil greenhouse gas fluxes:A meta-analysis[J].Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2017,9:743-755.
[13]Lu W W,Ding W X,Zhang J H,et al.Biochar suppressed the decomposition of organic carbon in a cultivated sandy loam soil:A negative priming effect[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2014,76:12-21.
[14]Malghani S,Gleixner G,Trumbore S E.Chars produced by slow pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization vary in carbon sequestration potential and greenhouse gases emissions[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2013,62:137-146.
[15]Jones D L,Murphy D V,Khalid M,et al.Short-term biocharinduced increase in soil CO2 release is both biotically and abiotically mediated[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2011,43:1723-1731.
[16]Luo Y,Durenkamp M,De Nobili M,et al.Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different p H[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2011,43:2304-2314.
[17]章明奎,Walelign D Bayou,唐红娟.生物质炭对土壤有机质活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(2):127-131,137.Zhang M K,Bayou W D,Tang H J.Effects of biochar’s application on active organic carbon fractions in soil[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(2):127-131,137.
[18]徐云蕾,卢凌霄,曾馥平,等.喀斯特峰丛洼地不同森林土壤微生物量碳在团聚体中的分布[J].农业现代化研究,2012,33(5):636-640.Xu Y L,Lu L X,Zeng F P,et al.Carbon distribution of microbial biomass of soil aggregation under different forest types in depressions between karst hills[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2012,33(5):636-640.
[19]Mukherjee A,Lal R,Zimmerman A R.Effects of biochar and other amendments on the physical properties and greenhouse gas emissions of an artificially degraded soil[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,487:26-36.
[20]Brassard P,Godbout S,Raghavan V.Soil biochar amendment as a climate change mitigation tool:Key parameters and mechanisms involved[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2016,181:484-497.
[21]Cayuela M L,Zwienten L V,Singh B P,et al.Biochar’s role in mitigating soil nitrous oxide emissions:A review and metaanalysis[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2014,191:5-16.
[22]李卉,李宝珍,邹冬升,等.水稻秸秆不同处理方式对亚热带农田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及氮素矿化的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2015,36(2):303-308.Li H,Li B Z,Zou D S,et al.Impacts of rice straw and its biochar product on the amounts of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and the mineralization of soil organic nitrogen in subtropical croplands[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2015,36(2):303-308.
[23]肖和友,黎蕾,陈香碧,等.广西蔗渣炭和玉米秸秆炭对水体中铵氮的吸附性能与比较[J].农业现代化研究,2016,37(2):381-386.Xiao H Y,Li L,Chen X B,et al.Characteristics of the ammonium nitrogen adsorbed by biochars:Bagasse and maize straw[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2016,37(2):381-386.
[24]Bateman E J,Baggs E M.Contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N2O emissions from soils at different water-filled pore space[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2005,41:379-388.
[2]刘杰云,沈健林,邱虎森,等.生物质炭添加对农田温室气体净排放的影响综述[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(2):205-212.Liu J Y,Shen J L,Qiu H S,et al.Effects of biochar amendments on net emissions of greenhouse gases from croplands:A review[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(2):205-212.
[3]陈温福,张伟明,孟军.生物炭与农业环境研究回顾与展望[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(5):821-828.Chen W F,Zhang W M,Meng J.Biochar and agro-ecological e n v i r o n m e n t:r e v i e w a n d p r o s p e c t[J].J o u r n a l o f A g r oEnvironment Science,2014,33(5):821-828.
[4]Zwieten V L,Singh B,Joseph S,et al.Biochar reduces emissions of non-CO2 GHG from soil[A]//Lehmann J,Joseph S.Biochar for Environmental Management[M].London:Earthscan Publications.2009:227-249.
[5]潘根兴,李恋卿,刘晓雨,等.热裂解生物质炭产业化:秸秆焚烧与绿色农业新途径[J].科技导报,2015,33(13):92-101.Pan G X,Li L Q,Liu X Y,et al.Industrialization of biochar from biomass pyrolysis:A new option for straw burning ban and green agriculture of China[J].Science and Technology Review,2015,33(13):92-101.
[6]邱虎森,王翠红,盛浩.生物质炭对土壤温室气体排放影响机制探讨[J].湖南农业科学,2012(11):49-52.Qiu H S,Wang C H,Sheng H.Influencing mechanisms of biochar on emissions of greenhouse gas from soils[J].Hunan Agricultural Sciences,2012(11):49-52.
