三峡库区“耕—果”转换时空变化特征及其启示——以草堂溪流域为例
|
摘要
三峡库区坡耕地如何实现功能转型,及其转型过程的作用机制对库区未来的粮食安全、生态安全等问题意义重大。本文利用0.51 m高清遥感影像数据,以草堂溪流域为研究区,结合野外实地考察,通过分析坡耕地向经果林的农地用途转换过程来揭示三峡库区坡耕地功能转型的内在机制。研究表明:(1)草堂溪流域的耕—果转换重心在2012年后,以高程800 m为拐点由西南部低海拔平坝地区向东北部高海拔、坡耕地覆盖地区转移,变化发生点均在坡度15°～30°范围内;(2)研究区耕—果转换的集聚特征一般发生在8.5 km左右的特征尺度上,且空间分布随时间推移愈发均匀;(3)耕—果转换现象与人为活动关系密切,多发生在河流、道路及农村居民点附近;(4)耕—果转换可在微观与宏观尺度上总结为六种变化模式,受社会经济与自然因素驱动,库区耕—果转换的本质为坡耕地功能转型,且转型重点倾向于经济效益与生态效益的共赢。
The transformation of the function of sloping farmland, and the mechanism of this process are of great significance to studies on the future food security and ecological security in the Three Gorges Reservoir area(TGRA). This study, based on 0.51 m high resolution remote sensing image data, took the Caotangxi watershed as the study area. Combined with field investigation, we visualized the spatial shape of sloping farmland function transformation by analyzing the conversion of sloping farmland into economic fruit forest. Then we discussed the conversion of agricultural land use in the study area and revealed the internal mechanism of sloping farmland function transformation in the TGRA. Research showed that:(1) Around2012, the focus of farmland-fruit forest conversion in Caotangxi watershed transferred from low altitude plain in the southwest to high altitude and sloping farmland covered areas in the northeast, with the 800-m elevation as the inflection point. And the change points are within the slope of 15°-30°.(2) The aggregation of the farmland-fruit forest conversion in the study area generally occurred at about 8.5 km characteristic scale, and the spatial distribution was more balanced with time.(3) The phenomenon of farmland-fruit forest conversion was closely related to human activities, and occurred mostly in the vicinity of rivers, roads and rural settlements.(4) The farmland-fruit forest conversion could be summed up as 6 change patterns on the micro and macro scales. Driven by social, economic and natural factors, the farmlandfruit forest conversion in the TGRA is essentially the sloping farmland function transformation,and the focus tended to be a win-win situation of economic and ecological benefits.
The transformation of the function of sloping farmland, and the mechanism of this process are of great significance to studies on the future food security and ecological security in the Three Gorges Reservoir area(TGRA). This study, based on 0.51 m high resolution remote sensing image data, took the Caotangxi watershed as the study area. Combined with field investigation, we visualized the spatial shape of sloping farmland function transformation by analyzing the conversion of sloping farmland into economic fruit forest. Then we discussed the conversion of agricultural land use in the study area and revealed the internal mechanism of sloping farmland function transformation in the TGRA. Research showed that:(1) Around2012, the focus of farmland-fruit forest conversion in Caotangxi watershed transferred from low altitude plain in the southwest to high altitude and sloping farmland covered areas in the northeast, with the 800-m elevation as the inflection point. And the change points are within the slope of 15°-30°.(2) The aggregation of the farmland-fruit forest conversion in the study area generally occurred at about 8.5 km characteristic scale, and the spatial distribution was more balanced with time.(3) The phenomenon of farmland-fruit forest conversion was closely related to human activities, and occurred mostly in the vicinity of rivers, roads and rural settlements.(4) The farmland-fruit forest conversion could be summed up as 6 change patterns on the micro and macro scales. Driven by social, economic and natural factors, the farmlandfruit forest conversion in the TGRA is essentially the sloping farmland function transformation,and the focus tended to be a win-win situation of economic and ecological benefits.
引文
[1]HOU J,FU B J,LIU Y,et al.Ecological and hydrological response of farmlands abandoned for different lengths of time:Evidence from the loess hill slope of China.Global&Planetary Change,2014,113:59-67.
[2]MEKASHA A,GERARD B,TESFAYE K,et al.Inter-connection between land use/land cover change and herders'/farmers'livestock feed resource management strategies:A case study from three Ethiopian eco-environments.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2014,188:150-162.
[3]RAMANKUTTY N,DELIRE C,SNYDER P.Feedbacks between agriculture and climate:An illustration of the potential unintended consequences of human land use activities.Global&Planetary Change,2006,54(1):79-93.
