基于水生态区的黑河流域水生态健康评价研究
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摘要
本文以我国西北干旱区典型内陆河流域—黑河流域为例,基于黑河流域水生态区划,以"压力-状态-响应"(PSR)模型为基础,构建了涵盖13个指标的流域水生态健康评价体系,分析评价了流域内8个水生态区的健康状况。评价表明:黑河流域水生态区中,上游区域水生态健康状况较好,中游次之,中下游极差,下游较差。主要是因为上游地区受到外在污染最轻、人为扰动相对最小;中游地区人口密度相对较大,农业活动等外在扰动相对较多;中下游地区处于荒漠地区,河流、湖库等水体缺乏;而下游地区虽然人口数量少、水体受外来污染影响较小,流域水生态健康性压力相对较轻,但来水量相对不足、水生态系统栖息地条件极为脆弱,致使水生生物栖息地安全状况较差。
This study presents an analysis of health status for aquatic ecoregions in the Heihe River Basin, a typical example of inland river basin in arid areas of northwest China. The basin was divided into eight aquatic ecoregions according to their aquatic ecological function regionalization at watershed scale. To evaluate water basin ecological health condition, a 13-indicator system was established based on "pressure-state-response"(PSR) model. The results shows that upstream area presents relatively good condition of ecological health, followed by middle reaches and downstream reaches, while middle and lower reaches presents extremely poor health condition. The reasons include that the upstream region receives the lowest external pollution and artificial disturbance, while middle area is influenced by relatively large population densities and intense agricultural activities. The middle and lower reaches are located in the desert region without rivers and reservoirs. Although the downstream region has lower population and fewer external contamination, the relatively insufficient influent and fragile water ecosystem habitat conditions lead to a poorer hydrobiology habitat security in this area.
This study presents an analysis of health status for aquatic ecoregions in the Heihe River Basin, a typical example of inland river basin in arid areas of northwest China. The basin was divided into eight aquatic ecoregions according to their aquatic ecological function regionalization at watershed scale. To evaluate water basin ecological health condition, a 13-indicator system was established based on "pressure-state-response"(PSR) model. The results shows that upstream area presents relatively good condition of ecological health, followed by middle reaches and downstream reaches, while middle and lower reaches presents extremely poor health condition. The reasons include that the upstream region receives the lowest external pollution and artificial disturbance, while middle area is influenced by relatively large population densities and intense agricultural activities. The middle and lower reaches are located in the desert region without rivers and reservoirs. Although the downstream region has lower population and fewer external contamination, the relatively insufficient influent and fragile water ecosystem habitat conditions lead to a poorer hydrobiology habitat security in this area.
引文
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[2]RAPPORT D J.What constitutes ecosystem health?[J].Perspectives in Biology and Medicine,1989,33(1):120-132.
[3]COSTANZA R,NORTON B G,HASKELL B D.Ecosystem health:new goals for environmental management[J].Ecosystem Health New Goals for Environmental Management,1992.
[4]龙笛,张思聪.滦河流域生态系统健康评价研究[J].中国水土保持,2006(3):14-16.
[5]LAMPERT W,SOMMER U.Limnoecology:The Ecology of Lakes and Streams(Second Edition)[M].Oxford Uni-versity Press Inc.,New York,2007.
[6]王世岩,毛战坡,刘畅,等.基于水生态区的黑河流域水生态安全评价研究[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2014,12(1):24-30.
[7]郑丙辉,田自强,李子成.黑河流域土地覆盖变化与生态环境退化过程分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2005,19(1):62-66.
[8]王根绪,程国栋.近50年来黑河流域水文及生态环境变化[J].中国沙漠,1998,18(3):233-238.
[9]孟伟,张远,郑丙辉.辽河流域水生态分区研究[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(6):911-918.
[10]梁静静,左其亭,夏军,等.水生态区划理论方法及全国水生态区划方案[J].灌溉排水学报,2010,29(4):47-51.
[11]孙然好,汲玉河,尚林源,等.海河流域水生态功能一级二级分区[J].环境科学,2013,34(2):509-516.
[12]杨丽娜.大辽河口生态系统健康评价指标体系与技术方法研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2011.
[13]张蕾.东辽河流域水生态功能分区与控制单元水质目标管理技术[D].吉林:吉林大学,2012.
[14]刘孝富,邵艳莹,崔书红,等.基于PSFR模型的东江湖流域生态安全评价[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(S1):197-205.
[15]王远坤,夏自强,曹升乐.水安全综合评价方法研究[J].河海大学学报:自然科学版,2007,35(6):618-621.
[16]左其亭,陈豪,张永勇.淮河中上游水生态健康影响因子及其健康评价[J].水利学报,2015,46(9):1019-1027.