[7]Shen J L,Tong H,Liu J Y,et al.Contrasting effects of straw and straw-derived biochar amendments on greenhouse gas emissions within double rice cropping systems[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2014,188:264-274.
[8]刘玉学,王耀锋,吕豪豪,等.生物质炭化还田对稻田温室气体排放及土壤理化性质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(8):2166-2172.Liu Y X,Wang Y F,LüH H,et al.Effects of biochar application on greenhouse gas emission from paddy soil and its physical and chemical properties[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(8):2166-2172.
[9]Zhang A F,Cui L Q,Pan G X,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on yield and methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice paddy from Tai Lake plain,China[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2010,139:469-475.
[10]Yanai Y,Toyota K,Okazaki M.Effects of charcoal addition on N2O emissions from soil resulting from rewetting air-dried soil in short-term laboratory experiments[J].Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2007,53:181-188.
[11]李露,周自强,潘晓健,等.不同时期施用生物质炭对稻田N2O和CH4排放的影响[J].土壤学报,2015,52(4):839-848.Li L,Zhou Z Q,Pan X J,et al.Effects of biochar on N2O and CH4emissions from paddy field under rice-wheat rotation during rice and wheat growing seasons relative to timing of amendment[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(4):839-848.
[12]He Y H,Zhou X H,Jiang L L,et al.Effects of biochar application on soil greenhouse gas fluxes:A meta-analysis[J].Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2017,9:743-755.
[13]Lu W W,Ding W X,Zhang J H,et al.Biochar suppressed the decomposition of organic carbon in a cultivated sandy loam soil:A negative priming effect[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2014,76:12-21.
[14]Malghani S,Gleixner G,Trumbore S E.Chars produced by slow pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization vary in carbon sequestration potential and greenhouse gases emissions[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2013,62:137-146.
[15]Jones D L,Murphy D V,Khalid M,et al.Short-term biocharinduced increase in soil CO2 release is both biotically and abiotically mediated[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2011,43:1723-1731.
[16]Luo Y,Durenkamp M,De Nobili M,et al.Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different p H[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2011,43:2304-2314.
[17]章明奎,Walelign D Bayou,唐红娟.生物质炭对土壤有机质活性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(2):127-131,137.Zhang M K,Bayou W D,Tang H J.Effects of biochar’s application on active organic carbon fractions in soil[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(2):127-131,137.
[18]徐云蕾,卢凌霄,曾馥平,等.喀斯特峰丛洼地不同森林土壤微生物量碳在团聚体中的分布[J].农业现代化研究,2012,33(5):636-640.Xu Y L,Lu L X,Zeng F P,et al.Carbon distribution of microbial biomass of soil aggregation under different forest types in depressions between karst hills[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2012,33(5):636-640.
[19]Mukherjee A,Lal R,Zimmerman A R.Effects of biochar and other amendments on the physical properties and greenhouse gas emissions of an artificially degraded soil[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,487:26-36.
[20]Brassard P,Godbout S,Raghavan V.Soil biochar amendment as a climate change mitigation tool:Key parameters and mechanisms involved[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2016,181:484-497.
[21]Cayuela M L,Zwienten L V,Singh B P,et al.Biochar’s role in mitigating soil nitrous oxide emissions:A review and metaanalysis[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2014,191:5-16.
[22]李卉,李宝珍,邹冬升,等.水稻秸秆不同处理方式对亚热带农田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及氮素矿化的影响[J].农业现代化研究,2015,36(2):303-308.Li H,Li B Z,Zou D S,et al.Impacts of rice straw and its biochar product on the amounts of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and the mineralization of soil organic nitrogen in subtropical croplands[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2015,36(2):303-308.
[23]肖和友,黎蕾,陈香碧,等.广西蔗渣炭和玉米秸秆炭对水体中铵氮的吸附性能与比较[J].农业现代化研究,2016,37(2):381-386.Xiao H Y,Li L,Chen X B,et al.Characteristics of the ammonium nitrogen adsorbed by biochars:Bagasse and maize straw[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2016,37(2):381-386.
[24]Bateman E J,Baggs E M.Contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N2O emissions from soils at different water-filled pore space[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2005,41:379-388.