[4]叶瑜,方修琦,任玉玉,等.东北地区过去300年耕地覆盖变化.中国科学:地球科学,2009,39(3):340-350.[YE Y,FANG X Q,REN Y Y,et al.Coverage changes of cropland in Northeast China during the past 300 years.Scientia Sinica Terrae,2009,39(3):340-350.]
[5]张丽娟,姚子艳,唐世浩,等.20世纪80年代以来全球耕地变化的基本特征及空间格局.地理学报,2017,72(7):1235-1247.[ZHANG L J,YAO Z Y,TANG S H,et al.Spatiotemporal characteristics and patterns of the global cultivated land since the 1980s.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(7):1235-1247.]
[6]刘珍环,杨鹏,吴文斌,等.近30年中国农作物种植结构时空变化分析.地理学报,2016,71(5):840-851.[LIU Z H,YANG P,WU W B,et al.Spatio-temporal changes in Chinese crop patterns over the past three decades.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(5):840-851.]
[7]吕娜娜,白洁,常存,等.近50年基于农作物种植结构的新疆绿洲农田蒸散发时空变化分析.地理研究,2017,36(8):1443-1454.[LYU N N,BAI J,CHANG C,et al.Spatial-temporal changes in evapotranspiration based on planting patterns of major crops in the Xinjiang oasis during 1960-2010.Geographical Research,2017,36(8):1443-1454.]
[8]李曼,杨建平,谭春萍,等.疏勒河流域双塔灌区种植结构变化及其原因.中国沙漠,2014,34(5):1417-1423.[LI M,YANG J P,TAN C P,et al.Change of agricultural planting structure and its causes in the Shuangta irrigation district in the Shulehe River Basin.Journal of Desert Research,2014,34(5):1417-1423.]
[9]高珊,黄贤金,钟太洋,等.农产品商品化对农户种植结构的影响:基于沪苏皖农户的调查研究.资源科学,2014,36(11):2370-2378.[GAO S,HUANG X J,ZHONG T Y,et al.The influence of agricultural product commercialization on rural household planting structure in Shanghai,Jiangsu and Anhui.Resources Science,2014,36(11):2370-2378.]
[10]齐元静,唐冲.农村劳动力转移对中国耕地种植结构的影响.农业工程学报,2017,33(3):233-240.[QI Y J,TANGC.Effect of labor migration on cultivated land planting structure in rural China.Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(3):233-240.]
[11]信桂新,魏朝富,杨朝现,等.1978-2011年重庆市种植业变化及其政策启示.资源科学,2015,37(9):1834-1847.[XIN G X,WEI C F,YANG C X,et al.Changes of crop farming and policy implications in Chongqing municipality from 1978 to 2011.Resources Science,2015,37(9):1834-1847.]
[12]赵宇鸾,李秀彬,辛良杰,等.华北平原“杨上粮下”现象的驱动机制:以河北省文安县为例.地理研究,2012,31(2):323-333.[ZHAO Y L,LI X B,XIN L J,et al.Driving forces of"poplar expansion and cropland shrinkage"in the North China Plain:A case study of Wen'an county,Hebei province.Geographical Research,2012,31(2):323-333.]
[13]龙花楼,屠爽爽.论乡村重构.地理学报,2017,72(4):563-576.[LONG H L,TU S S.Rural restructuring:Theory,approach and research prospect.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(4):563-576.]
[14]宋小青.论土地利用转型的研究框架.地理学报,2017,72(3):471-487.[SONG X Q.Discussion on land use transition research framework.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(3):471-487.]
[15]K?NIG H J,PODHORA A,HELMING K,et al.Confronting international research topics with stakeholders on multifunctional land use:The case of Inner Mongolia,China.Iforest-Biogeosciences and Forestry,2014,7(6):403-413.
[16]史洋洋,吕晓,黄贤金,等.江苏沿海地区耕地利用转型及其生态系统服务价值变化响应.自然资源学报,2017,32(6):961-976.[SHI Y Y,LYU X,HUANG X J,et al.Arable land use transitions and its response of ecosystem services value change in Jiangsu coastal areas.Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(6):961-976.]
[17]赵华甫,张凤荣,许月卿,等.北京城市居民需要导向下的耕地功能保护.资源科学,2007,29(1):56-62.[ZHAO H F,ZHANG F R,XU Y Q,et al.Urban residents'needs-oriented functional protection of cultivated land in Beijing.Resources Science,2007,29(1):56-62.]
[18]杨雪,谈明洪.北京市耕地功能空间差异及其演变.地理研究,2014,33(6):1106-1118.[YANG X,TAN M H.Spatial differences and evolution of arable land functions in Beijing.Geographical Research,2014,33(6):1106-1118.]
[19]王永艳,李阳兵,邵景安,等.基于斑块评价的三峡库区腹地坡耕地优化调控方法与案例研究.生态学报,2014,34(12):3245-3256.[WANG Y Y,LI Y B,SHAO J A,et al.Optimizing theory and case studies of cultivated slope land in the center of three gorges reservoir area based on patch-scale land evaluation.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(12):3245-3256.]
[20]SHEN G Z,XIE Z Q.Three Gorges project:Chance and challenge.Science,2004,304(5671):681.
[21]WU J G,HUANG J H,HAN X G,et al.Three-Gorges Dam:Experiment in habitat fragmentation?.Science,2003,300(5623):1239-1240.
[22]宋小青,欧阳竹.耕地多功能内涵及其对耕地保护的启示.地理科学进展,2012,31(7):859-868.[SONG X Q,OUY-ANG Z.Connotation of multifunctional cultivated land and its implications for cultivated land protection.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,31(7):859-868.]
[23]赵岩洁,李阳兵,邵景安.基于土地利用变化的三峡库区小流域生态风险评价:以草堂溪为例.自然资源学报,2013,28(6):944-956.[ZHAO Y J,LI Y B,SHAO J A.Ecological risk assessment of small watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir area based on land use change:A case study of Caotang River.Journal of Natural Resources,2013,28(6):944-956.]
[24]宋小青,吴志峰,欧阳竹.1949年以来中国耕地功能变化.地理学报,2014,69(4):435-447.[SONG X Q,WU Z F,OUYANG Z.Changes of cultivated land function in China since 1949.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(4):435-447.]
[25]王海明,李贤伟,陈治谏,等.三峡库区坡耕地粮经果复合垄作对土壤侵蚀与养分流失的影响.水土保持学报,2010,24(3):1-4.[WANG H M,LI X W,CHEN Z J,et al.Soil erosion and nutrient loss of slope of pattern of compound farming of grain-case crop-trees in three gorges reservoir area.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(3):1-4.]
[26]SHI S.Selection of band width type and adjustment side in kernel density estimation over in homogeneous backgrounds.Geographical Information Science,2010,24(5):643-660.
[27]高凯,周志翔,杨玉萍,等.基于Ripley K函数的武汉市景观格局特征及其变化.应用生态学报,2010,21(10):2621-2626.[GAO K,ZHOU Z X,YANG Y P,et al.Characteristics and changes of landscape pattern in Wuhan city based on Ripley's K function.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(10):2621-2626.]
[28]向敬伟,李江风,曾杰.鄂西贫困县耕地利用转型空间分异及其影响因素.农业工程学报,2016,32(1):272-279.[XIANG J W,LI J F,ZENG J.Spatial difference and its influence factors of cultivated land transition of poverty counties in west of Hubei.Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(1):272-279.]
[29]李兵,吴平.我国山区耕地开发利用研究进展.见:中国山区土地资源开发利用与人地协调发展研究.北京:中国科学技术出版社,2010:4.[LI B,WU P.Progress on utilization and development of mountainous cultivated land in China.In:Study on the Development and Utilization of Land Resources and the Coordinated Development of Human and Land in Mountainous Areas of China.Beijing:Science and Technology of China Press,2010:4.]
[30]AMJATH-BABU T S,KAECHELE H.Agricultural system transitions in selected Indian states:What do the related indicators say about the underlying biodiversity changes and economic trade-offs?.Ecological Indicators,2015,57:171-181.
[31]彭建,刘志聪,刘焱序,等.京津冀地区县域耕地景观多功能性评价.生态学报,2016,36(8):2274-2285.[PENG J,LIU Z C,LIU Y X,et al.Assessment of farmland landscape multifunctionality at county level in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(8):2274-2285.]
[32]郭焕成,刘军萍,王云才.观光农业发展研究.经济地理,2000,20(2):119-124.[GUO H C,LIU J P,WANG Y C.The study on development of tourism agriculture.Economic Geography,2000,20(2):119-124.]
[33]何威风,阎建忠,周洪,等.森林转型的微观机制:以重庆市山区为例.自然资源学报,2016,32(1):102-113.[HE WF,YAN J Z,ZHOU H,et al.The micro-mechanism of forest transition:A case study in the mountainous areas of Chongqing.Journal of Natural Resources,2016,32(1):102-113.]
[2]MEKASHA A,GERARD B,TESFAYE K,et al.Inter-connection between land use/land cover change and herders'/farmers'livestock feed resource management strategies:A case study from three Ethiopian eco-environments.Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2014,188:150-162.
[3]RAMANKUTTY N,DELIRE C,SNYDER P.Feedbacks between agriculture and climate:An illustration of the potential unintended consequences of human land use activities.Global&Planetary Change,2006,54(1):79-93.
[4]叶瑜,方修琦,任玉玉,等.东北地区过去300年耕地覆盖变化.中国科学:地球科学,2009,39(3):340-350.[YE Y,FANG X Q,REN Y Y,et al.Coverage changes of cropland in Northeast China during the past 300 years.Scientia Sinica Terrae,2009,39(3):340-350.]
[5]张丽娟,姚子艳,唐世浩,等.20世纪80年代以来全球耕地变化的基本特征及空间格局.地理学报,2017,72(7):1235-1247.[ZHANG L J,YAO Z Y,TANG S H,et al.Spatiotemporal characteristics and patterns of the global cultivated land since the 1980s.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(7):1235-1247.]
[6]刘珍环,杨鹏,吴文斌,等.近30年中国农作物种植结构时空变化分析.地理学报,2016,71(5):840-851.[LIU Z H,YANG P,WU W B,et al.Spatio-temporal changes in Chinese crop patterns over the past three decades.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(5):840-851.]
[7]吕娜娜,白洁,常存,等.近50年基于农作物种植结构的新疆绿洲农田蒸散发时空变化分析.地理研究,2017,36(8):1443-1454.[LYU N N,BAI J,CHANG C,et al.Spatial-temporal changes in evapotranspiration based on planting patterns of major crops in the Xinjiang oasis during 1960-2010.Geographical Research,2017,36(8):1443-1454.]
[8]李曼,杨建平,谭春萍,等.疏勒河流域双塔灌区种植结构变化及其原因.中国沙漠,2014,34(5):1417-1423.[LI M,YANG J P,TAN C P,et al.Change of agricultural planting structure and its causes in the Shuangta irrigation district in the Shulehe River Basin.Journal of Desert Research,2014,34(5):1417-1423.]
[9]高珊,黄贤金,钟太洋,等.农产品商品化对农户种植结构的影响:基于沪苏皖农户的调查研究.资源科学,2014,36(11):2370-2378.[GAO S,HUANG X J,ZHONG T Y,et al.The influence of agricultural product commercialization on rural household planting structure in Shanghai,Jiangsu and Anhui.Resources Science,2014,36(11):2370-2378.]
[10]齐元静,唐冲.农村劳动力转移对中国耕地种植结构的影响.农业工程学报,2017,33(3):233-240.[QI Y J,TANGC.Effect of labor migration on cultivated land planting structure in rural China.Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(3):233-240.]
[11]信桂新,魏朝富,杨朝现,等.1978-2011年重庆市种植业变化及其政策启示.资源科学,2015,37(9):1834-1847.[XIN G X,WEI C F,YANG C X,et al.Changes of crop farming and policy implications in Chongqing municipality from 1978 to 2011.Resources Science,2015,37(9):1834-1847.]
[12]赵宇鸾,李秀彬,辛良杰,等.华北平原“杨上粮下”现象的驱动机制:以河北省文安县为例.地理研究,2012,31(2):323-333.[ZHAO Y L,LI X B,XIN L J,et al.Driving forces of"poplar expansion and cropland shrinkage"in the North China Plain:A case study of Wen'an county,Hebei province.Geographical Research,2012,31(2):323-333.]
[13]龙花楼,屠爽爽.论乡村重构.地理学报,2017,72(4):563-576.[LONG H L,TU S S.Rural restructuring:Theory,approach and research prospect.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(4):563-576.]
[14]宋小青.论土地利用转型的研究框架.地理学报,2017,72(3):471-487.[SONG X Q.Discussion on land use transition research framework.Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(3):471-487.]
[15]K?NIG H J,PODHORA A,HELMING K,et al.Confronting international research topics with stakeholders on multifunctional land use:The case of Inner Mongolia,China.Iforest-Biogeosciences and Forestry,2014,7(6):403-413.
[16]史洋洋,吕晓,黄贤金,等.江苏沿海地区耕地利用转型及其生态系统服务价值变化响应.自然资源学报,2017,32(6):961-976.[SHI Y Y,LYU X,HUANG X J,et al.Arable land use transitions and its response of ecosystem services value change in Jiangsu coastal areas.Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(6):961-976.]
[17]赵华甫,张凤荣,许月卿,等.北京城市居民需要导向下的耕地功能保护.资源科学,2007,29(1):56-62.[ZHAO H F,ZHANG F R,XU Y Q,et al.Urban residents'needs-oriented functional protection of cultivated land in Beijing.Resources Science,2007,29(1):56-62.]
[18]杨雪,谈明洪.北京市耕地功能空间差异及其演变.地理研究,2014,33(6):1106-1118.[YANG X,TAN M H.Spatial differences and evolution of arable land functions in Beijing.Geographical Research,2014,33(6):1106-1118.]
[19]王永艳,李阳兵,邵景安,等.基于斑块评价的三峡库区腹地坡耕地优化调控方法与案例研究.生态学报,2014,34(12):3245-3256.[WANG Y Y,LI Y B,SHAO J A,et al.Optimizing theory and case studies of cultivated slope land in the center of three gorges reservoir area based on patch-scale land evaluation.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(12):3245-3256.]
[20]SHEN G Z,XIE Z Q.Three Gorges project:Chance and challenge.Science,2004,304(5671):681.
[21]WU J G,HUANG J H,HAN X G,et al.Three-Gorges Dam:Experiment in habitat fragmentation?.Science,2003,300(5623):1239-1240.
[22]宋小青,欧阳竹.耕地多功能内涵及其对耕地保护的启示.地理科学进展,2012,31(7):859-868.[SONG X Q,OUY-ANG Z.Connotation of multifunctional cultivated land and its implications for cultivated land protection.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,31(7):859-868.]
[23]赵岩洁,李阳兵,邵景安.基于土地利用变化的三峡库区小流域生态风险评价:以草堂溪为例.自然资源学报,2013,28(6):944-956.[ZHAO Y J,LI Y B,SHAO J A.Ecological risk assessment of small watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir area based on land use change:A case study of Caotang River.Journal of Natural Resources,2013,28(6):944-956.]
[24]宋小青,吴志峰,欧阳竹.1949年以来中国耕地功能变化.地理学报,2014,69(4):435-447.[SONG X Q,WU Z F,OUYANG Z.Changes of cultivated land function in China since 1949.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(4):435-447.]
[25]王海明,李贤伟,陈治谏,等.三峡库区坡耕地粮经果复合垄作对土壤侵蚀与养分流失的影响.水土保持学报,2010,24(3):1-4.[WANG H M,LI X W,CHEN Z J,et al.Soil erosion and nutrient loss of slope of pattern of compound farming of grain-case crop-trees in three gorges reservoir area.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(3):1-4.]
[26]SHI S.Selection of band width type and adjustment side in kernel density estimation over in homogeneous backgrounds.Geographical Information Science,2010,24(5):643-660.
[27]高凯,周志翔,杨玉萍,等.基于Ripley K函数的武汉市景观格局特征及其变化.应用生态学报,2010,21(10):2621-2626.[GAO K,ZHOU Z X,YANG Y P,et al.Characteristics and changes of landscape pattern in Wuhan city based on Ripley's K function.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(10):2621-2626.]
[28]向敬伟,李江风,曾杰.鄂西贫困县耕地利用转型空间分异及其影响因素.农业工程学报,2016,32(1):272-279.[XIANG J W,LI J F,ZENG J.Spatial difference and its influence factors of cultivated land transition of poverty counties in west of Hubei.Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(1):272-279.]
[29]李兵,吴平.我国山区耕地开发利用研究进展.见:中国山区土地资源开发利用与人地协调发展研究.北京:中国科学技术出版社,2010:4.[LI B,WU P.Progress on utilization and development of mountainous cultivated land in China.In:Study on the Development and Utilization of Land Resources and the Coordinated Development of Human and Land in Mountainous Areas of China.Beijing:Science and Technology of China Press,2010:4.]
[30]AMJATH-BABU T S,KAECHELE H.Agricultural system transitions in selected Indian states:What do the related indicators say about the underlying biodiversity changes and economic trade-offs?.Ecological Indicators,2015,57:171-181.
[31]彭建,刘志聪,刘焱序,等.京津冀地区县域耕地景观多功能性评价.生态学报,2016,36(8):2274-2285.[PENG J,LIU Z C,LIU Y X,et al.Assessment of farmland landscape multifunctionality at county level in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(8):2274-2285.]
[32]郭焕成,刘军萍,王云才.观光农业发展研究.经济地理,2000,20(2):119-124.[GUO H C,LIU J P,WANG Y C.The study on development of tourism agriculture.Economic Geography,2000,20(2):119-124.]
[33]何威风,阎建忠,周洪,等.森林转型的微观机制:以重庆市山区为例.自然资源学报,2016,32(1):102-113.[HE WF,YAN J Z,ZHOU H,et al.The micro-mechanism of forest transition:A case study in the mountainous areas of Chongqing.Journal of Natural Resources,2016,32(1):102-113.]